CHEMICA

LBONDIN
G RRRGenChem
20 20
 “A chemical bond
is the attractive
force that holds
two atoms
together in a more
complex unit.”
IONIC and
COVALENT
BOND
Two concepts fundamental to understanding
both ionic and covalent models are:

× Not all electrons in an atom participate in

bonding. Those that do are called valence
electrons.
× Certain arrangements of electrons are more stable
than others, as is explained by the octet rule.
GILBERT N.
LEWIS
ELECTRON-DOT
STRUCTURES
Periodic Table
× Visual representation of the behavior of
elements
× Arranged in order of increasing atomic
number
× Elements with similar chemical properties are
positioned in vertical columns
Periodic Table
× The periodic table is arranged in:
× Periods (horizontal) – share valence energy
level; same core elements
× Groups/Families (vertical) – share valence
electron configuration; same chemical
properties
 14 IUPAC version
GROUP
American version IVA

6
C
Carbon

12.01
Three Important Generalizations
× Representative elements in the same group of the
Periodic Table have the same number of valence
electrons.
× The number of valence electrons for
representative elements is the same as the
Roman numeral periodic-table group number.
× The maximum number of valence electrons for any
element is EIGHT.
IONIC
BOND
MODEL
ISOELECTRONIC SPECIES
× An atom or ion, or two ions, that have the same
number and configuration of electrons

× e.g. ions isoelectronic with Neon (Ne)

× N3- O2- F- Na+ Mg2+ Al3+

× What is their electron configuration?

LEWIS STRUCTURES FOR IONIC COMPOUNDS
× Ionic bond formation requires the presence of two
elements:
× A metal that can donate electrons
× A nonmetal that can accept electrons

× The electrons lost by the metal are the same

ones gained by the nonmetal.
LEWIS STRUCTURES FOR IONIC COMPOUNDS
× The positive and negative ions simultaneously
formed from such electron transfer attract one
another.

× The result is the formation of ionic compounds.

STEPS IN IONIC BOND FORMATION
1. Draw the Lewis dots of both ions.
2. Show the electron transfer between the atoms.
3. Indicate the formation of cation and anion.
4. Identify the chemical formula of the compound
formed.
5. Identify the name of the compound.
STRUCTURE OF IONIC COMPOUNDS

× An ionic compound in the solid state is arranged

such that each ion is surrounded by nearest
neighbors of the opposite charge.

× “Electrostatic attractions”
 I U M
O D ID E
S O R
H L
C C l )
N a
(
PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDS

1. Exist as solids in room temperature

2. High melting and boiling point
3. Hard and brittle
4. Ionic solids that are water soluble, dissolve to
form solutions that are electrical conductors
COVALENT
BOND
MODEL
 Description Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds
Atoms of dissimilar Similar or even
Atoms Involved
elements identical atoms
Mechanism of
Electron transfer Electron sharing
Formation
Extended array of
Basic Structural Molecular
alternating (+) and
Unit compounds
(-) ions
Phase at Room May be solid,
Always solid
Temperature liquid, or gas
Forms aqueous Usually forms
If soluble in
sol’n that conducts nonconducting
water…
electricity aqueous sol’n
COVALENT BOND

× A chemical bond resulting from two nuclei

attracting the same (one or more)
shared pairs of electrons
 ..
:
H F :
..
SYSTEMATIC PROCEDURE FOR DRAWING
LEWIS STRUCTURES

× Step 1: Calculate the total number of valence

electrons available in the molecule by adding
together the valence electron counts for all atoms
in the molecule.
SYSTEMATIC PROCEDURE FOR DRAWING
LEWIS STRUCTURES

× Step 2: Write the chemical symbols of the atoms

in the molecule in the order in which they are
bonded to one another, and then place a single
covalent bond, involving two electrons, between
each pair of bonded atoms.
SYSTEMATIC PROCEDURE FOR DRAWING
LEWIS STRUCTURES

× Step 3: Add nonbonding electron pairs to the

structure such that each atom bonded to the
central atom has an octet of electrons.
SYSTEMATIC PROCEDURE FOR DRAWING
LEWIS STRUCTURES

× Step 4: Place any remaining electrons on the

central atom of the structure.
SYSTEMATIC PROCEDURE FOR DRAWING
LEWIS STRUCTURES

× Step 5: If there are not enough electrons to give

the central atom an octet, then use one or more
pairs of nonbonding electrons on the atoms
bonded to the central atom to form double or
triple bonds.
SYSTEMATIC PROCEDURE FOR DRAWING
LEWIS STRUCTURES

× Step 6: Count the total number of electrons in

the completed Lewis structure to make sure it is
equal to the total number of valence electrons
available for bonding, as calculated in Step 1.
EXCEPTIONS TO THE OCTET RULE

1. Electron-deficient molecules
× Be and B as central atoms are often
electron-deficient; thus they have fewer
than eight electrons.
EXCEPTIONS TO THE OCTET RULE

2. Molecules with an odd number of electrons

× Example: No2 (Nitrogen Dioxide)
EXCEPTIONS TO THE OCTET RULE

3. Molecules in which an atom has more than an

octet of electrons
× PCl5 (Phosphorus Pentachloride)
× SF6 (Sulfur Hexafluoride)
BONDING IN CARBON COMPOUNDS

× Carbon is versatile in its bonding. Why?

× By bonding the four other atoms (4 single covalent
bonds)
× By bonding to three other atoms (2 single and 1
double covalent bonds)
× By bonding to two other atoms (2 double covalent
bonds; 1 triple and 1 single covalent bonds)
EXAMPLES OF HYDROCARBONS

1. Alkanes (CnH2n+2)
2.Alkenes (CnH2n)
3.Alkynes (CnH2n-2)
MOLECULA
R
GEOMETRY
MOLECULAR GEOMETRY

× Also known as molecular structure

× 3-dimensional structure/arrangement of atoms
in a molecule
VALENCE-SHELL ELECTRON-
PAIR REPULSION THEORY
(VSEPR)
× A set of procedures for predicting molecular
geometry using information contained in the
molecule’s Lewis structure.
× States that electron pairs repel each other
whether or not they are in bond pairs or in
lone pairs.
PREDICTING MOLECULAR GEOMETRY

1. First, draw the Lewis structure of the molecule.

2. Count how many electrons pairs are present,
including both bonding pairs and lone pairs.
× Bond and lone pairs of electrons are treated as Electron
Domains.
× Presence of lone pairs can give different shapes.
× Steric number is noted;
PREDICTING MOLECULAR GEOMETRY

3. Follow the given formula below:

× AXmEn
 LINEAR
GEOMETRY
The molecule has two
electron pairs and is
linear (AX2)
 BOND
POLARITY
BOND POLARITY
× A measure of the degree of inequality in the
sharing of e- between two atoms in a chemical
bond
× Approximately measured by the numerical value
of the EN difference
× ↑ bond polarity = increasingly ionic
BOND POLARITY

× Most bonds are a mixture of pure ionic

and pure covalent bonds
× Most bonds have both ionic and covalent
character
NONPOLAR COVALENT BOND

× Formed when two atoms of

equal EN share one or more
pairs of electrons
× Equal sharing of electrons
between two atoms
POLAR COVALENT BOND
× Formed when two atoms in
a covalent bond have
different ENs
× The atom with the higher
EN attracts the electrons
more strongly than the
other atom
× Unequal sharing of e-
IONIC BOND
 Greater
Electronegativity than 0.4 Greater
Difference 0.4 or less 1.5 to 2
but less than 2
than 1.5
Usually
identical
Atoms atoms or Two Two A metal and A metal and
Involved atoms with nonmetals nonmetals a nonmetal a nonmetal
very similar
ENs

Non-polar Polar Polar

Type of Bond Ionic Ionic
Covalent Covalent covalent
EXAM COVERAGE (Midterms 2020)
I. Quantum Numbers
II. Chemical Bonding
I. Electron-Dot Structures
II. Ionic and Covalent Bond Models
III. Properties of Ionic and
Covalent Compounds
IV. Exceptions to the Octet Rule
V. Bond Polarity