Physics (PHY 102)Thermodynamics

Mohammad Rashik Zaman

Lecturer in Physics, Basic Science Division
World University of Bangladesh
Objectives

Thermodynamics
What is System?
▪ A thermodynamic system is defined as a quantity of matter or a region in space that is of interest.

▪ A system can exchange exclusively mass, exclusively energy, or both mass and energy with its surroundings
Internal Energy

The internal energy is the mean value of the

system's total energy in the macroscopic scale i.e.,

Kinetic Energy + Potential Energy

The Change in Internal Energy Formula is:

ΔU = Q + W.
Here,
U = the total change in internal energy within the
system.
Q = the heat exchanged between a system and its
surroundings (outside the system)
W=Workdone
First law of Thermodynamics

o The first law states that the change in the internal energy of a
system is equal to the sum of the heat gained or lost by the
system and the work done by or on the system.

o It can also be stated this: The change in the internal energy of a

closed thermodynamic system is equal to the sum of the
amount of heat energy supplied to or removed from the system
and the work done on or by the system.

o The animation shows a typical thermodynamic system, showing input from a heat source on the left
and output to a heat sink on the right. Work is extracted, in this case by a series of pistons.
First law of Thermodynamics-Mathematical Equation

o Mathematical expression

Then according to the first law of thermodynamics:

Heat supplied = increase in internal energy +work done

DQ = DE + DW

DQ = (E2 - E1) + DW DE = E2 - E1

DQ = (E2 - E1) + P DV DW = P DV
First law of Thermodynamics-Example

o What is an example of the first law of thermodynamics?

➢ A bicycle pump provides a good example. when we pump on the handle rapidly, it
becomes hot due to mechanical work done on the gas, raising their by its internal
energy. one such simple arrangement is shown in the figure.

Try to find out another example!!!!

The first law can be extended to include changes in mechanical energy =

kinetic energy K + potential energy U
First law of Thermodynamics-Example

The sign conventions :

Heat, Q = is positive (+) if the heat added to the system

Heat, Q = is negative (-) if heat leaves the system
Work Done, W = is positive (+) if work is done by the system
Work Done, W = is negative (-) if work is done on the system
Internal Energy, U = is positive (+) if the internal Energy increases
Internal Energy, U = is negative (-) if the internal Energy decreases
First law of Thermodynamics-Applications
o Isobaric Process
✓ It is a process which occurs at
constant pressure.
The heat transferred to the
system does work but also
changes the internal energy (U)
of the system.
o Isochoric process o Isothermal process
✓ A thermodynamic process taking place at ✓ An isothermal process is
constant volume is known as the isochoric a thermodynamic process in which
process. It is also called an isometric the temperature of a system remains
process or constant-volume process. In constant. The transfer of heat into or
such a process, the work done is zero out of the system happens so slowly
Since there is no work done (since dW = P that thermal equilibrium is
dV = 0 when V = constant,W = ∫pdV=0) maintained.
on or by the system, based on the first law Isothermal process (dU = 0):
of thermodynamics => dU = 0 = Q – W
dQ = dU (isochoric process) => W = Q
First law of Thermodynamics-Applications
o Adiabatic Process
✓ An adiabatic process is one in which no heat is gained or lost
o Limitations of first law of thermodynamics
by the system. An adiabatic process may be accomplished by
✓ The limitation of the first law of thermodynamics is that
thermal insulation or by making rapid changes in volume so it does not say anything about the direction of flow of
that there is no time for heat to be exchanged as shown in the heat.

animation. ✓ It does not say anything whether the process is a

spontaneous process or not.

✓ The reverse process is not possible. In actual practice, the

heat doesn’t convert completely into work. If it would
have been possible to convert the whole heat into work,
then we could drive ships across the ocean by extracting
heat from the water of the ocean.
First law of Thermodynamics-Mathematical Problems
1. 3000 J of heat is added to a system and 2500 J of work is
done by the system. What is the change in internal
energy of the system?
Known :
Heat (Q) = +3000 Joule
Work (W) = +2500 Joule
Wanted: the change in internal energy of the system
Solution :
The equation of the first law of thermodynamics is
Δ U = Q-W
The sign conventions :
Q is positive if the heat added to the system
W is positive if work is done by the system
Q is negative if heat leaves the system
W is negative if work is done on the system
The change in internal energy of the system :
ΔU = 3000-2500
ΔU = 500 Joule
Internal energy increases by 500 Joule.
2. 3.0-g bullet traveling at a speed of 400 m/s enters a tree and
exits the other side with a speed of 200 m/s. Where did the
bullet’s lost kinetic energy go, and how much energy was
transferred?
Known :
vi = 400 m/s, vf = 200 m/s
K.Ei – K.Ef = ½ m (vi2-vf 2)
Solution :
We know that,
K.Ei – K.Ef = ½ m (vi2-vf 2)
= ½ 3x10-3 (16-4)x104 J
= 180 J
o Try yourself!!!
✓ A 5.00-gm lead bullet traveling at 300 m/s is stopped by a large tree. If
half the kinetic energy of the bullet is transformed into internal energy and
remains with the bullet while the other half is transmitted to the tree, what
is the increase in temperature of the bullet?
Specific Heat

Specific heat is the amount of heat required to change the heat content of exactly 1
gram of a material by exactly 1°C.

Specific Heat Capacity Formula

Q = C m ∆t
Where,
• Q = quantity of heat absorbed by a body
• m = mass of the body
• ∆t = Rise in temperature
• C = Specific heat capacity of a substance depends on the
nature of the material of the substance.
• S.I unit of specific heat is J kg-1 K-1.
Conclusions

hank you