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Algebra I
Unit 9 Quadratic Functions and Equations
Lesson Notes

9.1 Quadratic Graphs and Their Properties

Objectives: I will be able to graph quadratic functions in the form y = ax2 and y = ax2+ c.

Do Now:

Standard Form of a Quadratic Function y = ax2 + bx +c.

The graph of any quadratic function is a

transformation of the graph of the parent
quadratic function, y = x2.

Axis of Symmetry: The axis of symmetry is

a vertical line that divides the parabola into
two mirror images

Vertex The vertex of the parabola is the

intersection of the parabola and its axis of
symmetry.
If a > 0 It is the minimum point, or lowest
point of the parabola.
If a < 0 it is the maximum point, or highest
point of the parabola..
Example 1 Graph a function of the form f(x) = ax2
Step 1. Plot the vertex
(0,0) and draw the axis of a. f(x) = 2x2
symmetry.
1
Step 2. Find and plot b. f(x) = 2x2
two points on one side of
the axis of symmetry.
Step 3. Plot the c. f(x) = -x2
corresponding points on
the other side of the axis
of symmetry.
1
Step 4. Sketch the
x f(x) = x2 f(x) = 2x2 f(x) = x2 f(x) = -x2
2
curve.
0
Maximum/Minimum:
Domain:
Range: 1

Example 2 Graph a function of the form f(x) =ax2 + c

Step 1. Plot the vertex
(0, c) and draw the axis a. f(x) = x2
of symmetry.

Step 2. Find and plot

b. f(x) = x2 + 4
two points on one side of
the axis of symmetry. c. f(x) = x2 - 3
Step 3. Plot the
corresponding points on
the other side of the axis
of symmetry.
x f(x) = x2 f(x) = x2 + 4 f(x) = x2 - 3
Sketch
Step 4. the curve.

Maximum/Minimum:
0
Domain:
Range:
1

3
Example 3 A child drops a pebble from a height of 30 ft. above a lake. The function h = -16t2 + 30 gives
the height h (in feet) of the pebble after t seconds. What is the graph of this quadratic
function? At about what time does the pebble hit the water? [Count by quarter seconds.]

Now you try. If a rock was dropped from the Royal Gorge Bridge into the Arkansas River, how long would
The Royal Gorge it take for the rock to hit the water? Assume there is no air resistance.
Bridge near
Canon City,
Colorado is the
highest
suspension
bridge in the
world. It is 1,053
ft. above the
Arkansas River.

Homework: pp. 550-552; 12-14 (2), 22 – 24 (2), 26, 46 or 49.

 9.2 Quadratic Functions

Objectives: I will be able to graph quadratic functions written in standard form.

Do Now:
Note: The
graph shows
the height of
the ball, not the
path of the ball.

Introduction: The standard form of a quadratic function The values of a, b, and c provide the following
is f(x) = ax2 + bx + c. It is the form that calculators use information about the graph:
and the easiest model to find with systems of equations.  whether the graph opens upward or downward
Note that if a = 0, the function is linear rather than  the coordinates of the vertex
quadratic, so the graph is a line rather than a parabola.  the axis of symmetry
This lesson examines the connection between standard  the y-intercept
form and vertex form.

Properties of Quadratic Functions in Standard Form

 The graph of f(x) = ax2 + bx + c is a

parabola.

 If a > 0, the graph opens upward. If a < 0 the

graph opens downward.

𝑏
 The axis of symmetry is the line 𝑥 = − 2𝑎 .

𝑏
 The x-coordinate of the vertex is − . The
2𝑎
y-coordinate of the vertex is the y-value of
𝑏 𝑏
the function for 𝑥 = − 2𝑎, or 𝑓 (− 2𝑎).

 The y-intercept is (0, c).

Example 1 Graph a function of the form f(x) = ax2 + bx + c.
Step 1. Identify a, b, and c.
f(x) = -x2 + 6x + 3
Step 2. The axis of symmetry is
𝑏
𝑥 = − 2𝑎. Lightly sketch the
dashed line.

Step 3. The x-coordinate of the

𝒃
vertex is 𝒙 = − . Plug it in to find
𝟐𝒂
𝒃
the y-coordinate f(− ). Plot the
𝟐𝒂
y-intercept and its reflection across
the line of symmetry.

Step 4. Find another point on the

graph, confirm the graph points are
correct and sketch the curve.

Maximum/Minimum:

Domain:

Range:

y-intercept

x-intercepts: if they exist.

Now you try: f(x) = 4x2 - 6x + 3

Maximum/Minimum:

Domain:

Range:

y-intercept

x-intercepts: if they exist.

Example 2
Object is Dropped:
h = -16t2 + s
Object is Thrown:
h = -16t2 + vt + s
Vertical Motion Models
Tatum kicks a soccer ball up into the air with an initial velocity of 64 ft. per second.
The ball is 2 ft. above the ground when it is kicked. How long will it take the ball to
reach its maximum height? How high above the ground will it be? What is the range
of the function?

h = height in feet

t = time in motion in
seconds

v = initial velocity in feet

per second

s = initial height in feet

Now you try. A carnival game involve striking a lever that forces a weight up a tube. If the weight
reaches 20 ft. to ring the bell, the contestant wins a prize. The weight rests 3 ft.
above the ground. Maliyah hits the lever with an initial velocity of 32 ft. per second.
Will she win a prize?

Homework: pp. 556-558; 12-13, 20-22 (2), 26, 31, 36. (Note that a = 1 in problem 36.)
 9.3 Solving Quadratic Equations

Objectives: I will be able to solve quadratic equations by graphing and using square roots.

Do Now:

A quadratic equation is an equation that can be written in he for ax2+ bx + c = 0, where a ≠ 0. This form is called the
standard form of a quadratic equation.

Introduction: The zeros of a quadratic function are
equivalent to the x-intercepts of the graph of the function
(where y is 0). Thus, finding the zeros of the quadratic
function is a way of solving the related quadratic
equation set equal to 0.
The following are equivalent:
 the zeros of a quadratic function
 the x-intercepts of the graph of the function
 the solutions of the related quadratic equation set
equal to zero
 the roots of the equation

Solving a Quadratic Equation by Graphing

Example 1. What are the solutions of
the equation x2 - 8 = -4?
Step 1. Write the equation in
the form ax2 + bx + c = 0.

Step 2. Write the related

function y = ax2 + bx + c.

Step 3. Sketch the graph of the

function y = ax2 + bx + c. The
solutions, or roots, of
ax2 + bx + c = 0 are the x-
intercepts.

Note: Intercept form of a

quadratic equation
y = a(x – b)(x – d)
Now you try. a. What are the solutions of
the equation -x2 + 10 = 6?

a. What are the solutions of

the equation (x – 2)2 = 0?

Solving x2 = d by Finding Square Roots:

1. If d > 0, then x2 = d has two solutions: 𝑥 = ± √𝑑.
2. The equation x2 = 0 has one solution x = 0.
3. If d < 0, then x2 = d has no solution.
 Solving a Quadratic Equation by Using the Square Roots

Example 1. a. 12 = x2 – 52 b. -12 = -x2 + 20

Step 1. Write the equation in
standard form.

Check for Monomials factors.

Step 2. Isolate the variable.

Step 3. Square root both sides

of the equal sign.
1
Now you try. a. 49𝑡 2 − 81 = 0 b. 𝑥2 − 1 = 0
9

c. 16𝑥 2 − 21 = 15 d. −𝑓 2 = −256

Application Model each problem with a quadratic equation. Then solve. If necessary, round to
the nearest tenth.
e. Find the length of a side
of a square with an area of
225 m2.

f. Find the radius of a circle

with an area of 380 yd2.

Now you try.

g. What is the radius of the
largest circular quilt that can
be made with an area less
than or equal to 70 ft2? Round
your answer to the nearest
tenth of a foot if necessary.
h. Find the value of x. If
necessary, round to the
nearest tenth..

i. The length of a rectangular

prism fish tank is twice the
width. The height of the tank
is 25 in. If the volume of the
tank is 8,000 cubic inches,
what is the length of the tank
to the nearest tenth of an
inch?

Summary Solving quadratic equations in the form ax2+ bx + c = 0 by finding the square roots
works if b = 0.
 Some solutions are rational
 Some solutions are irrational
 Sometimes there is only one solution.
 There may be no real solutions.

Homework: pp. 564-566; 16, 18, 22, 24, 32, 36, 50, 54, 57.
 9.4 Factoring to Solve Quadratic Equations

Objectives: I will be able to solve quadratic equations by factoring.

Do Now:

What
expressions can
you use for the
length and for
the width?

In this lesson we learn to apply the Zero-Product Property when a quadratic equation can be factored over the set of
integers. This technique combines the previously learned skill of factoring trinomials and solving liner equations.

Example 1 Solve using the Zero-Product Property.

Zero-Product Property
For any real numbers a and b, a. (4a + 2)(a – 6) = 0 b. 2v(3v + 4) = 0
if ab = 0, then a = 0 or b = 0.
Note: Intercept form of a
quadratic equation
y = a(x – b)(x – d)
Example: If (x + 3)(x – 4) = 0,
then x + 3 = 0, or x - 4 = 0.
Now you try. c. x(x – 3) = 0 d. (5y – 3)(2y + 1) = 0

Example 2 Solve by factoring.

a. t2 + 3t – 18 = 0 b. j2 – 17j + 72 = 0

Now you try. c. 2c2 + 9c + 4 = 0 d. 8k2 – 2k – 3 = 0

Example 3 Solve by factoring.

Writing in Standard Form first. a. 2c2 + 4c + 10 = 40 b. y2 + 3y = 28

Set the equation equal to zero.

Now you try. c. 2z2 + z = 6 d. m2 + 6m = –5

Application 1
Jason has a patio of uniform
width around the perimeter of
his rectangular pool. The pool
measures 22 ft by 12 ft. If the
area of the pool and the patio
is 504 ft2, what is the width of
the patio?
[Hint: draw a picture.]

Now you try.

The area of a parking lot is

2475 ft2. The rectangular
parking lot has dimensions
such that the length is 10 feet
longer than the width. What
are the dimensions of the
parking lot?
Application 2. Find the value of x as it relates to each rectangle or triangle.

Area = 15 m2

Now you try.

Area = 36 ft2

Area = 600 cm2

Homework: pp. 571-572; 10-12 (2), 20-22 (2), 28, 34, 38.
 9.5 Completing the Square

Objectives: I will be able to solve quadratic equations by completing the square.

Do Now:

What
expressions can
you use for the
length and for
the width?

You can solve any quadratic equation by writing it in the form m2 = n.

𝑏 2
Completing the Square: You can change the expression x2 + bx into a perfect square trinomial by adding (2) to
x2 + bx. This is called Completing the Square. The process is the same whether b is positive or negative.

Example 1 Finding c to complete the square

What is the value of c that
makes x2 + bx + c a perfect a. x2 - 12x + c b. x2 + 13x + c
square?

Now you try. c. x2 + 10x + c d. x2 - x + c

Example 2 Solving x2 + bx + c = 0 (What are the solutions of the equation x2 + bx + c = 0?)

𝑏 2 a. x2 + 8x + 5 = 0 b. x2 - 4x - 4 = 0
Step 1. Find (2) .

Step 2. Rewrite the equation

so that the x terms are on the
left and the constant is on the
right.
𝑏 2
Step 3. Add ( ) to both sides.
2

Step 4. Find the square root of

both sides and solve for x.
Now you try. c. x2 + 6x - 4 = 0 d. x2 - 2x - 3 = 0

Example 3. Finding the Vertex by Completing the Square

Vertex Form of a Quadratic
Equation:
a. y = x2 - 4x - 1 b. y = x2 + 2x + 5
y = a(x – h)2 + k, where the
vertex is at (-h, k).

Step 1. Isolate the x terms on

1 side of the equation.
Step 2. Add a number to both
sides to complete the square.
Step 3. Complete the square.
Step 4. Isolate y.
Step 5. The vertex is (-h, k).

Now you try. c. y = x2 - x d. y = x2 + 7x + 8

Example 4. Completing the Square when a ≠ 1.
Step 1. Isolate the x terms on 1
side of the equation. 1
a. y = -2x2 + 8x + 3 b. y = - x2 + 3x - 5
2
Step 2. Multiply or divide both
sides of the equation to get
a = 1.
Step 3. Add a number to both
sides to complete the square.
Step 4. Factor the square.
Step 5. Isolate y.
Step 6. The vertex is (-h, k).

Now you try. a. x2  20x + 101 = 1 + y b. y = 2x2  4x - 5

Application.
A rectangular patio has a
length of x + 6 m, a width of
x + 8 m, and a total area of 400
m2. Find the dimensions to the
nearest tenth.

Now you try.

The height of a triangle is 6x

cm and the base is (3x + 10)
cm. The area of the triangle is
816 cm2. What are the
dimensions of the base and
height of the triangle?

Assignment: pp. 579-581; 16, 20, 28-30, 36-38, 44, 48.

 9.6 The Quadratic Formula and the Discriminant

Objectives:
 I will be able to solve quadratic equations using the quadratic formula.
 I will be able to find the number of solutions of a quadratic equation.

Do Now:

What
expressions
can you
use for the
length and
for the
width?

You can solve any quadratic equation by using the quadratic formula.

−𝑏±√𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐
Quadratic formula: If ax2 + bx + c = 0, and a ≠ 0, then 𝑥 = .
2𝑎

Example 1. What are the solutions of the quadratic equations?

Using the Quadratic Formula
a. x2 – 3x – 10 = 0 b. x2 – 4x = 21

c. 2x2 – 3x = 20 d. 5x2 – 10 = x2 + 90
Application 1.
Jacob tosses a baseball across
the playground. The arc of the
ball can be modeled by the
equation y = -0.05x2+0.75x+4,
where x is the horizontal
distance (in meters) from
Jacob and y is the height (in
meters) of the ball. How far
from Jacob does the ball land?

Application 2.
The maximum speed at which a Suppose a car is 50 feet from an intersection at which it must stop. What is the
car can be traveling and still be maximum speed at which it can be traveling?
able to stop in time is given by
𝑥2
the equation + 𝑥 = 𝑠. You can
20
use the quadratic formula to
solve this equation.

Assignment: pp. 586-588; 12-14 (2), 16-18 (2), 22, 32-34 (2), 41.
 9.7 Linear, Quadratic, and Exponential Models

Objectives:
 I will be able to a choose linear, quadratic, or exponential model for data..

Do Now:

Example 1. Which model is most appropriate for the data set?

Choosing a Model by Graphing
a. (–2, ), (–1, ), (0, ), (1, 1), (2, 3) b. (-2, 5), (3, -5), (0, 1), (1, -1), (-1, 3)

c. (-2, -3), (0, 1), (1, 0), (-3, -8), (2, -3) d. (2, 2), (1, 1), (0, 1/2), (4, 8), (-1, 1/4)
Example 2. Which type of function best models the data? Use Differences or Ratios.
Choosing a Model Using
Differences or Ratios
A. B.
Linear Models have a
common difference.

Exponential Models have a

common ratio.

Quadratic Models have a

common second difference.

C. D.

Example 3. Which type of function best models the data? Write an equation to model the data.

Step 1. Graph the data.

Step 2. Test for a common

ratio or difference.

Step 3. Writ a model.

Step 4. Test two other points.

Relate y = a(x – h)2+ k

Define (-h, k).
Use another point to find a.
Write and test the model
Relate y = abx
Define a and b.
Write and test the model

Modeling Real-World Data Which type of function best models the data? Write an equation to model the data.

The data in the table give the value of a

Step 1. Graph the data.
Step 2. Test for a common
ratio or difference.
painting over time. Which kind of
function best models the data? Write an
equation to model the data.

Step 3. Writ a model.

Step 4. Test two other points.

Now You Try. The population of a city shown below. Which kind of function best models the data?
Write an equation to model the data.

Assignment: pp. 592-593; 8-10, 12-14, 16, 24.