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12th / Drop
ATJEE
11th / 9, 10
12th / Drop
ATJEE
Chemical Bonding 5
Valence Bond Theory
Bond,Bond Length & Bond Order
BOND ENTHALPY
Bond Enthalpy
+ ; Δ H = 427 KJ/mol
⮚ Bond order ∝
Bond Order
CONCEPTUAL QUESTION
⮚ Arrange the following in order of decreasing bond angles CH4,
NH3,H2O, BF3, C2H2
Sol:
C2H2(1800) > BF3(1200) > CH4(1090281) > NH3(1070) > H2O(104.50).
Which of the following has largest bond angle ?
a) NH3
b) PH3
c) AsH3
d) SbH3
The bond energy in halogens decreases in the order…
a) F2>Cl2>Br2>l2
b) Cl2>Br2>F2>l2
c) Cl2>F2>Br2>l2
d) F2>Br2>Cl2>l2
Carbon - Carbon bond length is least in…
1) C2H6
2) C6H6
3) C2H4
4) C2H2
Valence Bond Theory
Valence Bond Theory
Valence Bond Theory
Positive Overlap
Valence Bond Theory
Negative Overlap
Valence Bond Theory
Zero Overlap
Valence Bond Theory
2. Orbital Configuration
1
a. 1
A B
b. 1
1 +
A B
Sigma Bond:
⮚ This type of covalent bond is formed by the end-on-end overlap of
bonding orbitals along the internuclear axis.
S-S overlapping:
Y In this case, there is overlap of two half filled S-orbitals
Y overlapping
S-S
along the internuclear axis.
Z Z
↑
X +↑ + + X
s orbital s orbital
Y
Z
+ + X
s – s overlap
Types Of Overlapping
S-P overlapping: This type ofS-P overlap occurs half filled S-orbital of one
overlapping
atom & half filled P-orbitals of another atom.
+↑ +
s orbital
p orbital
s – p orbital
(Sigma bonds)
Types Of Overlapping
Y
P-P overlapping: This type of overlapping takes place between half filled
Z
P-orbitals of the two approaching atoms along their direction.
↑
↑ +
X
p orbital p orbital p – p overlap
(sigma bond
↑
Axial overlap)
↑
p subshell
+ P-P
overlapping
pi (π)
bond
Types Of Overlapping
Pi (π) bond
𝞼 Vs 𝛑 Bonds
Sigma (σ) bond Pi (π) bond
1. It is formed by end to end overlapping 1. It is formed by sidewise overlapping of
of half filled atomic orbitals. half filled p-orbitals only.
2. Overlapping takes place along 2. Overlapping takes place perpendicular
internuclear axis. to internuclear axis.
3. The extent of overlapping is large and 3. The extent of overlapping is small and
bond formed is stronger. bond formed is weaker.
4. The molecular orbital formed as a 4. The molecular orbital formed as a
result of overlapping is symmetrical result of overlapping consists of two
about the internuclear axis. lobes above and below the internuclear
axis.
5. There is free rotation about σ bond 5. There is no free rotation about π bond
and no geometrical isomers are and geometrical isomers are possible.
possible.
6. The bond can be present alone. 6. The bond is always formed in addition
to sigma (σ) bond.
7. s and p orbitals can participate in the 7. Only p-orbitals participate in the
formation of σ bond. formation of π bond.
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