General

Chemistry 2
LEONARD D. GUEVARRA
SHS Teacher
Entropy
Lesson 23
Learning Competency
 Predict the spontaneity of a process based on entropy
 Explain the second law of thermodynamics and its
significance
Spontaneous Process
 Spontaneous is a type of process which does not
need the application of energy to take place.
 A spontaneous process is a physical or chemical
change that occurs by itself.
Spontaneous or Nonspontaneous

A waterfall runs downhill.

 Spontaneous or Nonspontaneous

A sugar dissolves in a cup of hot coffee.

 Spontaneous or Nonspontaneous

Heat flows from colder object to hotter one.

 Spontaneity of a process can be determined from the
change in entropy and change in free energy of a
system.
Entropy
 Entropy, S, is a thermodynamic quantity that is a
measure of the randomness or disorder or the
“Available Arrangements” for the system or
surroundings.
 It refers to the number of ways the energy of a
system can be dispersed through the motions of its
particles
 The SI unit for Entropy is joules per Kelvin (J/K)
and, like enthalpy, is a state function.
 
 Entropy, which is related to motion, is obviously
dependent on kinetic energy of the molecules at a
given state.
 Entropy is a state function. Its value depends on the
present state of the system and not on the manner by
which the state reached.

 The change in entropy of a system must be equal to

the difference in entropies of the two states or
conditions described by the equation.
 Processes that lead to an increase in entropy of the
system:

 Melting
 Vaporization
 Dissolving
 Heating
Predict whether the entropy or orderliness of the system
where the following changers occurs is expected to
INCREASE or DECREASE.
 KCLO3(s)KCL(s) +O2(g)

 2H2(g) +O2(g)2H2O(l)
 How will you predict when entropy is positive or negative?
Entropy is positive when it
underwent melting, evaporation and
sublimation. Entropy may be negative when the chemical
substances underwent deposition,
  If a reaction produces more gas solidification and condensation.
molecules that it consumes is
positive,
 
  If the total number of gas molecules
If there is no net change in the total diminishes, is negative.
number of gas molecules that may
be a positive or negative, but will
be relatively small numerically.
 Determine the entropy of a system for each of the
following process.

 A solid melts.
 A liquid freezes.
 A vapor is converted to solid.
 A vapor condenses to a liquid.
 A solid sublimes.
 Determine if the entropy change will be POSITIVE or
NEGATIVE for the following reactions.

 (NH4)2Cr2O7(s)Cr2O3(s) +4H2O(l)+CO2(g)

 2H(g) +O22H2O(g)

 PCl5(g) PCl3(l) +Cl2(g)

 H2(g)+Cl2 2HCl2(g)
 Entropy can be calculated from the table of standard
values.
 

∆ 𝑆°𝑟𝑥𝑛=∑ 𝑛𝑆° ( 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠) − ∑ 𝑚𝑆° ( 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑠)

CACO3(s)  CO2(g)+Ca0(s)
CACO3(s)=92.9 J/K.mol
CO2(g)=-213.6J/K.mol
Ca0(s)=39.8J/K.mol
 One mole of water is vaporized at 100OC with the
absorption of 40.7KJ of Heat. What is the molar entropy
of vaporization?
Stoichiometry
Lesson 24
Learning Competency
 Use Gibbs’ free energy to determine the direction of
a reaction
 Entropy and Enthalpy can be calculated from the
table of standard values.
 
 Gibbs energy is a thermodynamic property that
predicts whether a process will occur spontaneously
at constant temperature and pressure. The formula of
Gibbs energy is:

Where ΔG stands for Gibbs energy

ΔH stands for change in enthalpy,
T stands for temperature
ΔS stands for the change in entropy.
 
 Conditions for spontaneity and equilibrium at
constant temperature and pressure in terms of .
, reaction is spontaneous in the forward direction.
, reaction is nonspontaneous. The reaction is
spontaneous in the opposite direction.
, system is at equilibrium. There is no net change.
Calcium oxide (Ca0), also called quicklime is an extremely inorganic
substance used in steelmaking, production of calcium metal, paper
industry, water treatment and pollution control. It is prepared by
decomposing limestone (CaCO3) in a kiln at a high temperature.

CACO3(s) ⇌ CO2(g)+Ca0(s)

The reaction is reversible, and CaO readily combines with CO2 to form
CaCO3.
 
 First we calculate and for the reaction at 25C.

CACO3(s) ⇌ CO2(g)+Ca0(s)
∆ H °=[ ∆H °f ( CaO ) +∆ H °f ( CO2 ) ] −[∆H °f ( CaCO3 ) ]
 

CACO3(s)=-1206.9 kJ/mol
CO2(g)=-393.5kJ/mol
Ca0(s)=-635.6kJ/mol
 
 First we calculate and for the reaction at 25C.

 
CACO3(s) ⇌ CO2(g)+Ca0(s)

∆ 𝑆°=∑ 𝑛𝑆° ( 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 ) − ∑ 𝑚 𝑆° ( 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑠 )

CACO =92.9 J/K.mol 3(s)
CO2(g)=-213.6J/K.mol
Ca0(s)=39.8J/K.mol
  
∆ 𝐺=∆ 𝐻 −𝑇 ∆ 𝑆
𝑇 =298 𝐾
∆ 𝐻 =177.8 𝑘𝐽 /𝑚𝑜𝑙 ∆ 𝑆=298 𝐽 / 𝐾 .  𝑚𝑜𝑙
 
  
∆ 𝐺 °=∆ 𝐻 ° −𝑇 ∆ 𝑆 °
𝑇 =840 ° 𝐶
∆ 𝐻 =177.8 𝑘𝐽 /𝑚𝑜𝑙 ∆ 𝑆=298 𝐽 / 𝐾 .  𝑚𝑜𝑙
 
 
 Conditions for spontaneity and equilibrium at
constant temperature and pressure in terms of .
, reaction is spontaneous in the forward direction.
, reaction is nonspontaneous. The reaction is
spontaneous in the opposite direction.
, system is at equilibrium. There is no net change.
Chemical Equilibrium
Lesson 25
Learning Competency
 Explain chemical equilibrium in terms of the
reaction rates of the forward and the reverse
reaction
Thanks
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