CHEMICAL BONDING

CHEM 16
Covalent
CHEMICAL BONDING

TOPIC OUTLINE
1 Topic 1 Concepts of Chemical Bonding
2 Topic 2 Lewis Structures
3 Topic 3 Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
4 Topic 4 Bond Relationships
DRAWING LEWIS STRUCTURES
CONCEPTS OF CHEMICAL BONDING 1 🡪 Pick element with lowest EN as central
atom (H is always terminal)
CHEMICAL BONDING 2 🡪 Connect atoms in according to octet rule
Why? Reduce Energy 3 🡪 Calculate the formal charge (FC)
Octet Rule 🡪 ns2np6 stable (noble gases)
CHEMICAL BONDS CALCULATING FORMAL CHARGE
Ionic 🡪 Electron transfer FC = (# valence e-)-(lone e-)- ½ (bonded e-)
🡪 Metal (cation) + Nonmetal (anion)
NOTE
Properties ΣFC=0 (Neutral)
(1) High MP and BP ΣFC=ion charge (Polyatomic ion)
- Strong Electrostatic bond
(2) Electrical Conductivity
- Ions dissolve in water
(3) Crystalline solid cracks ORDER OF PREFERENCE
- Force like charges to face ✔ No formal charge
each other ✔ Smallest possible formal charge
✔ Negative charge = ↑EN atom
Covalent 🡪 Electron sharing Positive charge = ↓EN atom
🡪 Nonmetal + Nonmetal

Bond Order: # of covalent bonds RESONANCE STRUCTURES

↑ bond order Resonance 🡪 when 2 or more lewis structures
↑ bond strength Structure are plausible
↓ bond length Resonance 🡪 hybrid of plausible structures (true
Hybrid structure)
Metallic 🡪 “Sea of electrons”
🡪 Metal + Metal

LEWIS STRUCTURES

LEWIS DOT SYMBOLS

Elements

Ions
OCTET RULE EXCEPTIONS
Odd-Electron 🡪 11 valence e-’s (1 unpaired)
LEWIS STRUCTURES Species 🡪 NO is paramagnetic
Combination of lewis symbols to depict electrons in (e.g. NO)
a chemical bond
Ionic Incomplete 🡪 B is e- deficient
Octet
(e.g. BF3)

Expanded 🡪 e- from F can enter empty d

Octet orbitals
(e.g. SF6) 🡪 S: [Ne] 3s2 3p4 (3d0)
 CHEMICAL BONDING
CHEM 16

ELECTRONEGATIVITY AND BOND POLARITY

DIPOLE MOMENT
🡪 Measure of net molecular polarity (magnitude
and distance between charges)
DIPOLE MOMENT AND BOND POLARITY

NOTE
🡪 In experiments, like dissolves like

BOND RELATIONSHIPS

↑ B. ORDER = ↑ B. STRENGTH
= ↑ B. ENERGY = ↓ B. LENGTH

CALCULATING ΔH°rxn
TERM
🡪 ΔH°rxn = ΔH°reactant bonds broken + ΔH°product bonds formed
* Bond breakage = endothermic (+)
* Bond formation = exothermic (-)

I . PRACTICE PROBLEMS (From discussion)

1. Can 2 N atoms form a single bond? Why or
why not?
2. If C combines with H using only single
bonds, what is the resulting compound?