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Chemical Bonding
Types Of Bonds
1. Ionic Bond
2. Covalent Bond
3. Co-ordinate Bond
4. Hydrogen Bond

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IONIC BOND
Ionic bonds are formed when electropositive elements react with electronegative
elements.

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The essential process which occurs in the formation of NaCl (s) from Na(s)
and Cl₂(g) can be expressed in the form of a BORN HABER CYCLE

 (a) Na (s) Na (g), H submation = + 108.5 kJ/mole

(b) (g) cl(g), = 243 = + 121.5KJ/mole
(c) Na (g) → (g) + , = + 495.2 kJ/mole
(d) Cl (g) + e CF (g), H = - 348.3 kJ/mole
(e) Na* (g) + Cl (g) NaCl(s), H = - 758.7 kJ/mole

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Net Reaction :
Na (s) + Cl₂(g) →→→ NaCl (s)
The net enthalpy change
= 108.5 + 121.5 + 495.2 + (-348.3) + (- 758.7)
=-381.8 kJ/mole hence H is-ve, G= -ve. So reaction is feasible

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COVALENT BOND
In a covalent bond atoms may combine with one another by sharing of electrons in their
valency shell to get a noble gas configuration.
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TYPES OF COVALENT BOND

➔ s-s overlap bonding condition (sigma overlap) :

➔ s-s overlap anti-bonding condition (sigma overlap) :

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➔ p-p overlap bonding condition (sigma overlap) :

➔ p-p overlap anti-bonding condition (sigma overlap) :

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➔ p-p overlap bonding condition (- overlap) :

 
➔ p-p overlap anti-bonding condition (- overlap) :

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COORDINATE OR DATIVE BOND

In this type of combination both the electrons needed for sharing are contributed only
by one atom.

● Donor

● Acceptor

Eg. SO, SO, O, NH, H, O, NH CI, SO, and H, SO, etc.

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HYDROGEN BONDING
It is the force of attraction that exists between the hydrogen atom covalently bonded
to highly electronegative atom (N or F or O) in a molecule.

……..H-F……….H-F…………..H-F……….
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Types Of Hydrogen Bond

★ Intermolecular :

★ Intramolecular :
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(a) Intermolecular hydrogen bonding decreases the volatility and increases the
viscosity and surface tension of a substance.

(b) Order of strength of hydrogen bonding

H…….F > H...O > H…….N

Energy 10 kcal/mole 7 kcal/mole 20 kcal/mole

Eg.
Water (H₂O) has higher boiling point than that of H₂S.

Ice has lower density than water due to the formation of open cage like structure .
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DIPOLE MOMENT (μ)

(µ = q × d)
Where q = charge developed and d distance between two atoms. The unit of dipole
moment is debye (D). 1 debye = 1 x 10-18 esu cm.

PERCENTAGE IONIC CHARACTER OF DIPOLE MOMENT

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Properties
➢ Dipole moment is the vector quantity.

➢ The direction of bond is shown by an arrow (→) from low electronegative atom to
high electronegative atom.

➢ Dipole moment predict whether a molecule is polar or non-polar.

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Dipole Moment For Some Molecule

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FAJAN'S RULE :
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VALENCE BOND THEORY (VBT)

Suggested by Heitler and London and Later on extended by Pauling and Slater.

❖ According to this theory, covalent bond is formed by the overlapping of atomic

orbitals of valence shell of atoms.

❖ Only those orbitals of valence-shell participate in overlapping weich have unpaired

electrons.
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For overlapping. AO's of two atoms should come closer. They do so due to the attractive
forces between the electrons of one atom and nucleus of another atom
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Due to this attraction overlapping takes place and energy is released. This energy is
called bond energy.

The more is the attraction, the more is the extent of overlapping and thus stronger is
the bond formed

Thus , the strength of a bond ∝ BOND ENERGY

∝ extent of overlapping
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VALENCE SHELL ELECTRON PAIR REPULSION

(VSEPR) THEORY
➢ VSEPR theory gives the information of shape of molecules.
➢ The arrangement of bonded pair electron and lone pair electron is done to minimize
the repulsion Le

Lone pair - lone pair > lone pair - bond pair > bond pair - bond pair.
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HYBRIDIZATION & SHAPES OF

 

MOLECULES
Types Of Hybridization
➔ hybridization
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 ➔ hybridization

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 ➔ hybridization

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 ➔ d hybridization

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 ➔ hybridization

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 ➔ hybridization

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Back bonding
● It is a special kind of a bonding where electrons of shared pair move from higher
electron atom to lower electronegative atom.

It is a kind of synergesis .
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Conditions for backbonding
I. Should have a vacant p/d-orbital

II. Should have at least one lone pair

III. Size of A and B should be smaller. At least one of them should belong to 2nd-
period

Eg. BF , AlCl

NOTE :- Back bonding causes shortening of bond.

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MOLECULAR ORBITAL THEORY
(a) Linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) method is used for the formation of
molecular orbitals.

(b) For two atomic orbitals A and B, whose wave function is given as v and va Then
molecular orbitals (MO) are given as = .

Bonding molecular orbitals :

Antibonding molecular orbital :
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(c) Molecular orbital configuration for diatomic molecules with less than 14 electrons.

(d) Molecular orbital configuration for diatomic molecules with more than 14 electrons.

(e) Molecular orbitals are arranged with increasing order of energy level.

(f) 12p, and 2p, similarly ="2p, and "2p, have same energy and follow Hund's rule.
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 * Bond order = [Bonding electrons - Antibonding electrons).

* Bond order ∝ Bond strength ∝

Eg.
N₂ = 14 electrons

A Molecular orbital configuration

B.O = [10-4] = 3

As no unpaired election hence is diamagnetic.

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An AO of an atom may not overlap with any orbital of another atom.
S s, ,, PERMITTED
- , - , - PERMITTED
,& ARE NOT ALLOWED
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The axis along which AO's of two atoms come closer to form bond is called MOLECULAR
AXIS or main axis or internuclear asis and the orbital formed after overlapping is called
molecular or bonding orbital
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Overlapping Of AO’s may be +ve,-ve or zero :

1. s-p overlapping

2. p-p overlapping
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Calculation of no. of o-bonds and x-bonds in the molecule

It is based on the facts that

● There can be only one o-bond between two atoms

● II bond always exists with a-bond but a-bond can exist alone.
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EXAMPLES
 
1. CO : = 2 & = 2
2. : =3& =2
3. : = 12 & = 3
4. () : = 9 & = 9