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Basic Concepts
Chapter 9
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Valence electrons are the outer shell electrons of an
atom. The valence electrons are the electrons that
participate in chemical bonding.
Group e- configuration # of valence e-
1A ns1 1
2A ns2 2
3A ns2np1 3
4A ns2np2 4
5A ns2np3 5
6A ns2np4 6
7A ns2np5 7
2
Lewis Dot Symbols for the Representative Elements &
Noble Gases
3
The Ionic Bond
Ionic bond: the electrostatic force that holds ions together in an
ionic compound.
Li + F Li+ F -
1s22s1 1s22s22p5 1s2 1s22s22p6
[He] [Ne]
LiF
Li Li+ + e-
e- + F F -
Li+ + F - Li+ F -
4
Example 9.1
Use Lewis dot symbols to show the formation of aluminum
oxide (Al2O3).
F + F F F
7e- 7e- 8e- 8e-
Lewis structure of F2
6
Lewis structure of water single covalent bonds
H + O + H H O H or H O H
2e- 8e- 2e-
O C O or O C O
8e- 8e- 8e- double bonds
N N or N N
8e-8e-
triple bond
7
Lengths of Covalent Bonds
Bond Lengths
8
Triple bond < Double Bond < Single Bond
9
Polar covalent bond or polar bond is a covalent
bond with greater electron density around one of the
two atoms
electron rich
electron poor
region
region e- poor e- rich
H F H F
d+ d-
10
Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract
toward itself the electrons in a chemical bond.
X (g) + e- X-(g)
11
The Electronegativities of Common Elements
12
Variation of Electronegativity with Atomic Number
13
Classification of bonds by difference in electronegativity
Be – 2e-
BeH2 2H – 2x1e- H Be H
4e-
17
Exceptions to the Octet Rule
Odd-Electron Molecules
N – 5e-
NO O – 6e- N O
11e-
The Expanded Octet (central atom with principal quantum number n > 2)
F
F F
S – 6e- 6 single bonds (6x2) = 12
SF6 6F – 42e- S 18 lone pairs (18x2) = 36
48e- Total = 48
F F
F
18
Example 9.9
Draw the Lewis structure for aluminum triiodide (AlI3).
PF5 is a reactive
gaseous compound.
Example 9.12
Draw a Lewis structure of the noble gas compound xenon
tetrafl uoride (XeF4) in which all F atoms are bonded to the
central Xe atom.