TUGAS

TEKNIK TEGANGAN TINGGI A

OLEH:
Muhammad Fajar Ruhud Manurung
1910953009

JURUSAN TEKNIK ELEKTRO

FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS ANDALAS
PADANG
2021
 TASK

Explain in detail the failure process of the liquid insulation. Please cite at least 3
related papers from IEEE publisher to support your explanation.

Answer :

Partial discharge (partial discharge) is an electric spark discharge/jump event that

occurs in a part of the insulation (in the inner cavity or on the surface) as a result of
the high potential difference in the insulation Partial discharge can occur in solid
insulating materials, liquid insulating materials and gas insulating materials. Failure
mechanisms in solid insulating materials include basic (intrinsic), electro-
mechanical, streamer, thermal and erosion failures. The failure of the liquid
insulating material is caused by the presence of cavitation, the presence of grains in
the liquid and the mixing of the liquid insulating material. In gas insulation
materials, Townsend mechanism and streamer mechanism are the cause of failure.
From the description above, it shows that the failure of this insulation is related to
the presence of partial discharge.

Measurement of partial discharge on high-voltage equipment is very important

because from the data obtained and its interpretation it can be determined the
reliability of an equipment caused by aging and the risk of failure can be analyzed.
Partial discharge test specifications depend on the type of test equipment and the
insulation material used in the construction process of an equipment.

The presence of partial discharge in the insulating material can be determined by

three methods, namely: by measuring the voltage on the object, by measuring the
current in the outer circuit and measuring the intensity of electromagnetic wave
radiation caused by the partial discharge.

1. Liquid Insulation Failure Mechanism

If a voltage is applied to two electrodes immersed in a liquid (insulation)
then a small current is seen. If the voltage is increased continuously then at
a certain critical point there will be a discharge between the two electrodes.
The discharge in this liquid will consist of the following elements:
 a. Electric current whose magnitude is determined by the
characteristics of the circuit
b. Bright light trajectories from one electrode to the other.
c. Gas bubbles and solid grains occur as a result of liquid
decomposition
d. There is a hole in the electrode

The following are types of failure in liquids:

• Electronic Failure in Liquids

If the electrode has an uneven surface (some are pointed) then the
greatest field strength is in the pointed part. This maximum strength
will release e1 electrons which will start the formation of a flood of
electrons. The electrons produced are e1, e2, e3 and en which will
then cause conduction currents in the liquid at high field strengths.
The resulting current has a density (Schottky):

where :
A : conduction current density;
J1: thermionic current density;
Ea : applied field strength;
m : surface unevenness factor (=10 for smooth surface)
The condition for starting a flood of electrons is obtained by
equating the energy gain by electrons traveling the average path,
namely U1 = F l = e E l , with the energy to ionize the molecule U2
= C.h
E : applied field strength,
l : mean free path,
h : supply (quantum) of energy required to ionize the molecule
C : constant.

• Bubble Failure or Cavitation in Liquids

Bubble failure or cavitation is a form of failure to isolate a liquid
caused by gas bubbles in it. The causes of gas bubbles (Kao and
Krasucki) are:
o The electrode surface is uneven, resulting in air pockets on
the surface
o There is a collision of electrons so that there are new
products in the form of gases
o Evaporation of the liquid due to the sharp and irregular
discharge of the electrodes
o Liquids undergo changes in temperature and pressure
The electric field in a gas bubble in an insulating liquid

where e 1 is the permittivity of the liquid and E0 is the electric field

in a fluid without bubbles.
When Eb is equal to the boundary of the gas ionization field, a
discharge will occur in the bubble. This will accelerate gas formation
due to liquid decomposition and may result in insulation failure. The
shape of the influence of the field on the air bubbles is shown in
Figure-6.

Figure-6 Effect of Field on air bubbles

Due to the influence of the strong field between the electrodes, the
air bubbles in the liquid will turn out to be elongated in the direction
 of the field. These bubbles will connect to each other and form a
bridge which will eventually lead to failure as shown in the picture:

Figure-7 The failure strength of the wave field

The failure strength of the bubble field is:

where e 1 and e 2 are the permittivity of the liquid and the

permittivity of the bubble, r the initial radius of the bubble (assumed
to be a sphere), Vb the voltage drop in the bubble and is the surface
tension of the liquid.

• Liquid Ball Failure in Liquid

If a liquid insulating substance contains a molten sphere or other
type of liquid, failure may occur due to the instability of the molten
sphere in an electric field. A liquid sphere subjected to an E field
will change shape into a spheroid as shown in the following figure
with an internal field of E2, then the relationship between the two
fields is: and

e1 is the permittivity of the insulating liquid and e2 is the permittivity

of the liquid
 Figure-8 Spheroidal electric field

• Solid Granule Failure in Liquid

This failure is caused by the presence of particles in the insulating
material which will cause failure as shown in the image below. The
magnitude of the force acting on the grains in an inhomogeneous
field (Kok):

where : R is the grain radius and E is the stress gradient

Figure-9 Solid grain failure

If e 2 > e 1, then the direction of the force acting on the grain is in
the same direction as the maximum electric pressure (FA) so that the
force will push the grain towards the strong part of the field.
If e 2 < e 1, then the direction of the force is opposite to the
maximum electric pressure (FB). This force F will be large when e
2 is large. For the conducting granules e 2 ® so that F=1/2 R3
grad.E2.
 For a uniform field, the pole field is strongest in a uniform place,
here grad. E2=0. Therefore the grains will be attracted to a place
where the field is uniform. As a result, the grains will align between
the two electrodes and seem to form a bridge that initiates the
insulation failure. The presence of conducting grains between the
electrodes will result in an enlargement of the field in the liquid near
the surface of the grain. The magnification of this field is determined
by the shape of the grains.

• Liquid-Solid Mixture Failure

Liquid-solid insulation failure (oil-immersed paper insulation) is
usually caused by deterioration. Deterioration that can cause liquid-
solid insulation failure are:
o Worsening due to internal discharge
o Electro-chemical deteriorating
If the liquid-solid dielectric mixture has different failure strengths,
if the voltage is increased, failure will occur in the weakest
substance. This can result in partial discharge (partial discharge).
This release results in a gradual deterioration due to:
1) Disintegration of the solid dielectric resulting from the
bombardment of the resulting electrons and ions.
2) Chemical action on the dielectric due to gas ionization
3) High temperature in the discharge area.
Electro-chemical deterioration occurs because the ions released by
the current at the electrodes can cause damage. The degree of
damage that occurs depends on the nature of the ion carried and the
chemical reaction with the ionization. Damage can occur in DC or
AC voltages.
 REFERENCES

• D.V Razevig, "High Voltage Engineering", Khana Publisher, Delhi, 1979

• Dieter Kind, "Pengantar Teknik Eksperimental Tegangan Tinggi, penerbit
ITB Bandung, 1993
• Edward Gulski, "Diagnosis of HV Component by Digital PD Analyzer,
IEEE Trans on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, August 1995, vol.2
No.4 p.630
• Davit A.Nattrass, "Partial Discharge Measurement and Interpretation",
IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, May/June 1988, vol. 4 No.13
• A.Arismunandar, "Teknik Tegangan Tinggi Suplemen", Galia Indonesia,
1983 C.Mayonx and C.Laurent, " Contribution of PD to Electrical
Breakdown of Solid Insulation Material", IEEE Trans on Dielectrics and
Electrical Insulation, August 1995, vol. 2 No. 4, p.641
• Dieter Kind/Herman Karnen, "High Voltage Insulation Technology",
Friedr, Vieweg and Sohn Verlagsgesells chaff mbH, Braunsch Weight,
1985