R.V.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BANGALORE-560059

(Autonomous Institution Affiliated to VTU, Belgaum

BILAYER GRAPHENE
SEMINAR REPORT

Submitted by
ARJUN ACHARYA USN: 1RV16IS009

SAMARTH M.S USN: 1RV16IS042

Section Q

Tribikram Gupta

Professor, Physics.

Physics Department, R.V College Of Engineering

………………………………
 CONTENTS
1. Introduction 1

 Graphene

 Bilayer Graphene

 Structure Of Bilayer Graphene

2. Literary Review 2-4

 Band Structures of Bilayer Graphene Superlattices

 Quantum Hall Effect in Twisted Bilayer Graphene
 The electronic properties of bilayer grapheme
 Optical Properties of Bilayer Graphene
 Single Layer vs Bilayer Graphene:

3. Results 5

 Quantum halle effect

 Hartree-Fock

4. Conclusion And Future Use 6-7

5. Appendices 8
 INTRODUCTION

GRAPHENE
Graphene (/ˈɡræf.iːn/)[1][2] is an allotrope** of carbon in the form of a two-dimensional,
atomic-scale, hexagonal lattice in which one atom forms each vertex. It is the basic structural
element of other allotropes, including graphite, charcoal, carbon nanotubes and fullerenes. It
can be considered as an indefinitely large aromatic molecule, the ultimate case of the family
of flat polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. It is broadly classified into three types:

 Monolayer Graphene
 Bilayer Graphene
 Multilayer Graphene

We have discussed here about bilayer Graphene.

Bilayer Graphene
Bilayer graphene is a material consisting of two layers of graphene. One of the first reports of
bilayer graphene was in the seminal 2004 Science paper by Geim and colleagues,[1] in which
they described devices "which contained just one, two, or three atomic layers"

Structure
Bilayer graphene can exist in the AB, or Bernal-stacked**..[3] In Bernal stacked graphene,
twin boundaries are common; transitioning from AB to BA stacking.[4] Twisted layers, where
one layer is rotated relative to the other has also been observed.[4]

Quantum Monte Carlo** methods have been used to calculate the binding energies of AA-
and AB-stacked bilayer graphene, which are 11.5(9) and 17.7(9) meV per atom,
respectively.[5] This is consistent with the observation that the AB-stacked structure is more
stable than the AA-stacked structure..
 LITERARY REVIEW

Band Structures of Bilayer Graphene Superlattices( PHYSICS REVIEW

LETTERS, APS PHYSICS)

(Matthew Killi, Si Wu, and Arun Paramekanti)

We formulate a low energy effective Hamiltonian to study superlattices in bilayer graphene

(BLG) using a minimal model which supports quadratic band touching points. We show that
a one dimensional (1D) periodic modulation of the chemical potential or the electric field
perpendicular to the layers leads to the generation of zero-energy anisotropic massless Dirac
fermions and finite energy Dirac points with tunable velocities. The electric field superlattice
maps onto a coupled chain model comprised of “topological” edge modes. 2D superlattice
modulations are shown to lead to gaps on the mini-Brillouin zone boundary but do not, for
certain symmetries, gap out the quadratic band touching point. Such potential variations,
induced by impurities and rippling in biased BLG, could lead to subgap modes which are
argued to be relevant to understanding transport measurements.

Quantum Hall Effect in Twisted Bilayer Graphene( ROYAL SOCIETY

PUBLISHING)

Dong Su Lee, Christian Riedl, Thomas Beringer, A. H. Castro Neto, Klaus von Klitzing,
Ulrich Starke, and Jurgen H. Smet

We address the quantum Hall behavior in twisted bilayer graphene transferred from the
C face of SiC. The measured Hall conductivity exhibits the same plateau values as for a
commensurate Bernal bilayer. This implies that the eightfold degeneracy of the zero energy
mode is topologically protected despite rotational disorder as recently predicted. In addition,
an anomaly appears. The densities at which these plateaus occur show a magnetic field
dependent offset. It suggests the existence of a pool of localized states at low energy, which
do not count towards the degeneracy of the lowest band Landau levels. These states originate
from an inhomogeneous spatial variation of the interlayer coupling. The quantum Hall effect
(QHE) shows an unusual phase of Shubnikov–de Haas oscillations** and the QHE(Quantum
Hall Effect) plateau sequencing is markedly different from what one sees in other
semiconductors . These effects have been explained as manifestations of the chiral nature of
the Dirac-like quasiparticles** near the K points of graphene which contain a Landau level
(LL) at zero energy

The electronic properties of bilayer graphene

Edward McCann, Mikito Koshino
The electronic properties of bilayer graphene, begins with a description of the tight-binding
model of bilayer graphene and the derivation of the effective Hamiltonian** describing
massive chiral quasiparticles in two parabolic bands at low energy. The tight-binding model
is used to describe optical and transport properties including the integer quantum Hall effect,
and also orbital magnetism, phonons and the influence of strain on electronic properties.

Optical Properties of Bilayer Graphene

The optical properties of coupled graphene nanoflakes are investigated theoretically within
the framework of Hartree–Fock based semiempirical methods, with the aim of unraveling the
role of π–π interactions. Two different types of π-stacking are considered, obtained either by
coupling two identical flakes with different relative displacement or by coupling flakes
having different width or edge functionalization, i.e., with different electronic gap or
ionization potential.

Single Layer vs Bilayer Graphene:

This contribution presents the effects of a mild O2 plasma treatment on the structural, optical,
and electrical properties of single-layer (SLG) and bilayer graphene (BLG). Unexpectedly,
we observe only photoluminescence in the SLG parts of a graphene flake composed of
regions of various thickness upon O2 plasma treatment, whereas the BLG and few-layer
graphene (FLG) parts remain optically unchanged. Confirmed with X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy (XPS) that O2 plasma induces epoxide and hydroxyl-like groups in graphene,
density functional theory (DFT) calculations are carried out on representative epoxidized and
hydroxylated SLG and BLG models to predict density of states (DOS) and band structures.
 RESULTS

Quantum halle effect

Stacking two graphene layers with a relative twist angle θ decouples the Dirac cones from
each layer via a large momentum mismatch (K = 4π/3a, where a is the graphene lattice
constant). In a magnetic field, each layer will develop monolayer graphene-like Landau
levels* despite the tiny 0.34-nm interlayer spacing. b, Device schematic of twisted bilayer
graphene encapsulated in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) with dual gates. Contact electrodes
are depicted in red. c, Cartoon of twisted bilayer QH edge states when both layers are at
filling factor –2. Each layer has a spin degenerate edge state with a hole-like chirality
(direction of chirality indicated by horizontal arrows). d, Two-probe conductance of a twisted
bilayer graphene device at B = 1 T as a function of νtot. The sequence is exactly double the
monolayer graphene sequence of (2,6,10,14,…)e2/h (refs 26,27). A contact resistance has
been subtracted to fit the νtot = −4 plateau to 4 e2/h. e, Two-probe conductance of the same
device at B = 4 T showing broken-symmetry states. Contact resistances have been subtracted
from the negative and positive νtot sides of the data. Note that this trace is taken with a small
interlayer displacement field in order to observe all integer steps (see colour map in Fig. 2e).
Cartoons depict proposed edge state configurations in the (0,−1) and (+1,0) states. This
shows the Quantum Hall effect shown by twisted bilayer Graphene.

Hartree–Fock

The eigenstates of the Dirac Hamiltonian are also eigenstates of the chirality operator and so
chirality is a good quantum number. It is conserved. Chirality is a quantum number that is
conserved in elastic scattering processes induced by impurity potentials  =  (r)  ( is the
unit matrix) that vary smoothly on the lattice scale. This type of potential does not permit
inter-valley scattering and so  is fixed and  =  is conserved. This effect gives rise to the
absence of backscattering in graphene and is at the origin of the Klein tunneling (perfect
transmission through a high potential barrier at normal incidence). • Note that chirality is a
good number only in the vicinity of the Dirac points. If we include higher-order corrections,
it is no longer conserved. This Proves the optical property showed by Bilayer Graphene.
 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE USE
Scientists have developed a new type of graphene-based transistor and using modelling they
have demonstrated that it has ultralow power consumption compared with other similar
transistor device. They could eventually achieve 100 gigahertz clock speeds.
Building transistors that are capable of switching at low voltages (less than 0.5 volts) is one
of the greatest challenges of modern electronics. Tunnel transistors are the most promising
candidates to solve this problem. Unlike in conventional transistors, where electrons “jump”
through the energy barrier, in tunnel transistors the electrons “filter” through the barrier due
to the quantum tunneling effect. Potential Bilayer graphene applications include
lightweight, thin, flexible, yet durable display screens, electric/photonics circuits, solar cells,
and various medical, chemical and industrial processes enhanced or enabled by the use of
new graphene materials.[1]In 2008, Bilayer graphene produced by exfoliation was one of the
most expensive materials on Earth, with a sample the area of a cross section of a human hair
costing more than $1,000 as of April 2008 (about $100,000,000/cm2).[2] Since then,
exfoliation procedures have been scaled up, and now companies sell Bilayer graphene in
large quantities.[3] The price of epitaxial Bilayer graphene on Silicon carbide is dominated by
the substrate price, which was approximately $100/cm2 as of 2009. Hong and his team in
South Korea pioneered the synthesis of large-scale Bilayer graphene films using chemical
vapour deposition (CVD) on thin nickel layers, which triggered research on practical
applications,[4] with wafer sizes up to 30 iches(760 mm) reported.[5]

(Under development by Nokia)

In 2013, the European Union made a €1 billion grant to be used for research into potential
graphene applications.[6] In 2013 the Bilayer Graphene Flagship consortium formed,
including Chalmers University of Technology and seven other European universities and
research centers, along with Nokia.
 APPENDICES

 Hamiltonian is the operator corresponding to the total energy of the system in most
of the cases. It is usually denoted by H, also Ȟ or Ĥ. Its spectrum is the set of possible
outcomes when one measures the total energy of a system.
 Allotrope each of two or more different physical forms in which an element can exist.
Graphite, charcoal, and diamond are all allotropes of carbon.
 Bernal-Stacked: Stacking of Graphene layers in this form.

 Superlattice: an ordered arrangement of certain atoms in a solid solution which is

superimposed on the solvent crystal lattice.
 Quantum Monte Carlo encompasses a large family of computational methods whose
common aim is the study of complex quantum systems. One of the major goals of
these approaches is to provide a reliable solution (or an accurate approximation) of
the quantum many-body problem.
 Shubnikov–de Haas effect (SdH) :An oscillation in the conductivity of a material
that occurs at low temperatures in the presence of very intense magnetic fields. This is
a macroscopic manifestation of the inherent quantum mechanical nature of matter. It
is often used to determine the effective mass of charge carriers (electrons and electron
holes), allowing investigators to distinguish among majority and minority
carrier populations.
 Quasi Particle: a quantum of energy in a crystal lattice or other system of bodies
which has momentum and position and can in some respects be regarded as a particle.
 Dirac cones are surfaces that describe unusual electron transport properties of
materials like graphene and topological insulators. The cones help give graphene
 massless fermions, which lead to various quantum Hall effects and ultra high carrier
mobility.
 Landau levels: Landau quantization in quantum mechanics is the quantization of the
cyclotron orbits of charged particles in magnetic fields. As a result, the charged
particles can only occupy orbits with discrete energy values, called Landau levels.
 REFERENCES

 Hitoshi Berkeley Lecture Notes.

 Physics Review Letters, APS Physics.

 Royal Society Publishing

 Sanatarosa Publishers.

 Usher Brooke- Physique.