Valence Electrons 8A

1A

2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A

Valence shell is the outermost

shell which bears the Valence
electrons Number of valence electrons i
equal to the Group number.
• There are 2 extreme forms of connecting or bonding
atoms: Most bonds are somewhere in between.
• Ionic—complete transfer of electrons from one atom to
another
• Covalent—electrons shared between atoms
• A sharing of two valence electrons.
• Only nonmetals and Hydrogen.
• Different from an ionic bond because they
actually form molecules.
• Two specific atoms are joined.
• In an ionic solid you can’t tell which atom the
electrons moved from or to.
 Ionic Bonding
Ionic bond occurs through the transfer of the VALENCE
ELECTRONS from one atom to the other

- primarily between metals (Grps 1A, 2A and

transition metals) and nonmetals (esp O and
halogens)
Covalent Bonding
Covalent bond occurs through the sharing of the VALENCE
ELECTRONS of each atom in a bond

The bond arises from the mutual attraction
of 2 nuclei for the same electrons.
HA + HB HA HB
A covalent bond is a balance
of attractive and repulsive forces.
When one nonmetal shares one
or more electrons with an atom
of another nonmetal so both
atoms end up with eight
valence electrons
SHARING OF ELECTRONS IN COVALENT BONDS

How should two atoms share electrons?

F + F F F

7e- 7e- 8e- 8e-

Lewis structure of F2

single covalent bond lone pairs F F lone pairs

single covalent bond

lone pairs F F
lone pairs
5
Lewis structure of water single covalent bonds

H + O + H H O H or H O H
2e-8e-2e-

Double bond – two atoms share two pairs of electrons

O C O or O C O
8e- 8e- 8e- double bonds
double bonds
Triple bond – two atoms share three pairs of electrons

N N or N N
8e-8e-
triple bond
triple bond 6
 Polar Covalent Bond
A covalent bond with greater electron density around
one of the two atoms

electron rich
electron poor
region
region e- poor e- rich

H F H F
d+ d-
 Classification of Bonds
Difference in EN Bond Type

0 Covalent
2 Ionic
0 < and <2 Polar Covalent

Increasing difference in electronegativity

Covalent Polar Covalent Ionic

share e- partial transfer of e- transfer e-

Classification of Bonds
Classify the following bonds as ionic, polar covalent,
or covalent:

The bond in CsCl;

the bond in H2S; and
the NN bond in H2NNH2.

Cs – 0.7 Cl – 3.0 3.0 – 0.7 = 2.3 Ionic

H – 2.1 S – 2.5 2.5 – 2.1 = 0.4 Polar Covalent

N – 3.0 N – 3.0 3.0 – 3.0 = 0 Covalent

 Rules for Writing Lewis Structures
1. Draw skeletal structure of compound showing what atoms are bonded
to each other. Put the least electronegative element in the center.
2. Count total number of valence e-. Add 1 for each negative charge.
Subtract 1 for each positive charge.
3. Use one pair of electrons to form a bond (a single line) between each
pair of atoms.
4. Arrange the remaining electrons to satisfy an octet for all atoms (duet
for H), starting from outer atoms.
5. If a central atom does not have an octet, move in lone pairs to form
double or triple bonds on the central atom as needed
Write the Lewis structure of nitrogen trifluoride (NF3).
Step 1 – N is less electronegative than F, put N in center
Step 2 – Count valence electrons N - 5 (2s22p3) and F - 7 (2s22p5)
5 + (3 x 7) = 26 valence electrons
Step 3 – Draw single bonds between N and F atoms.
Step 4 – Arrange remaining 20 electrons to complete
octets

F N F

F
Write the Lewis structure of the carbonate ion (CO32-).
Step 1 – C is less electronegative than O, put C in center
Step 2 – Count valence electrons C - 4 (2s22p2) and O - 6 (2s22p4)
-2 charge: + 2e-
4 + (3 x 6) + 2 = 24 valence electrons
Step 3 – Draw single bonds between C and O atoms

Step 4 - Arrange remaining 18 electrons to complete octets

Step 5 – The central C has only 6 electrons. Form a double bond.

2-
O C O

O
 Resonance

More than one valid Lewis structures can be written for a

particular molecule
The actual structure of the carbonate ion is an average of the
three resonance structures

2- 2- 2-
- - - -
O C O O C O O C O

O O O
- -
 Exceptions to the Octet Rule

The Incomplete Octet

Be – 2e-
BeH2 2H – 2x1e- H Be H
4e-

B – 3e- 3 single bonds (3x2) = 6

3F – 3x7e- F B F
BF3 9 lone pairs (9x2) = 18
24e- Total = 24
F
 Exceptions to the Octet Rule

Odd-Electron Molecules

N – 5e-
NO O – 6e- N O
11e-

The Expanded Octet (central atom with principal quantum number n > 2)

F
F F
S – 6e- 6 single bonds (6x2) = 12
SF6 6F – 42e- S 18 lone pairs (18x2) = 36
48e- Total = 48
F F
F
Shapes of molecules
Problems and questions —
• How is a molecule or polyatomic ion held
together?
• Why are atoms distributed at strange
angles?
• Why are molecules not flat?
• Can we predict the structure?
• How is structure related to chemical and
physical properties?
 1. Linear (straight line)
Ball and stick
model

2. Bent 3.Trigonal 4.Tetrahedral

pyramid