Professional Documents
Culture Documents
3
Commutator-Brush Assembly
The commutator is a cylindrical assembly of wedge-shaped
copper segments insulated from one another and the shaft by thin
mica or micanite sheets.
Each commutator segment forms the junction between two
armature coils (“finish” of one coil and “start” of the other).
In large machines flat copper strips known as risers are used
forming clip connections to armature bar conductors.
A double-layer winding is universally adopted in dc machines.
The coils are continuously connected “finish” to “start” to form a
closed winding.
4
Stationary carbon brushes are placed in contact with the commutator
under spring pressure.
The brushes are electrically placed in the magnetic neutral regions
where the armature coils have almost zero induced emf.
At one brush the current constantly flows out and at the next brush the
current flows in. This occurs at all brush pairs. The adjoining brushes
are at constant dc voltage and the coils in series between the two
constitute one parallel path.
As a coil crosses the brush position, the current in it must reverse
which is the commutation process.
5
Armature Windings
Two types of armatures windings are mostly employed for DC
machines are known as Lap Winding and Wave Winding.
In a lap winding, the number of parallel paths
(a) is always equal to the number of poles.
(b) and also to the number of brushes.
In wave windings, the number of parallel paths
(a) is always two and there may be two or more brush positions
. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wex3ZenASl0
7
Terminologies of Armature Coil
Back Pitch : The distance, measured in terms of the armature
conductors which a coil advances on the back of the armature is
called back pitch and is denoted by Yb.
It is equal 'to the number difference of the conductors connected to a
given segment of the commutator.
9
Single-layer Winding : It is that winding in which one conductor or one
coil side is placed in each armature slot as shown below. Such a winding is not
much used.
10
Generated EMF Equation of a Generator.
11
Generated EMF Equation of a Generator.
Eg
where
)
= is machine constant .
Brushes
13
Example 2. A 20 kW compound generator works on full load
with a terminal voltage of 250 V. The armature, series and shunt
windings have resistances of 0.05, 0.025 and 100
respectively. Calculate the total EMF generated in the armature
when the machine is connected as short shunt.
Solution:
15
CIRCUIT MODEL FOR SEPARATELY ECXITED DC GENERATOR
16
Vt (armature terminal voltage) = Ea – IaRa ; Ea > Vt
Thus a dc machine is generating if
its armature induced emf (Ea) is more than its terminal voltage (Vt).
The electromagnetic power converted from mechanical to electrical
form is
T = ( Ia ) where = 17
=>
Armature Reaction:
(i) net reduction in the main field flux per pole thus
further reduction in the generated voltage and
electromagnetic torque.
(ii) distortion of the main field flux wave along the air-
gap periphery, which influences the limits of successful
commutation in d.c. machines.
18
19
The path of the armature flux is perpendicular to the path of the main-field flux.
Hence armature flux has entirely cross-magnetizing effect on the main field flux.
The armature flux aids the main field flux at upper end of North-pole and at the
lower end of S-pole. So, at these two pole ends (or tips), the armature flux
strengthens the main field flux. Also the armature flux weakens the main field flux at
lower end of North-pole and at the upper end of S-pole. So, again at these two pole
ends (or tips), the armature flux weakens the main field flux.
20
It may therefore be stated from above that net effect of armature flux on the
main-field flux is
(i) to distort the main-field flux thereby causing non-uniform distribution of flux
under the main poles,
(ii) to shift the MNA in the direction of rotation for a generator.
MNA is always perpendicular to the resultant air gap flux.
(iii) to reduce the main-field flux from its no-load value.
22
3. Strong main-field flux:. During the design of a dc machine, it
should be ensured that:
The main field mmf is sufficiently strong in comparison with full-load
armature mmf.
Greater the ratio of main field mmf to full-load armature mmf, less is the
distortion produced by armature cross flux.
23
5. Compensating winding. The effect of armature reaction under the
pole shoes can be limited by using compensating winding. This winding
is embedded in slots cut in the pole faces of the dc machine. This is the
best, but the most expensive method.
Effect of Brush Shift
shift) is investigated.
The armature flux Φa = OB must be along the brush axis as before.
The other component OD, being perpendicular to the main flux Φf , is the cross
25
magnetizing effect OD= Φa cosθ .
Draw RS making an angle θ with respect to GNA and on the other side
of brush shift, Fig. 4.21 (a). The total armature ampere turns can now be
divided into two groups as illustrated in Fig. 4.22. The conductors
shown in angle ROP and QOS or the conductors lying in angle 4θ for
every 360° electrical (or 2θ for every 180° electrical) are producing a
flux opposite to the main field flux., This can be verified by the right-
hand grip rule. Hence the ampere turns due to the conductors
contained in 4θ degrees for every 360° electrical are demagnetizing
26
in nature.
Prior to the invention of interpoles, brush this was carried out to
improve the commutation forward in a generator and backward in
27
a motor. Now-a-days brush shift is never carried out.
28