Chemical Bond

Chemic al Bond

Attractive force which holds various

In different chemical
constituents such as atoms, ions, etc.,
species
together
Why Chemical Bond forms?

Bonding is a way of reducing the energy

of a system to attain stability.
 Potential Energy Curve

Internuclear
Potential energy

r0 distance, r (pm)
0 r=
(kJ/mol)

r= 300
H H
150
H H
-435.8 r=
74
H H

Observed bond distance in H2

Types of Bonds
 Types of Bonds

Chemic al Bond

Electropositive
Two Two
&
electronegative electropositive
electronegative
atoms atoms
atoms

Ionic bond Covalent bond Metallic bond

Ionic Bond
 W hy Ionic Bond Form s?

To attain stable electronic configuration.

Elements lose or gain electron(s) in order to

have an octet in their valence shell.
 Ionic Bond or Electrovalent Bond

e-
Electropositive atom Electronegative atom
 Ionic Compounds

Highly ordered 3-D Held together by

Know n as
arrangement of electrostatic
Lattic e
cations and anions attractions
The crystal lattice of electrovalent compound is composed of:

a) Atoms

b) Molecules

c) Oppositely charged ions

d) Both molecules and ions

 Favourable conditions for the formation of ionic bonds

Fav ourable c onditions

I.E. E.A.
Lattice
Δ E.N. (electropositive (electronegative
energy
element) element)

High Low High High

 Ionic Compound

For stable ionic Compound

I.E. - | ΔegH | - | L.E.| < 0

 Which of the following is not a characteristic of Ionic bond ?

a) Non-rigid

b) Non-directional

c) Solu ble in polar solv ents

d) Low melting point

Which combination will give the strongest ionic bond?

a) Na+ and Cl-

b) Mg2+ and Cl-

c) Na+ and O2-

d) M g2+ and O 2-
 Lattice energy of an ionic compound depends upon the:

a) charge on the ion only

b) size of the ion only

c) packing of the ion only

d) charge and size of the ion

 Covalent Bond

Formed by the mutual sharing of

electrons between two atoms
 Types of Covalent Bond

1 Single bond

Nu m ber of
shared pair 2 Dou ble bond
of electrons

3 Triple bond
 Theories of Covalent Bonding

Köllel-Lewis
electronic theory

T heories of VBT
Covalent
Bonding
VSEPR

MOT
 Köllef-Lewis Theory

Octet
rule
Tendency
of atoms to have
eight electrons in
their valence
shell

Exception of He and H: Duplet of electrons

 Köllef-Lewis Theory

Atoms can combine

By the transfer
ol valenc e
By sharing
electrons lrom or
of electrons
one atom to
another
C C
l l
Lewis Dot Structures
Lewis Dot Structures

Pro vid es a pic tu re

ol bonding in m olec ules
& ionsin term s ol
the shared pairs of
electrons and the
oc tet rule.
 Lewis Dot Structures

Shared pair of electrons

O2
 Lewis Dot Structures

→ →
→

Ammonium ion
 Form al Charge (F.C.)

In polyatomic ions, the net charge is

possessed by the whole ion.

Feasible to assign a
formal charge on each atom
 Formula for Formal Charge !

Valence electrons _ Non - bonding _ 1

Bonding electrons
in the free atom electrons 2

_ _ 1
F.C. = V L
2
(B)
 Formal Charge !
2

1
3

_ _ 1
F.C. on (1) = 6 6 (2) = -1
2

_ _ 1
F.C. on (2) = 6 2 (6) = +1
2

_ _ 1
F.C. on (3) = 6 4 (4) = 0
2
 Formal Charge !

Used to give the relative stability of possible

Lewis structures

Lowest energy structure:

Smallest formal charges on the atoms
The formal charge on an oxygen atom in N2O molecule is:

N N O

a) 0

b) +1

c) -1

d) -2
Limitations of Octet Rule
 Limitations of O ctet Rule

1 Molecules with incomplete octet of the central atom.

Hypovalent compound Electrons around central atom < 8

 Limitations of Octet Rule

2 Molecules with odd electrons.

NO, NO2, ClO2, ClO3

 Limitations of Octet Rule

3 Molecules with expanded octet .

Hypervalent compound Electrons around central atom > 8

 Limitations of Octet Rule

4 Form ation ol Xe and Krc om po u nd s.

Xe and Kr form compounds with F and O

Which one of the following elements will never obey the octet
rule?

a) Na

b) F

c) S

d) H
Which of the following is an example of a super octet molecule?

a) ClF3

b) P Cl5

c) IF7

d) All of the above

Which is not an exception to octet rule?

a) BF3

b) SiCl4

c) BeI2

d) ClO 2
Find out the number of shared pair and lone pair of electrons
for PCl3.

a) 10, 3

b) 3, 10

c) 3, 9

d) 3, 1
Which one of the following species contains three bond pairs
and one lone pair around the central atom?

a) H2O

b) BF3

c) NH 2-

d) PCl3
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