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 Chemical Bond
➔ Attraction between two or more than
two atoms in a molecule is known as
Chemical Bond.

➔ Atoms for chemical bond to attain

stability, by releasing energy.
 Octet Rule
➔ Reason for the formation of chemical bond was initially given as the
“Octet Rule”
➔ It means that atoms form chemical bonds to attain 8e- in their outermost
shell (or two e- in duplet rule) to attain inert gas configuration.
 ➔ But in 1962, Neil Bartlett discovered the first compound of
Noble Gas
➔ First, he prepared a red compound

O2 + [PtF6] → O2+[PtF6]-

➔ Then he noted that I.E. of O2 ≈ I.E. of Xe

Neil Bartlett
➔ He made efforts to prepare same type of compound
with Xe

First prepared
comp. of Noble Gas

➔ After this discovery, a number of xenon compounds

have been synthesised.

➔ Bartlett discovery led to the scraping of the Octet Rule

& led to the proposal of the
“Potential Energy Rule”
 Potential Energy Rule
When two atoms approach each other, the following forces act on them.
eB
NA NB

eA
● eA eB → Repulsion
● NA NB → Repulsion
● NA eB → Attraction
● NB eA → Attraction
 Potential Energy Rule
As two atoms approach each other, potential energy change in the
formation of a covalent compound H2 is shown
 Potential Energy Rule

➔ Zero energy when two H-atoms are separated by a great

distance.

➔ A drop in Potential Energy (net attraction) as two H-atoms

approach each other.

➔ When stable H2 molecule is formed, internuclear distance is

about (74pm) at a minimum P.E. (-435.8 kJ/mol)

➔ An increase in P.E. as atoms approach more closely.

 Lewis Symbols

➔ G.N. Lewis, an American chemist introduced simple

notations to represent valence electrons in an
atom.

➔ These notations are called Lewis symbols

G.N. Lewis
(American Chemist)
 Lewis Symbols
Examples

Be C N
Li B

O F Ne
 Lewis Dot Structure
Steps to follow
The total number of electrons required for writing the structures are
obtained by adding the valence electrons of the combining atoms.
CH4
 Lewis Dot Structure
Steps to follow
For anions, each negative charge would mean addition of one electron.

CO32-
 Lewis Dot Structure
Steps to follow
For cations, each positive charge would result in subtraction of one
electron from the total number of valence electrons.
NH4+
 Lewis Dot Structure
Steps to follow
In general the least electronegative atom occupies the central
position in the molecule/ion.
In NF3 Nitrogen is the central atom
 Practice Lewis Dot Structure

Chlorine (Cl2)
 Practice Lewis Dot Structure

Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)

 Practice Lewis Dot Structure

Carbon monoxide (CO)

 Practice Lewis Dot Structure

Nitrite ion (NO2-)

 Practice Lewis Dot Structure

Cyanide ion (CN-)

 Practice Lewis Dot Structure

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

 Formal Charge

Total no. of
Bonding/shared
e-s
Total valence e- in Total no. of
Free atom Non-Bonding e-s
(L.P. e-s)
Calculate the formal charge on each atom of ozone (O3)
 Chemical Bond
Strong Bond Weak Bond
(Inter atomic) (Intermolecular)
(Energy ≈ 200 KJ/mole) (Energy ≈ 2–42 KJ/mole)

Hydrogen Van der

Bond waal’s force
Ionic Covalent Metallic
(for neutral (2-8 KJ/mole)
Bond Bond Bond
molecules)
(8-42 KJ/mole)
 Chemical Bond
Covalent
Bond

Coordinate
𝛔 bond 𝛑 bond
bond

Formed by equal Formed by unequal

sharing sharing
 Covalent Bond
“It is formed by mutual sharing of one or more e- pairs
between two atoms”
 Covalent Bond
The sharing of 1, 2 and 3 e- pairs between two atoms give rise to the
formation of single, double & triple bonds respectively.

(Single Bond) (Double Bond) (Triple Bond)

H-H O=O N≡N

 Covalency
“The no. of unpaired e- in ground state or in excited state of
an element is called its covalency.”

No. of e- in ns + No. of e- in p
ns2 np1-6

Except 2nd Period (Because no d for excitation)

= No. of e- in (n-1)d + No. of e- in ns

 Covalency
Maximum Covalency of
(i) Cl → 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 = 7

G.S. Covalency = 1

E.S1 Covalency = 3

E.S2 Covalency = 5

E.S3 Covalency = 7
 Covalency
Maximum Covalency of

(ii) P → 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 =5

(iii) Xe → [Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ =8

(iv) S → 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 =6

(v) Mn → 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 =7

3d54s2
 Oxidation State
➔ It is a permanent formal charge

Range of O.S. = (n-8) to n

where n = No. of Valence e-

(i) P → 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 = -3 to +5

(ii) N → 1s2 2s2 2p3 = -3 to +5

(i) Cl → 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 = -1 to +7

 To find Oxidation State

➔ H = -1 for Metals
➔ H = +1 for Non-Metals

➔ O = -2 for Oxides

➔ O = -1 for Peroxides (Eg: H2O2)

➔ O = +ve with F only

(Eg: O2F2) O.N. of O = +1
(Eg: OF2) O.N. of O = +2
 Find O.S. & covalency of

NH3 and NH4+

O.S. = -3 O.S. = -3

Cov. = 3 Cov. = 4
 Find O.S. & covalency of

BF3 and BF4-

O.S. = +3 O.S. = +3

Cov. = 3 Cov. = 4
 Find O.S. & covalency of

XeO2F2 XeO3 XeO4

O.S. = +6 O.S. = +6 O.S. = +8

Cov. = 6 Cov. = 6 Cov. = 8

 1. Which condition favours the bond formation?

Maximum attraction and maximum

potential energy

Minimum attraction and minimum potential

energy

Minimum potential energy and maximum

attraction

None of the above

 1. Which condition favours the bond formation?

Maximum attraction and maximum

potential energy

Minimum attraction and minimum potential

energy

Minimum potential energy and maximum

attraction

None of the above

At minimum P.E. and maximum attraction, bond
formation takes place.
 2. Which one of the following element will never obey octet
rule?

Na

H
 2. Which one of the following element will never obey octet
rule?

Na

H
Hydrogen does not form octet but it forms duplet
 3. How many lone pairs and bond pairs of electrons are
observed in NF3?

10, 3

6,3

10, 4

6, 4
 3. How many lone pairs and bond pairs of electrons are
observed in NF3?

10, 3

6,3

10, 4

6, 4
Lone Pair= 10
Bond Pair = 3
4. In NO3– ion, the number of bond pairs on nitrogen atom are

4
4. In NO3– ion, the number of bond pairs on nitrogen atom are

4
Bond Pair = 4
 5. The formal charge on carbon atom in carbonate ion is

+1

-1

+0.75
 5. The formal charge on carbon atom in carbonate ion is

+1

-1

+0.75
Formal charge on Carbon = 4 - 0 - 8 = 0
2
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Something BIG
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