∞

න 𝑥𝑛
Differentiation 0

Properties of derivatives ∞
න 𝑥𝑛
𝑑2 𝑦 0

2 ]
𝑑𝑥

Applications of derivatives
∞
∞
න 𝑥𝑛 න 𝑥𝑛
0
0
 ∞
න 𝑥𝑛
Differentiation 0

∞
න 𝑥𝑛
𝑑2 𝑦 0

2 ]
𝑑𝑥

∞
∞
න 𝑥𝑛 න 𝑥𝑛
0
0
 To study the variation of one quantity with respect to another quantity.
To study slope of a curve.
To find the maximum and minimum values of any function.

Differentiation is all about finding rate of change of one quantity

with respect to another.
 𝑢 𝑣
distance
Speed = 𝑡
time

change in velocity
Acceleration =
time

work done
Power =
time

Counts per time ( eg. Heart rate,

no.of counts
radioactive decay rate ) Speed =
time
Secant:
Secant is a line which intersects a curve at two different points

𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
Secant 𝐵
𝐵
𝐵
Δ𝑦 Δ𝑦 Δy Tangent
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
Δ𝑥 Δ𝑥 Δ𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

Tangent:

A line which touches a curve at one point

A limiting case of secant which intersects the

curve at two infinitesimally close points.
 Secant
𝑦
Tangent is the limiting case of secant: S
R Q
Tangent (𝑥 + ∆𝑥, 𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥))
For secant 𝑃𝑄, Δ𝑦
∆𝑦
Slope = ((𝑥, 𝑓(𝑥)) P
∆𝑥
Δ𝑥
For tangent at 𝑃,
𝑥
ℎ 0
∆𝑦
∆𝑥 Slope = 𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑑𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
∆𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦
Slope = = 𝑦′ = 𝑓′(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Derivative of a function at a point gives

slope of tangent at that point.
Derivative of a function:

∆𝑦 ∆𝑦
Slope = Slope = rate of change = 𝑙𝑖𝑚
∆𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥

𝑓 (𝑥)

𝑑
𝑑𝑥 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
Power rule of differentiation:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑛
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦′ = 𝑓′(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
Differentiation of trigonometric functions:
𝑑
(1) sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(2) cos 𝑥 = − sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(3) tan 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(4) cot 𝑥 = − cosec 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(5) sec 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(6) cosec 𝑥 = − cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Derivative of logarithmic function:

𝑑 1
(ln 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

Derivative of exponential function:

𝑑 𝑑
(𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑒𝑥 (𝑎 𝑥 ) = 𝑎 𝑥 ln (𝑎)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

"its slope is its value"

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥

𝑥
 ∞
න 𝑥𝑛
Differentiation 0

Properties of derivatives ∞
න 𝑥𝑛
𝑑2 𝑦 0

2 ]
𝑑𝑥

∞
∞
න 𝑥𝑛 න 𝑥𝑛
0
0
Derivative of constant times a function:
𝑑 𝑑𝑓 𝑥
𝑎𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Derivative of sum or difference of two functions:
𝑑 𝑑𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑔 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 ± 𝑔(𝑥) = ±
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Product rule:
𝑑 𝑓 𝑥 . 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑔 𝑥
= 𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑓 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Exercise
𝑑
For 𝑓(𝑥) = 2
𝑥 cos 𝑥 ; 𝑓(𝑥) =?
𝑑𝑥

a) 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥 sin 𝑥
b) 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥
c) 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥 sin 𝑥
d) 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 − 2𝑥 sin 𝑥
Solution
𝑑
For 𝑓(𝑥) = 2
𝑥 cos 𝑥 ; 𝑓(𝑥) =?
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
Applying, 𝑢𝑣 =𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑
𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 + 2𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Answer
𝑑
For 𝑓(𝑥) = 2
𝑥 cos 𝑥 ; 𝑓(𝑥) =?
𝑑𝑥

a) 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥 sin 𝑥
b) 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥
c) −𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 + 2𝑥 co𝑠 𝑥
d) 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 − 2𝑥 sin 𝑥
Division rule:
𝑑𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑔 𝑥
𝑑 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑓 𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 (𝑔 𝑥 )2
Exercise
𝑥 𝑑
For 𝑓(𝑥) = ; 𝑓(𝑥) =?
cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

cos 𝑥−𝑥 sin 𝑥

a)
cos2 𝑥

cos 𝑥+𝑥 sin 𝑥

b)
cos2 𝑥

cos 𝑥+𝑥 sin 𝑥

c)
cos𝑥

cos 𝑥+𝑥 2 sin 𝑥

d)
cos2 𝑥
Solution
𝑥 𝑑
For 𝑓(𝑥) = ; 𝑓(𝑥) =?
cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 −𝑢
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣2
d d
𝑑 𝑥 cos x x − x cos x
= dx dx
𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥 cos2 x

𝑑 cos 𝑥 + 𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 cos 2 𝑥
Answer
𝑥 𝑑
For 𝑓(𝑥) = ; 𝑓(𝑥) =?
cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

cos 𝑥−𝑥 sin 𝑥

a)
cos2 𝑥

cos 𝑥+𝑥 sin 𝑥

b)
cos2 𝑥

cos 𝑥+𝑥 sin 𝑥

c)
cos𝑥

cos 𝑥+𝑥 2 sin 𝑥

d)
cos2 𝑥
Derivative of constant times a function:
𝑑 𝑑𝑓 𝑥
𝑎𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Derivative of sum or difference of two functions:
𝑑 𝑑𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑔 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 ± 𝑔(𝑥) = ±
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Product rule:
𝑑 𝑓 𝑥 . 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑔 𝑥
= 𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑓 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Division rule:
𝑑𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑔 𝑥
𝑑 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑓 𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 (𝑔 𝑥 )2
Chain rule:
If 𝑓 = 𝑓 (𝑔); 𝑔 = 𝑔 (𝑥) Example:
𝑓 𝑥 = sin(𝑥)
𝑓’ (𝑥) = 𝑓’ ( 𝑔(𝑥) ) 𝑔’ (𝑥)
𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥2

Differentiate Differentiate 𝑓[𝑔 𝑥 ] = sin(𝑥 2 )

outer function inner function

𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑔
= .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑔 𝑑𝑥
Exercise
Differentiate 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 10𝑥

a) 10𝑒10𝑥
b) 𝑒 4𝑥
𝑒 4𝑥
c)
4

d) 𝑒16𝑥
Solution
Differentiate 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 10𝑥

𝑑 10𝑥
𝑒 = 10𝑒10𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Answer
Differentiate 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 10𝑥

a) 10𝑒10𝑥
b) 𝑒 4𝑥
𝑒 4𝑥
c)
4

d) 𝑒16𝑥
 ∞
න 𝑥𝑛
Differentiation 0

Properties of derivatives ∞
න 𝑥𝑛
𝑑2 𝑦 0

2 ]
𝑑𝑥

Applications of derivatives
∞
∞
න 𝑥𝑛 න 𝑥𝑛
0
0
 𝑓 (𝑥)
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
2
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Example:
𝑑 𝑑 𝑓’’(𝑥)
𝑓 𝑥 = sin(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 f’(x)
𝑑𝑥

𝑓′ 𝑥 = cos(𝑥) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)

𝑓 ′′ 𝑥 = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)
Double-Differentiation of trigonometric functions:

𝑑2
(1) 2
sin 𝑥 = −sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2
(2) 2
cos 𝑥 = − cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
 Increasing function: Decreasing function:
𝑦 𝑦

𝑓(𝑥2) 𝑓(𝑥1)
𝑓(𝑥1) 𝑓(𝑥2)
𝑥1 𝑥2
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥1 𝑥2
Function is increasing: Function is decreasing:
when 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 and when 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 and
𝑓 𝑥1 ≤ 𝑓(𝑥2 ) 𝑓 𝑥1 ≥ 𝑓(𝑥2 )
 𝑦
𝑦
𝑦 decreases Decreasing
𝑦1 Increasing Decreasing
𝑥 increases
function
𝑦2 𝑥
𝑥3 𝑥4 Increasing
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥
Tangent has Tangent has
−𝑦4 𝑦 increases
Increasing negative slope positive slope
−𝑦3
𝑥 increases function
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0

𝑦 Tangent has zero slope 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 0 (Critical Point)

Increasing
𝑥
Decreasing Increasing

The point at which tangent has

𝑓′ 𝑥 = 0 zero slope is called critical point.
 Global
Maximum
Local
Maximum

Local
Minimum
Global
Minimum
𝑦 For maxima, as 𝑥 increases the slope decreases.
Condition for maxima:
2 3 4
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
= 0 and 2
<0
5 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1

𝑥
𝑦
For minima, as 𝑥 increases the
1 5 slope increases.
Condition for maxima:
2 3 4
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
= 0 and 2
>0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
 To study the variation of one quantity with respect to another quantity.

To study slope of a curve.

To find the maximum and minimum values of any function.

Differentiation is all about finding rate of change of

one quantity with respect to another.

Instantaneous rate of change:

𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑦 Δ𝑦
Rate of change of 𝑦 with respect to 𝑥 = =
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑥 Δ𝑥
𝑑𝑦
As 𝛥 → 0, Rate →
𝑑𝑥
Velocity (𝑣) = rate of change of position(s) with respect to time
𝑑𝑠
𝑣=
𝑑𝑡
Exercise
A ball is thrown in the air. It’s height at any point is given by ℎ = 3 + 14𝑡 − 5𝑡2.
What is maximum height (𝑚) attained by the ball?

a) 0.14 𝑚
b) 1.4 𝑚
c) 2.8 𝑚
d) 14 𝑚
Solution
A ball is thrown in the air. It’s height at any point is given by ℎ = 3 + 14𝑡 − 5𝑡2.
What is maximum height (𝑚) attained by the ball?
For a maxima of a given function,

𝑓′ 𝑥 = 0

ℎ′ = 0 + 14 − 10𝑡

For maximum height, ℎ′ = 0

14 − 10𝑡 = 0

𝑡 = 1.4 𝑚
Answer
A ball is thrown in the air. It’s height at any point is given by ℎ = 3 + 14𝑡 − 5𝑡2.
What is maximum height (𝑚) attained by the ball?

a) 0.14 𝑚
b) 1.4 𝑚
c) 2.8 𝑚
d) 14 𝑚
Exercise
Find the local minima for the function, 𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 + 2

a) 3
b) −1
c) 1
d) −3
Solution
Find the local minima for the function, 𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 + 2

𝑓′ 𝑥 = 0

6𝑥 2 − 6 = 0
𝑥 = ±1

𝑓"(𝑥) = 12𝑥

𝑓"(1) = 12

Given function has a local minima at 𝑥 = 1

Answer
Find the local minima for the function, 𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 + 2

a) 3
b) −1
c) 1
d) −3