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Basic Concepts
Chapter 9
Valence electrons are the outer shell electrons of an
atom. The valence electrons are the electrons that
particpate in chemical bonding.
Group e- configuration # of valence e-
1A ns1 1
2A ns2 2
3A ns2np1 3
4A ns2np2 4
5A ns2np3 5
6A ns2np4 6
7A ns2np5 7
9.1
9.1
The Ionic Bond
Li + F Li+ F -
1s22s11s22s22p5 [He]
1s2[2Ne]
1s 2s22p6
Li Li+ + e-
-
e + F F -
Li+ + F - Li+ F -
9.2
Electrostatic (Lattice) Energy
Lattice energy (E) is the energy required to completely separate
one mole of a solid ionic compound into gaseous ions.
o
Hoverall = H1o+ H2o+ H3o+ H4o+ H5o
9.3
9.3
Chemistry In Action:
Sodium Chloride
F + F F F
7e- 7e- 8e- 8e-
Lewis structure of F2
9.4
Lewis structure of water single covalent bonds
H + O + H H O H or H O H
2e-8e-2e-
O C O or O C O
8e- 8ebonds
double -
8e- double bonds
N N or N N
8e-8e
triple -
bond
triple bond
9.4
Lengths of Covalent Bonds
Bond
Bond Length
Type
(pm)
C-C 154
CC 133
CC 120
C-N 143
CN 138
CN 116
Bond Lengths
Triple bond < Double Bond < Single Bond 9.4
9.4
Polar covalent bond or polar bond is a covalent bond
with greater electron density around one of the two
atoms
electron rich
electron poor
region
region e- poor e- rich
H F H F
+ -
9.5
Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract
toward itself the electrons in a chemical bond.
X (g) + e- X-(g)
9.5
9.5
9.5
Classification of bonds by difference in electronegativity
9.5
You will NOT
see this on Bonding Triangle
the AP Exam.
Classify the following bonds as ionic, polar covalent,
or covalent: The bond in CsCl; the bond in H2S; and
the NN bond in H2NNH2.
9.5
Writing Lewis Structures
F N F
9.6
Write the Lewis structure of the carbonate ion (CO32-).
Step 1 – C is less electronegative than O, put C in center
Step 2 – Count valence electrons C - 4 (2s22p2) and O - 6 (2s22p4)
-2 charge – 2e-
4 + (3 x 6) + 2 = 24 valence electrons
Step 3 – Draw single bonds between C and O atoms and complete
octet on C and O atoms.
Step 4 - Check, are # of e- in structure equal to number of valence e- ?
3 single bonds (3x2) + 10 lone pairs (10x2) = 26 valence electrons
Step 5 - Too many electrons, form double bond and re-check # of e-
H
H C O H C O
H
formal charge
on C
= 4 -2 - ½ x 6 = -1
formal charge
on O
= 6 -2 - ½ x 6 = +1
9.7
H 0 0 C – 4 e- 2 single bonds (2x2) = 4
C O O – 6 e- 1 double bond = 4
H 2H – 2x1 e- 2 lone pairs (2x2) = 4
12 e- Total = 12
formal charge
on C
= 4 - 0 -½ x 8 = 0
formal charge
on O
= 6 -4 - ½ x 4 = 0
9.7
Formal Charge and Lewis Structures
1. For neutral molecules, a Lewis structure in which there
are no formal charges is preferable to one in which
formal charges are present.
2. Lewis structures with large formal charges are less
plausible than those with small formal charges.
3. Among Lewis structures having similar distributions of
formal charges, the most plausible structure is the one in
which negative formal charges are placed on the more
electronegative atoms.
Which is the most likely Lewis structure for CH2O?
-1 +1 H 0 0
H C O H C O
H
9.7
A resonance structure is one of two or more Lewis structures for a single
molecule that cannot be represented accurately by only one Lewis
structure (after formal charge has been determined!).
The true structure is an AVERAGE of all the possible structures.
More possible structures gives the overall structure more validity.
+ - - +
O O O O O O
- - - -
O C O O C O O C O
O O O
- - 9.8
Violations
Violations of
of the
the Octet
Octet Rule
Rule
Usually occurs with B and elements of higher periods and most nonmetals.
Common exceptions are: Be, B, P, S, Xe, Cl, Br, and As.
How do you know if it’s an EXPANDED octet?
– More than 4 bonds
– Formal Charge doesn’t work out
with just 8
Be: 4
B: 6
P: 8 OR 10
Be – 2e-
BeH2 2H – 2x1e- H Be H
4e-
9.9
Exceptions to the Octet Rule
Odd-Electron Molecules
N – 5e-
NO O – 6e- N O
11e-
The Expanded Octet (central atom with principal quantum number n > 2)
F
F F
S – 6e- 6 single bonds (6x2) = 12
SF6 6F – 42e- S 18 lone pairs (18x2) = 36
48e- Total = 48
F F
F
9.9
The enthalpy change required to break a particular bond in one
mole of gaseous molecules is the bond energy.
Bond Energy
H2 (g) H (g) + H (g) H0 = 436.4 kJ
Cl2 (g) Cl (g) + Cl (g) H0 = 242.7 kJ
HCl (g) H (g) + Cl (g) H0 = 431.9 kJ
O2 (g) O (g) + O (g) H0 = 498.7 kJ O O
N2 (g) N (g) + N (g) H0 = 941.4 kJ N N
Bond Energies
Single bond < Double bond < Triple bond
9.10
Bond Energies (BE) and Enthalpy changes in reactions
Imagine reaction proceeding by breaking all bonds in the
reactants and then using the gaseous atoms to form all the
bonds in the products.
H0 = total energy input – total energy released
= BE(reactants) – BE(products)
9.10
H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) 2HCl (g) 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) 2H2O (g)
9.10
Use bond energies to calculate the enthalpy change for:
H2 (g) + F2 (g) 2HF (g)
9.10