Metallic Bonding

Chemical bonding is different in metals than it is in ionic,

molecular and covalent compounds.
 Metallic bonding is the sharing of many detached
electrons between many positive ions, where the
electrons act as a "glue" giving the substance a
definite structure.
It is also a force that holds atoms together in a
metallic substance.
In addition, it is the chemical bonding that results
from the attraction between metal atoms and the
surrounding sea of electrons.
Unique Properties of Metal
• Good conductors of • Solids consists of highly
heat and electricity. packed atoms.
• Metals are both strong • Highly valence electrons of
absorbers and reflectors atoms that make up a
of light. metal.
• Has metallic luster.
• High malleability and
• Highest energy levels of
ductility.
most metal atoms are
• Most metals are easy to occupied by few electrons.
form into desired • High density and melting
shapes point.
Description of Metallic Bonding
• The electrons and the positive ions in the
metal have a strong attractive force between
them. Therefore, metals often have a high
melting or boiling points.
• The atoms that the electrons leave behind
become positive ions, and the interaction
between such ions and valence electrons gives
rise to the cohesive or binding force that holds
the metallic crystal together.
Metallic Bond Strength
There are three main factors
affecting the strength:
1. Number of protons (the
more the stronger the
bond is).
2. Number of electrons
 ( the more the stronger
the bond).
3.  the size of the ion (the
smaller the ion, the
stronger the bond).
• Metallic bond strength
varies with the nuclear
charge of the metallic
atoms
• The amount of energy
as heat required to
vaporize the metal is
the measure of the
strength of bonds that
hold the metal together.
Metallic Bond Modeling
1. In s-block metals, one or two valence
electrons occupy the outermost orbital.
2. In all 3 outermost p orbitals, which hold
a total of 6 electrons, are vacant.
3. In d orbitals, metals
also possess many vacant
orbitals in their energy level
Metallic Bond Modeling
The vacant orbitals in The electrons are
the atoms’ outermost delocalized, which means
energy levels overlap. they don’t belong to any
atom but move freely
This overlapping of about the metal’s network
orbitals allows the of empty atom orbitals.
outer electrons of the These are packed together
atoms to roam freely in a crystal lattice.
throughout the entire
metal.