5.

2 TYPES OF
BONDING
 IONIC OR ELECTROVALENT
BONDING
• Formed as a result of the transfer of 1 or more
electron(s) from a metal to a non metal atom
until both the ions achieve noble gas
configuration.

• Metallic element tend to lose 1,2 or 3 electrons

to form cation.

• Non metallic element tend to accept 1,2 or 3

electrons from metal elements to form anion
 IONIC OR ELECTROVALENT
BONDING
• Cations and anions are held together by
the electrostatic force between oppositely
charged ions.
• Occurs between of metallic and non-
metallic elements.
Example :

Na Na+ + e-
1s22s22p63s1 1s22s22p6
(obey the octet rule)

Cl + e- Cl-
1s22s22p63s23p5 1s22s22p63s23p6
(obey the octet rule)
Formation can be described by
Lewis structure – valence e-
represented as dot or cross.

+ -
xx xx
Na• x Cl xx Na •x Cl xx
xx xx
(formation of
electrovalent bond )
 Properties of electrovalent
compound
Solid at room temperature
High melting/ boiling point
Soluble in water
Molten ionic compounds conduct
electricity because they contain mobile
ions ( cations & anions)
Excercise (ionic bond):

Draw Lewis structure for the formation of

following ionic compounds:

a) KF
b) BaO
c) Na2O
a) KF . ..
K . +  F  [ K ] + [  F  ]-
.. ..
-When K and F atoms come in contact with each other,
the outer 2s1 valence electron of K is transferred
to F atom.
b) BaO
. ..
Ba + O  [ Ba ]2+ [  O  ]2-
. ..

When Ba and O atoms come in contact with each

other, 2 e of 2s orbital of Ba are transferred to O.

c) Na2O
Na . . ..
+ O 2[ Na ]+ [  O  ]2-
. ..
Na .
 Covalent Bond
Formed by sharing 1 or more pairs of
valence electrons between nonmetal
atoms (group 15 , 16 , 17 ,18)
 Eg: When 2 F atoms combine to form F
molecules, each F atoms contribute 1 electron
for sharing to achieve noble gas configuration

F + F F F
7e- 7e- 8e- 8e-

Lewis structure of F2

single covalent bond lone pairs F F lone pairs

single covalent bond

lone pairs F F lone pairs
 Single bond – two atoms share a pair of electrons
single covalent bonds

H + O + H H O H or H O H
2e-8e-2e-

Double bond – two atoms share two pairs of electrons

O C O or O C O
8e- 8ebonds
double -
8e- double bonds

Triple bond – two atoms share three pairs of electrons

N N or N N
8e-8e
triple -
bond
triple bond
 Metallic Bonding
• A metallic bond can be defined as the
electrostatic force between the
positively charged metallic ions and the
‘sea’ of electrons .
Electron Sea Model
 In a metallic bond, metal atoms can be
imagined as an array of positive ions
immersed in a sea of delocalized
valence electrons.

 These delocalized electrons are not

bound to individual atoms and they can
therefore serve to bind large numbers
of metal atoms together.
 Coordinate Covalent
(Dative) Bond
• Coordinate covalent or dative bond is formed
when one atom can provide BOTH shared
electron pairs while the other atom just accepts
the shared pair.
• This type of bond has the same properties as
the normal covalent bond.
• The atom which donates electron pair – donor
(It must have at least 1 lone pair in its valence
shell)
• The atom which accepts the electron pair –
acceptor (has unfilled orbitals in its outer shell)
EXAMPLE :
.. .. + +
H+ + : O
.. : H H :O
.. : H or H O H
H H

+
+ H
Eg : F3BNH3 molecule
BF3 + NH3 F3BNH3

F F
..
B + N B
H
F F H F F
H
N
H H
H