General Chemistry 2

Properties
of Liquids


and Solids
Objectives:


At the end of the lesson, the students will be able

to :
Identify the properties of liquids and solids

Give examples of each property which is found at home

Explain the different properties of liquids and solids



Properties of Liquids
 
Capillarity

Evaporation Viscosity
Liquids due to
intermolecular
forces exhibit

Vapor
Pressure
and Boiling Surface
Point Tension
 

VISCOSITY

 The ability of a fluid to resist flowing

 Can be measured using a viscometer

 Polar molecules and molecules with complex

structure tend to have higher viscosity

viscometer

Molecular structure of Vegetable oil
(cooking oil)

Molecular structure of Gasoline (octane)

Which is more viscous?
 
SURFACE TENSION

 The force that causes the molecules on the

surface of a liquid to “tighten their hold to
one another” creating the effect of a thin
membrane on the surface

Surface Tension

Surface Tension is temperature dependent; it

decreases as temperature increases.
  CAPILLARITY

 The spontaneous rising of a liquid

in a narrow tube
 Example : How plants gets its
nourishment from the soil through
their roots and to all parts.
 
Evaporation

 The escape of molecules from the

surface of the liquid

Vapor Pressure
 The tendency of a material to
change into the gaseous or vapor
state, and it increases with
temperature.

Boiling Point

 the temperature at which the vapor

pressure of a liquid equals the
pressure surrounding the liquid and
the liquid changes into a vapor
Other

Properties

 Incompressibility –the property of being

incompressible
 Volatility – the ability of a substance to
vaporize

PROPERTIES OF
WATER
 
Water has
A high surface tension

A high boiling point

Density of solid water or ice is less than the density of

liquid water
A high heat of vaporization

A good solvent


Properties and Types

of Solids
 
Melting Point
 The temperature at which a solid melts

Heat of Fusion
 The amount of heat required to completely
melt a solid
 
Sublimation

 The change from solid to gas

without passing through the liquid
state
 

Ionic Molecular
solids solids
 Objectives:


At the end of the lesson, the students will be

able to :
Identify the different properties of solids

Compare the structures of different types of

solid
 
Crystalline Solids

 Whose atoms, ions, or molecules are ordered

in well- defined arrangements
 Have flat surfaces or faces, and sharp angles

 Regular shapes
 Types Of Crystalline Solids
Types  Types of Forces between Properties Examples
Particles Particles
Ionic Positive and Negative Electrostatic Hard, brittle, and poor NaCl, MgCl2 and
Ions attractions electrical and thermal Ca(NO3)2
conduction
Molecular Atoms or Molecules Hydrogen bonds, Soft, low to Most organic
dipole-dipole forces moderately high compounds( CH4,
and London melting point, and C12H22O11)
dispersion forces electrical conduction Inorganic CO2, H2O
and Br2
Covalent Network Atoms connected in a Covalent bonds Very hard, very high Diamond, silicon
network of covalent melting point, and carbide and quartz
molecules often poor thermal
and electrical
conduction
Metallic Atoms or Molecules Metallic bonds Soft to hard, low to All metallic elements
high melting point, like Cu, Na, Zn, Fe,
malleable, ductile, and Al
and good thermal and
electrical conduction


Amorphous Solids

 Greek word “ without form”

 Whose particles do not have

orderly structure
 Have poorly- defines shapes


The Crystal Lattice

and the Unit Cell of
Solids
 

UNIT CELL
CRYSTAL LATTICE
 The smallest portion  When unit cells are
of the crystal which repeated in all
shows the complete directions
pattern of its particles
Basic Types of Unit Cells


 
Simple Cubic
Has an atom at each of the eight corners of the cube

Body- centered cubic

Has an additional atom in the center of its cube

Face-centered cubic
Has additional atoms on each of its six faces where each
is shared with another neighboring cube
LET’S DO THIS!!


Resources

 https://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch13/
unitcell.php

 Breaking Through General Chemistry 2 for Senior High School

Ebook

 Ilao, Lontoc, Gayon General Chemistry 2 book