Chemical Bonding:

Basic Concepts
Chapter 9

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Valence electrons are the outer shell electrons of an
atom. The valence electrons are the electrons that
participate in chemical bonding.
Group e- configuration # of valence e-
1A ns1 1
2A ns2 2
3A ns2np1 3
4A ns2np2 4
5A ns2np3 5
6A ns2np4 6
7A ns2np5 7
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Lewis Dot Symbols for the Representative Elements &
Noble Gases

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 The Ionic Bond: ionic salts
Ionic bond: the electrostatic force that holds ions together in an
ionic compound.
Li + F Li+ F -

LiF
Li Li+ + e-

e- + F F -

Li+ + F - Li+ F -

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 Electrostatic (Lattice) Energy
Lattice energy (U) is the energy required to completely separate
one mole of a solid ionic compound into gaseous ions.
E is the potential energy
Q+ is the charge on the cation
Q+Q-
E=k Q- is the charge on the anion
r
r is the distance between the ions

Compound Lattice Energy

(kJ/mol)
Lattice energy increases Q: +2,-1
MgF2 2957
as Q increases and/or
MgO 3938 Q: +2,-2
as r decreases.

LiF 1036
r F- < r Cl-
LiCl 853 5
 Chemistry In Action:
Sodium Chloride: A Common
and Important Compound

Mining Salt Solar Evaporation for Salt

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A covalent bond is a chemical bond in which two or more
electrons are shared by two atoms. No more than 8 electrons
can be shared between C, N, H, O, F. (octed rule)
Why should two atoms share electrons?

F + F F F
7e- 7e- 8e- 8e-

Lewis structure of F2

single covalent bond lone pairs F F lone pairs

single covalent bond

lone pairs F F lone pairs

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Lewis structure of water single covalent bonds

H + O + H H O H or H O H
2e- 8e- 2e-

Double bond – two atoms share two pairs of electrons

O C O or O C O
8e- 8e- 8e- double bonds

Triple bond – two atoms share three pairs of electrons

N N or N N
8e-8e-
triple bond
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9
Polar covalent bond or polar bond is a covalent
bond with greater electron density around one of the
two atoms

electron rich
electron poor
region
region e- poor e- rich

H F H F
d+ d-

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The Electronegativities of Common Elements

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Example 9.2
Classify the following bonds as ionic or covalent:

(a) the bond in HCl

(b) The bond in KF

(c) the CC bond in H3CCH3