Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure (@NEETpassionate)

Chapter 4
Chemical Bonding and

Molecular Structure
Chapter Contents
z Lewis Symbols Atoms combine with one another in different ways to form a large number of
molelcules. The attractive force which holds the constituents (atoms,
z Ionic or electrovalent bond
molecules or ions) in different chemical species, is called a chemical bond.
z Fazan’s Rule z As the atomic state is regarded as a state of higher energy therefore
z Lattice Enthalpy the atoms combine with one another in a number of ways, i.e., by
transference of electrons (ionic bond) or by sharing of electrons
z Covalent bond (covalent bond), etc.
z Dipole Moment z The basic cause of the combination of atoms is :-
z Coordinate or Dative Bond (i) Tendency to acquire the configuration of nearest noble gas. It is
known as octet rule. Though it could successfully explain the
z Formal Charge formation of many molecules e.g., CH4, H2O, H2S etc. yet it
z The Valence Shell Electron could not provide any answer for forces responsible for formation
Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) of molecules.
Theory (ii) According to modern views, a bond results between atoms
z Valence Bond Theory because of their tendency to acquire a state of minimum energy.
When the two atoms approach each other, new forces of attraction
z Hybridisation and repulsion come into play. The net resultant of these forces
may be attraction or repulsion. If attractive forces are more,
z Hydrogen Bond
decrease in potential energy takes place and a chemical bond is
z Resonance formed.
z Molecular Orbital Theory
LEWIS SYMBOLS
The electrons in the outer shell are represented by the dots surrounding
the symbol. For example, the Lewis symbols for some elements of 3rd
period are:
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Types of Bonds
There are many different types of bonds, present in different molecules,
for example, (a) ionic, (b) covalent, (c) coordinate. In addition to these,
weak bonds like hydrogen bonds and Van der Waal’s interactions are
also present in molecules.
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76 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure NEET
IONIC OR ELECTROVALENT BOND
This bond comes into existence by the transference of electrons between the participating atoms. The atom
losing electron gets converted into cation while the other atom gaining electron changes into anion. The electrostatic
force of attraction which holds the oppositely charged ions is termed as electrovalent bond. The number of
electrons lost or gained by the atom is known as its electrovalency.
z The necessary conditions for forming stable ionic bond are
(i) Low ionisation energy of element forming cation.
(ii) High electron affinity of element forming anion.
(iii) High lattice energy resulting from the formation of crystal by close packing of gaseous ions of
opposite charges.
z Electrovalency : It is defined as number of electron lost or gained by an atom e.g. Na has electrovalency
1, Mg has 2. It is equal to their valence electrons respectively.
Characteristics of Ionic Compounds
z These are hard and brittle crystalline solids with high melting and boiling points.
z They consist of ions held by strong electrostatic forces of attraction in the solid state and hence do not
conduct electricity. When fused (in molten state) or in aqueous solution they behave as good conductors
of electricity because ions become free to move and carry current.
z They are soluble in polar solvents like water but are insoluble in nonpolar solvents like CCl4, CS2, benzene
etc.
FAZAN’S RULE
In ionic bond, some covalent character is introduced because of the tendency of the cation to polarise the
anion. In fact cation attracts the electron cloud of the anion and pulls electron density between the two nuclei.
+ +
Cation Anion Polarised

Electron cloud
of anion
According to Fazan’s rule, the magnitude of covalent character in the ionic bond depends upon the extent
of polarisation caused by cation. In general,
z Smaller the size of cation, larger is its polarizing power.
z Larger the anion, more will be its polarizability.
The extent of polarisation will also be favoured by
z More charge on cation and anion.
z Presence of a non polar solvent
z Cation with an electronic configuration other than noble gas.
LATTICE ENTHALPY
It is the amount of energy released when gaseous cation and anion are brought closer from infinity to form 1 mole
of ionic compound.
Factors affecting lattice enthalpy
z The charges on the ions : Larger the magnitude of charge on the ions higher is the value of lattice
enthalpy.
z The radius of the ions : Smaller the size of ions, more will be the value of lattice enthalpy.
NEET Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure 77
COVALENT BOND
z This bond is formed by the mutual sharing of electrons between the participating atoms of same or
different elements. Depending upon the number of electrons shared by each atom in bond formation, a
single, double or triple bond may result. The number of electrons contributed by an atom for sharing is
known as its covalency.
z Covalency : It is defined as number of electron shared e.g. hydrogen has covalency 1, oxygen has 2,
nitrogen has 3.
z Formation of covalent bonds between atoms of different elements e.g., H2O , CCl4, etc.
H O H  O
—
(a)
H— H
– – –
2e 8e 2e
H atoms attain a duplet of electrons and O the octet, here O has 2 lone pairs
8e–
Cl 8e
Cl
(b) 8e– Cl C Cl  Cl—C—Cl
–
8e
Cl Cl
–
8e
Each of the four Cl atoms along with the C atom attains octet of electrons, here each Cl atom
has 3 Ione pairs.
z Multiple covalent bonds
(a) O O  O —
— O (Oxygen molecule)
– –
8e 8e
H H
H H
(b) C C  C —
— C (ethene molecule)
H H
H 8e –
8e
–
H
N N  —
N —
—N (Nitrogen molecule)
(c)
–
8e 8e–
Characteristics of Covalent Compounds
z Under normal conditions they are generally liquids and gases. They have low melting and boiling points
and are soluble in nonpolar solvents, insoluble in polar solvents and do not conduct electricity even in
fused or dissolved state. They exhibit isomerism because of the rigid and directional nature of the covalent
bond.
Polar and non-polar covalent bonds. If a covalent bond is formed between similar atoms, the shared pair
of electrons lies almost in the centre and electron cloud is uniformly distributed around the two atoms. Such
a covalent bond is called non-polar covalent bond. On the other hand, if a covalent bond is formed between
the different atoms then the shared pair is displaced towards the more electronegative atom causing greater
concentration of electron density around the more electronegative atom. Such a covalent bond develops some
ionic character and is called polar covalent bond.
+ –
e.g., [H : Cl]  H—Cl
A polar covalent bond

The bonding electrons are attracted
more strongly by Cl than by H.
e.g., Cl : Cl  Cl – Cl
A nonpolar covalent bond
Octet Rule
Atoms of various elements tend to gain, lose or share valance electrons during the formation of molecules
such that there are eight electrons or octet in their valence shells.
Limitations of octet rule
z Formation of compounds with electron deficient atoms
Li Cl F Be F Cl B Cl
Cl
In LiCl, Li atom has only 2 electrons; in BeF2, Be atom has four electrons and in BCl3 the boron atom
has only six electrons in its outer shell. Other such compounds are AlCl3, BF3, BeH2 etc.
z Formation of super octet molecules like PCl5, SF6 and IF7
In a number of compounds, there are more than eight valence electrons around the central atom. This
is termed as super octet or the expanded octet.
Cl Cl F F
F F F F
P S F I F
Cl Cl F F
Cl F F F
10 electrons around 12 electrons around 14 electrons around
the P atom the S atom I atom
z Formation of compounds of xenon

Octet rule says that noble gases are inert, but Xe and Kr take part in bonding and form compounds with
elements like fluorine and oxygen such as XeF2, XeF4, XeOF2, XeOF4, KrF2 etc.
z Formation of odd-electron molecules
The octet rule is not satisfied for all the atoms in certain molecules which have odd number of electrons
e.g., nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2).
+ –
N=O O = N —O
z This theory does not account for the shape of molecules.
EXERCISE
1. Which of the following molecule has no dative bond?
(1) CO (2) CO32
(3) SO24 (4) All of these
2. In which of the following molecule, central atom has more than 8 electrons in outermost orbit?
(1) SO3 (2) SO2
(3) P2O5 (4) All of these
3. The total number of lone pair present in XeF4 is
(1) 10 (2) 12
(3) 14 (4) 16
4. Which of the following molecule has triple bond?
(1) O2 (2) N2
(3) P4 (4) S8
5. Most favourable conditions for electrovalent bonding are
(1) Low ionisation potential of one atom and high electron affinity of the other atom
(2) High electron affinity and high ionisation potential of both the atoms
(3) Low electron affinity and low ionisation potential of both the atoms
(4) High ionisation potential of one atom and low electron affinity of the other atom
6. Lattice energy of an ionic compound depends on
(1) Charge on the ion only (2) Size of the ion only
(3) Packing of the ion only (4) Charge and size of the ion
7. The formula of the compound is A2B5. The number of electrons in the outermost orbits of A and B respectively
are
(1) 6 and 3 (2) 5 and 6
(3) 5 and 2 (4) 2 and 3
8. Which shows the highest lattice energy?
(1) RbF (2) CsF
(3) NaF (4) KF
DIPOLE MOMENT
The extent of polar character in a covalent bond is represented by dipole moment (μ). It is defined as the
product of the magnitude of charge developed on any of the atom and the distance between the atoms. In
general, the molecules having μ = 0 are called nonpolar molecules. Molecules having μ > 0 are called polar
molecules.
z For a diatomic molecule the dipole moment of the molecule is the same as that of the bond dipole.
z For a polyatomic molecule, the dipole moment is the resultant of the vectors representing various bond
moments.
z The dipole moment helps to predict whether a molecule is polar or non polar.
z A molecule may contain polar covalent bonds but its dipole moment may be zero if it is a symmetrical
molecule.
z The dipole moment helps to predict geometry of molecules.
Dipole moment :  = e × d where e is partial charge and d is the distance between combining atoms.
The unit of dipole moment is debye. 1 debye = 1 ×10–18 e.s.u cm = 3.33 × 10–30 c-m.
Cl F
Cl F F F
Cl
P O C O
B
F F,
Cl , F F,
Cl F
=0 =0 =0 =0
.. .. ..
..
O N N
H H, H H, F F
 = 1.85 D H F
 = 1.47 D  = 0.23 D
Note:
Actual dipole moment of bond
% ionic character of bond = × 100
Dipole moment of pure ionic bond
Type of Example Dipole

Shape
Molecule moment, µ(D)
Molecule (AB)
HF 1.91 linear
HCl 1.03 linear
HBr 0.79 linear
HI 0.38 linear
H2 0 linear
Molecule (AB2)
H2O 1.85 bent
H2S 0.95 bent
CO2 0 linear
Molecule (AB3)
NH3 1.47 trigonal-pyramidal
NF3 0.23 trigonal-pyramidal
BF3 0 trigonal-planar
Molecule (AB4)
CH4 0 tetrahedral
CHCl3 1.04 tetrahedral
CCl4 0 tetrahedral
COORDINATE OR DATIVE BOND
z In this type of combination both the electrons needed for sharing are
H F
..
contributed only by one atom. The atom which contributes the pair of
electrons (lone pair) is known as donor and the atom which accepts these
H N B F
electrons is called acceptor. The coordinate bond is usually represented by
an arrow pointing towards the acceptor. e.g., H F
z Coordinate bond is found in the compounds like SO2, SO3, O3, NH4+, H3O+,
NH4Cl, SO42– and H2SO4 etc.
Characteristics of coordinate compounds

z These are usually insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They usually do not conduct
electricity. The mpt and bpt. of these compounds are higher than covalent compounds but lesser than
the ionic compounds. The coordination bond is directional so these compounds exhibit isomerism.
z Examples of the compounds in which all the three ionic, covalent and dative bonds are present are:
CuSO4, NH4X, K4[Fe(CN)6] and [Cu(NH3)4]SO4.
FORMAL CHARGE
Formal charge on an atom is the difference between the number of valence electrons is an isolated atom
(i.e., free atom) and the number of electrons assigned to that atom in a Lewis structure. It is expressed as
Total number of Total number of non

valence electrons in – bonding (lone)
Formal charge (F.C.) the free atom electrons
on an atom in a Lewis =
Structure Total number of bonding
–1/2 (shared) electrons
1
or Formal charge = V  L  S
2
The counting is based on the assumption, that the atom in the molecule possess one electron of each shared
pair and both the electrons of a lone pair.
Example : Calculate the formal charge on S in following structure

O
S
–
HO O
O
Solution : Total number of valence electrons in free S atom = 6
Total number of non bonded electrons = 0
Total number of shared electrons = 8
1 
 Formal charge = 6 – 0 –   8 = + 2
2 
THE VALENCE SHELL ELECTRON PAIR REPULSION (VSEPR) THEORY

This theory helps in explaining the shapes of simple covalent molecules. According to this theory the various
electron pairs (bond pairs as well as lone pairs) around central atom orient themselves in space as far away
as possible so as to have minimum repulsive interactions and maximum stability. This leads to the definite
arrangement of the atoms bonded directly to the central atom. The molecules in which the central atom is
surrouned by same kind of atoms and only bond pairs possesses a regular geometry. If this condition is
not fulfilled the molecule possesses irregular geometry.
The table given shows the arrangement of electron pairs about a central atom A (without any lone pairs) and
geometries of some molecules/ions of the type AB.
Geometry of Molecules in which the Central Atom has No Lone Pair of Electrons
Number of Arrangement of Molecular Examples

electron pairs electron pairs geometry
180°
A B—A—B BeCl2, HgCl2
2
Linear Linear
B
120°
A A BF3
3
B B
Trigonal planar Trigonal planar
109.5°
A CH4, NH4
+
4 A B B
B
Tetrahedral Tetrahedral
B
90°
B B PCl5
5 A A
120°
B
Trigonal bipyramidal Trigonal bipyramidal
B
90°
B
B
6 90° A A SF6
B B
B
Octahedral Octahedral
B
B
7 IF7
A B A
B
B
Pentagonal Bipyramidal Pentagonal Bipyramidal
Shape (geometry) of Some Simple Molecules/Ions with Central Ions having
One or More Lone Pairs of Electrons(E)
Molecule No. of No. of Arrangement of
Shape Examples
type bonding pairs lone pairs electron pairs
AB2E 2 1 Bent SO2, O3

A
B B
Trigonal planar
AB3E 3 1 A Trigonal pyramidal NH3

B B
B
Tetrahedral
AB2E2 2 2 Bent H2O

A
(V-shaped)
B
B
Tetrahedral
B
AB4E 4 1 B See-saw SF4
A
B
B
Trigonal
bi-pyramidal
B
AB3E2 3 2 A Distorted ClF3
B
T-shape
B
Trigonal
bi-pyramidal
B
B B
AB5E 5 1 A Square pyramid BrF5
B B
Octahedral
B B
AB4E2 4 2 A Square planar XeF4
B B
Octahedral
The table given below shows the shape of simple molecules containing bond pair and lone pair. This table
explains the reasons for the distortions in the geometry of the molecule here A is the central atom, B is
surrounding atom and E is lone pair.
Molecule No. of No. of Arrangement Shape Reason for the

type bond lone pairs of electron shape acquired
pairs
AB2E 4 1 Bent Theoretically th e shape

should have been triangular
S S planar but actually it is found
O O O O to be bent or v-shaped. The
119.5° reason being the lone pair-bond
pair repulsion is much more as
compared to the bond pair-bond
pair repulsion. So the angle is
reduced to 119.5° from 120°.
N
AB3E 3 1 H Trigonal Had there been a bp in place
H 107° pyramidal of lp the shape would have
been tetrahedral but one lone
H pair is present and due to the
repulsion between lp-bp (which
is more than bp-bp repulsion)
the angle between bond pairs is
reduced to 107° from 109.5°.
N
H
H
H
AB2E2 2 2 Bent The shape should have been

O tetrahedral if there were all bp
but two lp are present so the
104.5° shape is distorted tetrahedral
H H or angular. The reason is lp-lp
repulsion is more than lp-bp
repulsion. Hence angle is
reduced to 104.5° from 109.5°.
H H
F F
AB4E 4 1 (a) F S F S See- In (a) the lp is present at axial
F saw position so there are three lp-bp
F repulsion at 90°. In (b) the lp is in
F
F an equatorial position, and there
are two lp-bp repulsions. Hence,
F F arrangement (b) is more stable.
F
The shape shown in (b) is
F
(b) S S d e s c r ib e d a s a d i s t o r t e d
F tetrahedron, a folded square or
F a see-saw.
F
F
(More stable)
Molecule No. of No. of Arrangement Shape Reason for the

type bond lone pairs of electron shape acquired
pairs
AB3E2 3 2 F T-shape The lp are at

F equatorial position so
there are less lp-bp
Cl F Cl F repulsion.
F
F
B
AB2E3 3 Linear Example
2
XeF2
A
– –
I3 , Br3
B –
ICl2
Linear
VALENCE BOND THEORY (VBT)
z Covalent bonds are formed by overlap of atomic orbitals, each of which contains one electron of
opposite spin.
z Each of the bonded atoms maintains its own atomic orbitals, but the electron pair in the overlapping
orbitals is shared by both atoms.
z The greater the amount of orbital overlap, the stronger the bond. This leads to a directional character
to the bond when other than s orbitals involved.
Energy consideration of covalent bond : Attractive Electron cloud
When two hydrogen atoms H A and H B with
respective electrons eAand eB approach each
other, following attractive and repulsive forces
start operating Repulsive
Nucleus
z It is found that attractive forces is more than a
repulsive forces which results in decrease in
(HA) Attractive (HB)
energy, so the potential energy of system
decreases.
z The minimum energy point corresponds to critical distance between two nuclei, when maximum lowering
of energy takes place. This distance is called bond length e.g. in H–H, bond length is 74 pm.
HH (too close)
+
H H (too far)
0
Energy
H–H
–
Bond length
(74 pm) Internuclear distance
Bond dissociation energy: It is the energy required to dissociate 1 mole of molecules into constituting atoms
e.g. H2(g) 2H(g) – 436 kJ
Overlapping of Atomic Orbitals

The formation of covalent bonds is best explained by a new approach according to which sharing of electron
is possible only with overlapping of orbitals. According to this concept, the formation of covalent bond involves
the overlapping of half filled atomic orbitals of the atoms participating in bonding. The atomic orbitals undergoing
overlapping must have electrons with opposite spin.
The covalent bond formed by the axial or end to end overlapping of atomic orbitals is called sigma bond.
On the other hand, the covalent bond formed by sidewise or lateral overlap of the orbitals is called Pi () bond.
It may be noted that
z All single bonds are sigma bonds.
z Multiple bonds contain one sigma bond () only, the other bonds are pi() bonds.
z -bond is never formed alone. First a -bond is formed and then -bond formation may take place.
Strength of  and -bonds:

 bond strength : s - s < s - p < p - p
 bond strength : 2p - 2p > 2p - 3p > 3p - 3p
EXERCISE
9. Polarisation is the distortion of the shape of an anion by the cation. Which of the following statements is
correct?
(1) Maximum polarisation is done by a cation of high charge
(2) A large cation is likely to bring large degree of polarisation
(3) A smaller anion is likely to undergo a high degree of polarisation
(4) Minimum polarisation is done by a cation of small size
10. The most covalent halide is
(1) AlF3 (2) AlCl3
(3) AlBr3 (4) AlI3
11. Which one of the following has pyramidal shape?
(1) NH3 (2) SiF4
(3) H2O (4) BF3
12. Which one of the following molecules are formed by p-p overlapping?
(1) Cl2 (2) HCl
(3) H2O (4) NH3
13. A molecule possessing dipole moment is
(1) CH4 (2) H2O
(3) BF3 (4) CO2
14. Which of the following compound of group-14 elements would you expect to be most ionic in character?
(1) CCl4 (2) SiCl4
(3) PbCl2 (4) PbCl4
15. The type of bonds present in NH4Cl are
(1) Electrovalent, covalent and coordinate (2) Only ionic
(3) Only covalent (4) Covalent and coordinate
HYBRIDISATION
z It is a hypothetical phenomenon that is introduced to explain the shapes of molecules. It is a process

of intermixing of orbitals with slightly different energies so as to redistribute their energies giving another
set of orbitals (hybrid orbitals) with same energy, size, and shape.
z The hybrid orbitals form stronger bonds as compared to the pure atomic orbitals. Depending upon the
type of orbitals used, the hybridisation may be divided into following categories.
Hybrid Type of molecule and Examples

state of Number Number Arrangement
Value of Shape A = Central atom
central of SA of LP of SA and LP
X B = SA
atom (geometry) L = Lone pair
2 sp 2 0 Linear Linear AB2 BeF2, CO2, CS2, NO2

+
3 0 Trigonal Trigonal AB3 –

BF3, AlCl3, SO3, NO3 , CO3
2–
2 Planar Planar
3 sp –
2 1 Do Bent AB2L SO2, PbCl2, SnCl2,NO2
4 0 Tetrahedral Tetrahedral AB4 2–

CH4, SiCl4, SO4 , ClO4
–
4 sp
3
3 1 Do Pyramidal AB3L NH3, NF3, PH3, PCl3, H3O
+
2 2 Do Bent AB 2L2 H2O, NH2–
5 0 Trigonal Trigonal PCl5, PF5, SbCl5

AB5
bipyramidal bipyramidal
5 sp3d 4 1 Do See-saw AB4L SF4, TeF4
3 2 Do T-shape AB 3L2 ClF3, BrF3
– –
2 3 Do Linear AB 2L3 XeF2, I3 , Br3
6 0 Octahedral Octahedral AB6 SF6, SeF6

6 sp3d2
5 1 Do AB5L IF5, BrF5
4 2 Do Square planar AB 4L2 XeF4
HYDROGEN BOND
It is the force of attraction that exists between the hydrogen atom covalently bonded to highly electronegative
atom (N or F or O) in a molecule and the electronegative atom of the same or neighbouring molecule. the
bond is represented by a dotted line as shown below.
..... H – F ..... H – F ..... H – F .....
The hydrogen bond is of two types, inter molecular (formed between H atom of one molecule with
electronegative atom of neighbouring molecule) and Intra molecular (formed between H atom and
electronegative atom of the same molecule).
z Intermolecular hydrogen bonding decreases the volatility and increases the viscosity and surface tension
of a substance.
z Order of strength of hydrogen bonding
H --------- F > H ---- O > H ----------- N
Energy 10 kcal/mole 7 kcal/mole 2.0 kcal/mole
z Because of hydrogen bonding water (H2O) has higher boiling point than that of H2S.
z Because of hydrogen bonding the boiling point of HF is higher than that of HCl.
z A few examples of molecules which form intramolecular hydrogen bonds are given as follows.
O O
N C
O O
H
H O
O N
O
o-nitrophenol o-nitrobenzoic acid
RESONANCE
When a molecule can be represented by more than one electronic arrangements none of which explains the
known properties of the compound, then, the actual structure is intermediate of the various electron
arrangements and is known as resonance hybrid.The various electronic arrangements are known as resonating
structures or canonical structures or contributing structures.
Example: Ozone (O3)
O O
O O O O
128 pm
Resonance hybrid: O
O O
117°
Some notable features of resonance are

z The contributing structures should not differ in atomic arrangemnt
z The contributing structures should have same number of unpaired electrons
z Hybrid structure is more stable than any of the resonating structure
z The difference between the energy of actual structure and most stable resonating form is termed as
resonance energy.
MOLECULAR ORBITAL THEORY

Developed by Hund and Mulliken it suggests that in molecules electrons are present in new orbitals called
molecular orbitals and that they are not associated with the atoms. Important postulates of the theory are
as under
z Just like electrons of atoms are present in atomic orbitals, electrons of a molecule are present in
molecular orbitals.
z Molecular orbitals are formed by the combination of atomic orbitals of nearly equal energies.
z The number of molecular orbitals formed is equal to the number of combining atomic orbitals.
Half of these are called bonding molecular orbital (lower energy) while other half are called
antibonding molecular orbital (higher energy).
z Shapes of the molecular orbital depend on the shapes of combining atomic orbitals.
z Filling of electrons in various molecular orbital takes place according to Aufbau, Pauli and Hund’s rules
for the filling of atomic orbitals.
Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals (LCAO)

z Molecular orbitals are formed by the linear combination of atomic orbitals i.e. the wave functions of
combining atomic orbitals may either be added or may be subtracted.
(MO) = A  B
(Bonding) = A + B
 (Antibonding) = A – B
z A wave possesses a crest and a trough. When orbitals approach in such a way that the crest falls over
the crest, a bonding molecular orbital is formed. When the crest of one wave falls over the through of
the other, an antibonding molecular orbital is formed.
z Probability of finding electrons in the bonding molecular orbital is always greater than that of sum of
probabilities in the atomic orbitals.
b2 = (A + B)2 = A2 + B2 + 2AB and
a2 = (A – B)2 = A2 + B2 – 2AB
z Bonding molecular orbital are designated as ,  while the notations for antibonding molecular orbital are
*, *.
z Bonding molecular orbitals are more stable while antibonding molecular orbitals are less stable.
Node
Subtractive – *s
combination
Additive + s
combination
(a)
Node
*2p
2p
(b)
Node
*2p
2p
(c)
Fig. (a) : s orbital forming s & *s, Fig. (b) : pz orbital forming 2pz &  * 2p z ,
Fig. (c) : px or py forming 2px / 2p y &  * 2px /  * 2p y
Conditions for the Formation of Molecular Orbitals– Combination of Atomic Orbitals

z Combining atomic orbitals should have nearly equal energies.
z Combining atomic orbitals must have proper orientations.
Types of Molecular Orbitals Formed
z Sigma Molecular Orbitals : When 1s atomic orbital combines with 1s or 2s combines with
2s, two sigma molecular orbitals are formed. They are marked as bonding () and antibonding (*)
molecular orbital.
z –Molecular Orbitals :When 2px combines with 2px (or 2py with 2py) two –molecular orbitals are formed
namely bonding () and antibonding (*)
Electronic Configuration, Bond Order for Diatomic Molecules
z Before representing the molecular orbital energy level diagram we must arrange various orbitals in the
order of increasing energy
1s <*1s < 2s < *2s < 2pz <2px = 2py < *2px = *2py < *2pz
z But the order of energy levels of 2pz and (2px = 2py) is reversed for molecular Carbon, Boron, Nitrogen
Bond Order
z Bond order is defined as half of the difference between the number of electrons present in the bonding
and the antibonding molecular orbital.
z Bond order (n) = 1/2 (Nb – Na)
z Molecule is stable only when bond order is positive. If the bond order is negative or zero the molecule does
not exist. It may have whole number as well as fractional values. Higher the value of bond order, greater
must be the stability of molecule or molecular ion. Further, higher the bond order, shorter the bond.
To elaborate certain examples are taken as under
(a) Hydrogen
H2 :  (1s)2 ; n = 1
H2 :  (1s)1 ; n = 1/2,

H2 :  (1s)2  * (1s1 ) ; n = 1/2
This indicates that both H2 and H2+ are stable and H2 is more stable than H2+. Both H2+ and H2–
should be paramagnetic also as they have a half filled molecular orbital.
(b) Helium.
He2 does not exist as is shown by configuration
He2 — [(1s)]2 [(1s)]2 ; n = 0
But He2+ may exist as its bond order will be positive
He2+ — [1s2(1s)]1 ; n = 1/2
Its stability and bond length is comparable to H2+.
(c) Nitrogen
N2 – [(1s)]2, [*(1s)]2, [(2s)]2, [*(2s)]2, [  (2p x ) ]2 = [  (2p y ) ]2, [  (2p z ) ]2 : n = 3.
High value of bond order (3) implies that it should have highest bond dissociation energy as
compared to all other diatomic molecules.
N2+ and N2– both exhibit bond order 2.5 and are found to be paramagnetic due to the presence of
one unpaired electron. Stability of these three is in the order
N2 > N2+  N2–
(d) Oxygen
O2– [(1s)]2, [*(1s)]2, [(2s)]2, [*(2s)]2, [ (2p z ) ]2, [ (2p x ) ]2 = [ (2p y ) ]2, [  * (2p x ) ]1 =[  * (2p y ) ]1
Bond order, n = 2
O2+ has bond order 2.5 as one electron is removed from the antibonding molecular orbital
O2– has bond order 1.5 as an additional electron is added to the antibonding molecular orbital
O22– has bond order 1.0 as two electrons are added to the two antibonding molecular orbital stability
order (and bond dissociation energy) of the four species are as under:
O2+ > O2 > O2– > O22–
Bond distances are in the reverse order ; O2+ < O2 < O2– < O22–. Out of these four species O2,
O2+ and O2– are paramagnetic due to the presence of 2, 1, 1 unpaired electrons respectively while
O22– is diamagnetic as it has no unpaired electron.
(e) Fluorine
Total number of electrons in F2 molecule is 18 and so it resembles the configuration of O2– –
F2 — [(1s)]2, [*(1s)]2, [(2s)]2, [*(2s)]2, [ (2p z ) ]2, [ (2p x ) ]2 = [ (2p y ) ]2, [  * (2p x ) ]2 = [  * (2py ) ]2
Its bond order n is 1 and it should be diamagnetic due to the presence of all orbitals as fully
occupied.
(f) Neon
Ne2 does not exist as its bond order comes to be zero.
(g) NO+ = 1s2 *1s2 2s2 *2s2 2pz2 2px2 = 2py2 *px0 = *2py0 *2pz0
10  4
B.O. = 3
2
2
(h) CO – [(1s)]2, [*(1s)]2, [(2s)]2, [*(2s)]2, [(2p x )]2 = [ (2p y )] , [(2pz )]2
B.O. = 3
EXERCISE
16. In the formation of ethylene molecule, the carbon atom makes use of
(1) sp3 hybridisation (2) sp2 hybridisation
(3) sp hybridisation (4) dsp2 hybridisation
17. On hybridisation of one s and one p-orbitals, we get
(1) Two mutually perpendicular hybrid orbitals (2) Two equivalent hybrid orbitals at 180°
(3) Four hybrid orbitals directed tetrahedrally (4) Three hybrid orbitals in the plane
18. The species in which the central atom uses sp2 hybrid orbitals in its bonding is
(1) PH3 (2) AsH3
(3) NH3 (4) CH3+
19. The Cl–C–Cl angle is 1, 1, 2, 2-tetrachloroethene and tetrachloromethane respectively will be about
(1) 109.5° and 90° (2) 120° and 109.5°
(3) 90° and 109.5° (4) 109.5° and 120°
20. The number of unpaired electrons in O2 molecule is
(1) Zero (2) 1
(3) 2 (4) 3
21. The high boiling point of water is due to
(1) Its high specific heat (2) Hydrogen bonding between the molecules
(3) Weak dissociation of water molecules (4) Its high dietectric constant
22. Strongest hydrogen bonding is present in
(1) HF (2) HCl
(3) HBr (4) HI
23. Resonance structure of a molecule should not have
(1) Identical arrangements of atoms (2) Nearly same energy content
(3) The same number of paired electrons (4) Identical bonding
24. The pair of species with the same bond order is
(1) NO, CO (2) N2, O2
(3) O22–, B2 (4) O2+, NO+
25. During change of O2 to O2– ion, the electron adds on which one of the following orbitals?
(1) * orbitals (2)  orbitals
(3) * orbitals (4)  orbitals
26. Four diatomic species are listed below. Identify the correct order in which the bond order is increasing in them
(1) NO < O2– < C22– < He2+ (2) O2– < NO < C22– < He2+
(3) C22– < He2+ < O2– < NO (4) He2+ < O2– < NO < C22–

nt
me nment
sigAnssig
Assignment
As
Assignment
SECTION - A 8. In NO3 ion, the number of bond pairs of electrons
NCERT Based MCQs around nitrogen atom are [NCERT Pg. 115]
(1) 2 (2) 5
1. Which of the following options is/are true?
(3) 1 (4) 4
[NCERT Pg. 106]
9. In which of the following molecules/ions, all the
(1) Ionic bonds have non-directional nature bonds are not equal? [NCERT Pg. 108]
(2) Ionic bonds do not show any isomerism
(1) XeF4 (2) BF4○
(3) Generally, ionic compounds have high melting
points (3) C2H2 (4) SiF4
(4) All are true 10. Correct Lewis representation of O3 molecule is
2. Hypervalent species among the following is [NCERT Pg. 103]
[NCERT Pg. 105] +
O O
(1) BF3 (2) CO2 (1) (2)
O O O O
(3) SiF4 (4) XeF6
+ 2+
The ratio of -bond and -bond in tetracyano- O
(4) – O –
3.
(3) –
ethylene, C2(CN)4 is [NCERT Pg. 103] O O O O
(1) 2 : 1 (2) 1 : 1
11. Antibonding *2px molecular orbital is represented
(3) 1 : 2 (4) 3 : 4 by [NCERT Pg. 128]
4. Covalency of chlorine atom after the excitation of
two electrons will be [NCERT Pg. 102] +
(1) + – (2)
–
(1) 2 (2) 5
(3) 3 (4) 7
+ –
5. Number of 120° bond angles present in BF3 is (3) (4) +
[NCERT Pg. 114] – +
(1) 4 (2) 5
12. The hybridisation state of central atom in SF6 is
(3) 2 (4) 3 [NCERT Pg. 125]
6. In PO34 ion, the average charge on the oxygen (1) sp3d 2
atoms is [NCERT Pg. 105]
(2) sp3d 3
(1) +1 (2) –1
(3) dsp2
(3) –0.75 (4) +0.75
(4) sp3
7. Bond order of S – O bond in SO24 is 13. The shape of ClF3 molecule is [NCERT Pg. 115]
[NCERT Pg. 109] (1) See-saw
(1) 2 (2) 1.5 (2) Bent T-shape

(3) Bent (V-shaped)
4
(3) 3 (4) (4) Trigonal planar
3
14. Intramolecular H-bonding is shown by 5. An example of non-polar molecule is

[NCERT Pg. 132] (1) BF3 (2) ClF3
OH (3) PCl3 (4) SO2

NO2 6. The hybrid orbital used by chlorine atom in ClO2–
(i)
ion is
(1) sp3 (2) sp2
NO2
(3) sp (4) sp3d
(ii) 7. Of the following, the compound that obeys the
COOH octet rule is
(1) SO2 (2) BCl3
COOH
OH (3) PCl3 (4) SiF62–
(iii) 8. Bond order of carbon-carbon bond in benzene is
(1) 3 (2) 1.5
(1) Only (i)
(3) 2 (4) 4
(2) Both (ii) and (iii)
9. Shape of XeF4 is
(3) Both (i) and (iii)
(4) (i), (ii) and (iii) (1) Spherical (2) Trigonal bipyramidal
15. The compound possessing maximum covalent (3) Square planar (4) Tetrahedral
character among the following is 10. The planar molecule among the following is
[NCERT Pg. 112]
(1) BCl3 (2) SOCl2
(1) LiCl (2) NaCl
(3) NH3 (4) NF3
(3) CsCl (4) KCl
11. Bond angle in water molecules is 104.5° instead of
SECTION - B 109°28 mainly because of
Objective Type Questions (1) Lone pair-bond pair repulsion
1. Which of the following contain both ionic and (2) Bond pair-lone pair repulsion
covalent bonds? (3) Lone pair-lone pair replusion
(1) H2O (2) NaOH
(4) Bond pair-bond pair repulsion
(3) C6H5Cl (4) CO2
12. Percentage covalent character is higher in
2. Which of the following will have high lattice
energy? (1) NaF (2) NaCl
(1) LiCl (2) MgCl2 (3) NaBr (4) NaI

(3) NaCl (4) CsCl 13. The molecules BF3 and NF3 are both covalent
3. Compound having sp3d hybridisation is compounds, but BF3 is non-polar where as NF3 is
polar. The reason for this is
(1) BF3 (2) PF5
(1) B is a metal while nitrogen is a gas in
(3) SF6 (4) IF7
uncombined state
4. On hydridization of one s and one p orbitals we get
(2) B-F bonds are non-polar while N-F bonds are
(1) Two mutually perpendicular orbitals polar
(2) Two orbitals at 180o (3) BF3 is planar but NF3 is pyramidal
(3) Four orbitals directed tetrahedrally
(4) Atomic size of boron is larger than that of
(4) Three orbitals in a plane Nitrogen
14. AlCl3 is covalent while AlF3 is ionic. This fact can 22. Polarisation is the distortion of the shape of an
be justified on the basis of anion by an adjacently placed cation. Which of the
following statements is correct?
(1) Valence bond theory (2) Crystal structure
(1) Maximum polarisation is brought about by a
(3) Lattice energy (4) Fajan rules
cation of high charge
15. The hydrocarbon with variety of hybridisation of (2) Minimum polarisation is brought about by a
carbon atom cation of low radius
(1) CH CH (2) (3) A large cation is likely to bring about a large
degree of polarisation
(3) (4) (4) A small anion is likely to undergo a large
degree of polarisation
16. Which of the following exists? 23. The acetone has
(1) KHF2 (2) KHCl2 (1) 9 sigma bond 1 pi bond and 2 lone pairs
(3) KHBr2 (4) KHI2 (2) 8 sigma bonds, 2 pi bonds and 2 lone pairs
17. Which one of the following statements is not true? (3) 10 sigma bonds, 1 pi bond and 1 lone pair
(1) Ortho nitrophenol is intramolecularly hydrogen (4) 9 sigma bonds, 2 pi bonds and 1 lone pairs
bonded monomer
24. In a regular octahedral molecule of SF6 the number
(2) Para and meta nitrophenol are intermolecularly of F–S–F bonds at 180° is
hydrogen bonded molecules (1) Four (2) Three
(3) Ortho hydroxy phenol is intramolecularly (3) Two (4) Six
hydrogen bonded molecules
25. The correct order of increasing C–O bond length of
(4) Water is intramolecularly hydrogen bonded CO, CO2, CO32– is
molecule
(1) CO32– < CO2 < CO (2) CO2 < CO32– < CO
18. Which molecule has the largest dipole moment?
(3) CO < CO32– < CO2 (4) CO < CO2 < CO32–
(1) HCl (2) HBr
26. A co-ordinate bond is formed when an atom in a
(3) Hl (4) HF molecule has
19. 1 Debye is equal to (1) NO unshared electrons
(1) 10–18 e.s.u. cm (2) All its valency shell electrons shared
(2) 10–10 e.s.u. cm (3) A single unshared electron
(3) 10–12 e.s.u. cm (4) One or more unshared electron pairs
(4) 10–15 e.s.u. cm 27. Which of the following species not exists?
20. The observed dipole moment of HCl is 1.03 D. (1) BF3 (2) NF3
Bond length is 1.275 Å then the percentage of (3) PF5 (4) NF5
ionic character is
28. H-bond is not present in
(1) 16.83% (2) 21%
(1) Glycerol (2) Water
(3) 30.72% (4) 14.21% (3) H2S (4) HF
21. The order of decreasing polarity in the compounds 29. Which one of the statements is not true for salicyl-
CaO, CsF, KCl, MgO is aldehyde?
(1) CaO > CsF > KCl > MgO (1) It is intra molecularly hydrogen bonded
(2) MgO > KCl > CaO > CsF (2) It is steam volatile
(3) KCl > CsF > MgO > CaO (3) Have higher solubilities in organic solvents
(4) CsF > KCl > CaO > MgO (4) Have high melting point and boiling points
30. Dipole moment is zero for which of the following 40. Linear combination of atomic orbitals gives rise to
pair of molecules? (1) Hybridized orbital (2) Molecular orbitals
(1) BF3, SO2 (2) BF3, CCl4 (3) Non bonding orbitals (4) -orbitals
(3) SO2, CHCl3 (4) CCl4, SO2 41. Which d-orbital is involved in sp3d hybridization?
+
31. In the formation of N2 from N2, the electron is
removed from a (1) d (2) d z 2
x2 y 2
(1)  orbital (3) dxy (4) dzx

(2)  orbital 42. Which of the following has least bond angle?
(3) * orbital (1) CH4 (2) BF3
(4) * orbital (3) H2O (4) NH3
32. Which sequence correctly describes relative bond 43. Which of the following is most stable?
strength of oxygen molecule, superoxide ion and
peroxide ion? (1) H2 (2) H2
(1) O2 < O2– < O22– (2) O2 > O2– > O22–
(3) H2 (4) H22
(3) O2 > O2– < O22– (4) O2 < O2– > O22–
33. Bond order of B2 and its magnetic property is 44. In which of the following, resonance is possible?
(1) 1 and Diamagnetic (2) 2 and Paramagnetic (1) CH4 (2) NH3
(3) 1 and Paramagnetic (4) 2 and Diamagnetic (3) O3 (4) O2
34. The highest bond order is in 45. Unit of dipole moment is
(1) O2 (2) N2+ (1) Cm (2) esu cm
(3) O2– (4) C2 (3) Debye (4) All of these
35. Which of these orbitals has two nodes? 46. The anion having highest polarizability is
(1) 1s (2) *2pz (1) F– (2) Cl–
(3) 2p x (4)  * 2p x (3) Br – (4) I–
36. The maximum number of 180° angles between bond 47. Consider the following statements
pair-bond pair of electrons is observed in I. Bond enthalpy increases as bond order
increases
(1) sp2 hybridisation (2) sp3d2 hybridisation
II. Bond length decreases as bond order
(3) dsp2 hybridisation (4) sp3d3 hybridisation increases
37. Highest energy molecular orbital occupied in case III. There is no effect of electronegativity on bond
of N2+ is energy
(1) 2pz (2)  * 2p z Select the correct statement(s)
(1) I & II
(3) 2p x (4)  * 2p y
(2) II & III
38. Molecular orbital not having any nodal plane is (3) I & III
(1) 2s (2) *2s (4) I, II & III
(3) 2py (4)  * 2p y 48. Electron deficient molecule is

(1) SiH4
39. Which of the following molecular species has
unpaired electron(s)? (2) H2S
(1) N2– (2) O2 (3) B2H6
(3) B2– (4) All of these (4) IF7
49. Match the column I and column II 4. Which of the following diatomic molecular species
Column I Column II has only  bonds according to Molecular Orbital
Theory? [NEET-2019]
(Molecule) (Dipole moment, D)
(1) O2 (2) N2
a. H2O (i) 0.23
(3) C2 (4) Be2
b. NH3 (ii) 1.91
5. Match the Xenon compounds in Column-I with its
c. NF3 (iii) 1.85 structure in Column-II and assign the correct
d. HF (iv) 1.47 code: [NEET-2019]
(1) a(iii), b(ii), c(ii), d(i) Column-I Column-II
(2) a(iv), b(iii), c(iii), d(i) (a) XeF4 (i) Pyramidal
(3) a(iii), b(iv), c(i), d(ii) (b) XeF6 (ii) Square planar
(4) a(iv), b(ii), c(i), d(iii) (c) XeOF4 (iii) Distorted octahedral
50. Which of the following would have maximum dipole (d) XeO3 (iv) Square pyramidal
moment? Code:
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Cl Cl
Cl Cl (1) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(1) (2)
(2) (ii) (iii) (iv) (i)
Cl (3) (ii) (iii) (i) (iv)
(4) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)
Cl 6. In the structure of ClF3, the number of lone pair of
Cl Cl Cl
(3) (4) electrons on central atom ‘Cl’ is [NEET-2018]
(1) One (2) Two
Cl Cl
(3) Three (4) Four
SECTION - C 7. Magnesium reacts with an element (X) to form an

ionic compound. If the ground state electronic
Previous Years Questions configuration of (X) is 1s2 2s2 2p3, the simplest
1. Which of the following is paramagnetic? formula for this compound is [NEET-2018]
[NEET-2019 (Odisha)] (1) Mg2X3 (2) MgX2

(3) Mg3X2 (4) Mg2X
(1) O2 (2) N2
8. Consider the following species :
(3) H2 (4) Li2
CN+, CN–, NO and CN
2. Which of the following is the correct order of dipole Which one of these will have the highest bond
moment? [NEET-2019 (Odisha)] order? [NEET-2018]
(1) H2O < NF3 < NH3 < BF3 (1) NO (2) CN–
(2) NH3 < BF3 < NF3 < H2O (3) CN (4) CN+
(3) BF3 < NF3 < NH3 < H2O 9. Which of the following pairs of compounds is
isoelectronic and isostructural? [NEET-2017]
(4) BF3 < NH3 < NF3 < H2O
(1) BeCl2, XeF2 (2) Tel2, XeF2
3. The number of hydrogen bonded water molecule(s)
(3) IBr2 , XeF2 (4) IF3, XeF2
associated with CuSO4  5H2O is
10. The species, having bond angles of 120° is
[NEET-2019 (Odisha)] [NEET-2017]
(1) 5 (2) 3 (1) PH3 (2) CIF3
(3) 1 (4) 2 (3) NCl3 (4) BCl3
11. Which one of the following pairs of species have 18. Consider the molecules CH4, NH3 and H2O. Which
the same bond order? [NEET-2017] of the given statements is false? [NEET-2016]
(1) CO, NO (2) O2, NO+ (1) The H – C – H bond angle in CH4 is larger than
(3) CN–, CO (4) N2, O2– the H – N – H bond angle in NH3
12. Which one of the following compounds shows the (2) The H – C – H bond angle in CH4, the H – N –
presence of intramolecular hydrogen bond? H bond angle in NH3, and the H – O – H bond
[NEET-Phase-2-2016] angle in H2O are all greater than 90°
(1) H2O2 (3) The H – O – H bond angle in H2O is larger
(2) HCN than the H – C – H bond angle in CH4
(3) Cellulose (4) The H – O – H bond angle in H2O is smaller
(4) Concentrated acetic acid than the H – N – H bond angle in NH3
13. The hybridizations of atomic orbitals of nitrogen in 19. Decreasing order of stability of O2, O2–, O2+ and
NO2 , NO3 and NH4 respectively are O22– is [Re-AIPMT-2015]
[NEET-Phase-2-2016] (1) O2 > O2+ > O22– > O2–
(1) sp, sp3 and sp2 (2) sp2, sp3 and sp (2) O2– > O22– > O2+ > O2
(3) sp, sp2 and sp3 (4) sp2, sp and sp3
(3) O2+ > O2 > O2– > O22–
14. Which of the following pairs of ions is isoelectronic
and isostructural? [NEET-Phase-2-2016] (4) O22– > O2– > O2 > O2+
20. In which of the following pairs, both the species are
(1) CO32 , NO3 (2) CIO3 , CO23 not isostructural? [Re-AIPMT-2015]
(3) SO32, NO3 (4) CIO3 , SO32 (1) NH3, PH3

(2) XeF4, XeO4
15. The correct geometry and hybridization for XeF4
are [NEET-Phase-2-2016] (3) SiCl4, PCl4+
(1) Octahedral, sp3d2 (4) Diamond, silicon carbide
(2) Trigonal bipyramidal, sp3d 21. Maximum bond angle at nitrogen is present in
(3) Planar triangle, sp3d3 which of the following? [AIPMT-2015]
(4) Square planar, sp3d2 (1) NO3 (2) NO2

16. Among the following, which one is a wrong
statement? [NEET-Phase-2-2016] (3) NO2 (4) NO2
(1) PH5 and BiCl5 do not exist
22. The enolic form of ethyl acetoacetate as below has
(2) p-d bonds are present in SO2
[AIPMT-2015]
(3) SeF4 and CH4 have same shape H H2
H3C C O H3C C O
(4) I3 has bent geometry C C C C
17. Predict the correct order among the following. OH OC2H5 O OC2H5
[NEET-2016] (1) 9 sigma bonds and 1 pi-bond
(1) lone pair - bond pair > bond pair - bond pair > (2) 18 sigma bonds and 2 pi-bonds
lone pair - lone pair (3) 16 sigma bonds and 1 pi-bond
(2) lone pair - lone pair > lone pair - bond pair > (4) 9 sigma bonds and 2 pi-bonds
bond pair - bond pair
23. Which of the following species contains equal
(3) lone pair - lone pair > bond pair - bond pair > number of - and -bonds? [AIPMT-2015]
lone pair - bond pair
(1) CH2(CN)2 (2) HCO3–
(4) bond pair - bond pair > lone pair - bond pair >
lone pair - lone pair (3) XeO4 (4) (CN)2
24. The correct bond order in the following species is 31. Which of the following is a polar molecule?
[AIPMT-2015] [NEET-2013]
(1) SF4 (2) SiF4
(1) O2–  O2  O22 
(3) XeF4 (4) BF3
(2) O 2+ + –
2 < O2 < O2
32. Which of the following is paramagnetic?
[NEET-2013]
(3) O2+ – +
2 < O2 < O2 (1) O2– (2) CN–
(3) NO+ (4) CO
(4) O+2 < O2– < O22+
33. The pair of species with the same bond order is
25. Which of the following pairs of ions are [AIPMT (Prelims)-2012]
isoelectronic and isostructural? [AIPMT-2015] (1) NO, CO (2) N2, O2
(1) ClO3 , SO32 (3) O22 , B2 (4) O2 , NO+
(2) CO32 , SO32 34. Bond order of 1.5 is shown by

[AIPMT (Prelims)-2012]
(3) ClO3 , CO32 (1) O22 (2) O2
2 
(4) SO , NO
3 3 (3) O2 (4) O2
26. Which of the following options represents the 35. Which one of the following pairs is isostructural
correct bond order? [AIPMT-2015] (i.e. having the same shape and hybridization)?
(1) O2  O2  O2 [AIPMT (Prelims)-2012]
(1) [NF3 and BF3] (2) [BF4– and NH4+]
(2) O2  O2  O2
(3) [BCl3 and BrCl3] (4) [NH3 and NO3–]
(3) O2  O 2  O2 36. During change of O2 to O2 ion, the electron adds
on which one of the following orbitals?
(4) O2  O2  O2
[AIPMT (Mains)-2012]
27. The total number of -bond electrons in the (1) * orbitals (2) orbitals
following structure is [AIPMT-2015]
(3) * orbitals (4) orbitals
H3C H H H 37. Four diatomic species are listed below. Identify the
CH3 correct order in which the bond order is increasing
H3C in them [AIPMT (Mains)-2012]
H2C H CH3 (1) NO < O2 < C22 < He2
(1) 16 (2) 4 (2) O2 < NO < C22 < He2

(3) 8 (4) 12 (3) C22 < He2 < O2 < NO
28. Which of the following molecules has the maximum
(4) He2 < O2 < NO < C22
dipole moment? [AIPMT-2014]
38. Which of the following has the minimum bond
(1) CO2 (2) CH4
length? [AIPMT (Prelims)-2011]
(3) NH3 (4) NF3
(1) O2 (2) O2
29. Which one of the following species has plane
(3) O2 (4) O22
triangular shape ? [AIPMT-2014]
39. The correct order of increasing bond length of
(1) N3 (2) NO3 C – H, C – O, C – C and C = C is
(3) NO2 (4) CO2 [AIPMT (Prelims)-2011]
30. Which one of the following molecules contains no (1) C – H < C – O < C – C < C = C
 bond ? [NEET-2013] (2) C – H < C = C < C – O < C – C
(1) H2O (2) SO2 (3) C – C < C = C < C – O < C – H
(3) NO2 (4) CO2 (4) C – O < C – H < C – C < C = C
40. Which of the two ions from the list given below that 46. In which of the following molecules the central
have the geometry that is explained by the same atom does not have sp3 hybridization?
hybridization of orbitals NO2 , NO3 , NH2 , NH4 , [AIPMT (Mains)-2010]
SCN– [AIPMT (Prelims)-2011] (1) CH4 (2) SF4
 
(1) NO and NH
2 2 (3) BF4– (4) NH+4
(2) NO2 and NO3 47. Some of the properties of the two species, NO3
and H3O+ are described below. Which one of them
(3) NH4 and NO3
is correct? [AIPMT (Mains)-2010]
(4) SCN– and NH2 (1) Dissimilar in hybridization for the central atom
41. Which of the following structures is the most preferred with different structures
and hence of lowest energy for SO3 ? (2) Isostructural with same hybridization for the
[AIPMT (Mains)-2011] central atom
|O| |O| (3) Isostructural with different hybridization for the
S S
central atom
(1) (2)
|
|O
|O
|
|O
|O|
|O
|
(4) Similar in hybridization for the central atom

|
with different structures

|O|
S S 48. What is the dominant intermolecular force or bond
(3) (4)
|
|O
|O
|
|O
that must be overcome in converting liquid CH3OH

|O
|
|
42. The pairs of species of oxygen and their magnetic to a gas? [AIPMT (Prelims)-2009]
behaviours are noted below. Which of the following (1) Dipole-dipole interaction
presents the correct description?
(2) Covalent bonds
[AIPMT (Mains)-2011]
(3) London dispersion force
(1) O2+, O2 – Both paramagnetic
(4) Hydrogen bonding
(2) O2, O22 – Both paramagnetic 49. According to MO theory which of the following lists
(3) O2–, O22 – Both diamagnetic ranks the nitrogen species in terms of increasing
bond order? [AIPMT (Prelims)-2009]
(4) O2 , O22 – Both paramagnetic (1) N22  N2  N2
43. Which one of the following species does not exist (2) N2  N22  N2
under normal conditions? [AIPMT (Prelims)-2010]
(3) N2  N22  N2
(1) Be2 (2) Be2
(3) B2 (4) Li2 (4) N2  N2  N22
44. In which of the following pairs of molecules/ions, 50. In which of the following molecules/ions BF3, NO2–,
the central atoms have sp2 hybridization? NH2– and H2O, the central atom is sp2 hybridized ?
[AIPMT (Prelims)-2010] [AIPMT (Prelims)-2009]
(1) NO2 and NH3 (2) BF3 and NO2 (1) NH2 and H2O (2) NO2 and H2O
(3) BF3 and NO2 (4) NO2 and NH2

(3) NH2 and H2O (4) BF3 and NH2
51. In the case of alkali metals, the covalent character
45. In which one of the following species the central
decreases in the order [AIPMT (Prelims)-2009]
atom has the type of hybridization which is not the
same as that present in the other three? (1) MF > MCl > MBr > M
[AIPMT (Prelims)-2010] (2) MF > MCl > M > MBr
(1) SF4 (2) l–3 (3) M > MBr > MCl > MF
(3) SbCl3– (4) PCl5 (4) MCl > M > MBr > MF
52. Four diatomic species are listed below the different 58. The number of unpaired electrons in a
sequences. Which of these presents the correct order paramagnetic diatomic molecule of an element with
of their increasing bond order? atomic number 16 is [AIPMT (Prelims)-2006]
[AIPMT (Prelims)-2008] (1) 2 (2) 3
(3) 4 (4) 1
(1) He2  O2  NO  C22
59. Which of the following species has a linear shape?
(2) O2  NO  C22  He2 [AIPMT (Prelims)-2006]
(3) NO  C22  O2  He2 (1) NO2 (2) SO2
(4) C22  He2  NO  O2
(3) NO2 (4) O3
53. The angular shape of ozone molecule (O3) consists of
60. The electronegativity difference between N and F is
[AIPMT (Prelims)-2008] greater than that between N and H yet the dipole
(1) 2 sigma and 1 pi bond moment of NH3 (1.5 D) is larger than that of NF3
(0.2 D). This is because [AIPMT (Prelims)-2006]
(2) 1 sigma and 2 pi bonds
(1) In NH3 as well as in NF3 the atomic dipole and
(3) 2 sigma and 2 pi bonds bond dipole are in the same direction
(4) 1 sigma and 1 pi bond (2) In NH3 the atomic dipole and bond dipole are
54. The correct order of increasing bond angles in the in the same direction whereas in NF3 these
following triatomic species is are in opposite directions
[AIPMT (Prelims)-2008] (3) In NH3 as well as NF3 the atomic dipole and
bond dipole are in opposite directions
(1) NO2 < NO2 < NO2
(4) In NH3 the atomic dipole and bond dipole are
(2) NO2 < NO2 < NO2 in the opposite directions whereas in NF 3
these are in the same directions
(3) NO2 < NO2 < NO2 61. Which of the following molecules has trigonal
planar geometry? [AIPMT (Prelims)-2005]
(4) NO2 < NO2 < NO2
(1) IF3 (2) PCl3
55. The correct order of (C–O) bond length among CO,
(3) NH3 (4) BF3
CO32 , CO2 is [AIPMT (Prelims)-2007]
62. Which of the following would have a permanent
(1) CO < CO2 < CO32 (2) CO2 < CO32 < CO dipole moment ? [AIPMT (Prelims)-2005]
(1) BF3 (2) SiF4
(3) CO < CO32 < CO2 (4) CO32 < CO2 < CO
(3) SF4 (4) XeF4
56. In which of the following pairs, the two species are 63. The correct order in which the O – O bond length
iso-structural ? [AIPMT (Prelims)-2007] increases in the following is
(1) BrO3 and XeO3 (2) SF4 and XeF4 [AIPMT (Prelims)-2005]
(1) H2O2 < O2 < O3 (2) O3 < H2O2 < O2
(3) SO32 and NO3 (4) BF3 and NF3
(3) O2 < O3 < H2O2 (4) O2 < H2O2 < O3
57. Which of the following is not a correct statement?
64. The correct sequence of increasing covalent
[AIPMT (Prelims)-2006] character is represented by
(1) The electron-deficient molecules can act as [AIPMT (Prelims)-2005]
Lewis acids (1) LiCl < NaCl < BeCl2 (2) BeCl2 < NaCl < LiCl
(2) The canonical structures have no real (3) NaCl < LiCl < BeCl2 (4) BeCl2 < LiCl < NaCl
existence 65. Which one of the following oxides is expected to
(3) Every AB5 molecule does in fact have square exhibit paramagnetic behaviour?
pyramid structure [AIPMT (Prelims)-2005]
(4) Multiple bonds are always shorter than (1) CO2 (2) SO2
corresponding single bonds (3) CIO2 (4) SiO2
Questions asked prior to Medical Ent. Exams. 2005 74. In which of the following compound there is more
66. Which of the following species contains three bond than one kind of hybridization (sp, sp 2 , sp 3 ) for
pairs and two lone pairs around the central atom? carbon?
(1) CH2 = CH–CH = CH2
(1) NH2– (2) ClF3
(2) H–C  C–H
(3) H2O (4) BF3
(3) CH3CH2CH2CH3
67. Bond order of 2.5 is shown by
(4) CH3–CH = CH–CH3
(1) O22– (2) O2
75. Which of the following bonds has the highest energy?
(3) O2+ (4) O2–
(1) C–C (2) CC
68. The outer orbitals of C in ethene molecule can be
(3) C=C (4) C–H
considered to be hybridized to give three equivalent
sp2 orbitals. The total number of sigma () and pi 76. The structure and hybridization of Si(CH3)4 is
() bonds in ethene molecule is (1) Octahedral, sp3d (2) Tetrahedral, sp3
(1) 1 sigma () and 2 pi () bonds (3) Bent, sp (4) Trigonal, sp2
(2) 3 sigma () and 2 pi () bonds 77. The number of bonding electron pairs in N2 on the
(3) 4 sigma () and 1 pi () bonds basis of molecular orbital theory is
(4) 5 sigma () and 1 pi () bonds (1) 3 (2) 2
69. Which of the following is paramagnetic? (3) 5 (4) 4

78. Which compound is electron deficient?
(1) C22 (2) Na2O2
(1) NCl3 (2) BCl3
(3) NO2 (4) CO
(3) CCl4 (4) PCl5
70. The geometry of electron pairs around I in IF5 is 79. Which compound form polymer due to H-bond?
(1) Octahedral (1) H2S (2) NF3
(2) Trigonal bipyramidal (3) HF (4) HCl
(3) Square pyramidal 80. Cation and anion combines in a crystal to form
(4) Pentagonal planar following type of compound
71. In which of the following pair both the species have (1) Ionic (2) Metallic
sp3 hybridization? (3) Covalent (4) Dipole-dipole
(1) H2S, BF3 (2) SiF4, BeH2 81. Which compound has tetrahedral structure?
(3) NF3, H2O (4) NF3, BF3 (1) XeF4 (2) XeOF2
72. In the hydrocarbon (3) XeO2F2 (4) XeO4
CH3 82. In which of the following bond angle is maximum?
CH 3 – C  C – CH – C  CH (1) NH3 (2) PCl4+
6 5 4 3 2 1
(3) BCl3 (4) PCl6–
The state of hybridization of carbons 1, 3 and 5 are
83. In X – H ... Y, X and Y both are electronegative
in the following sequence
elements. Then
(1) sp3, sp2, sp (2) sp2, sp, sp3
(1) Electron density on X will increase and on H
(3) sp, sp3, sp (4) sp, sp2, sp3 will decrease
73. Which of the following molecule does not possess (2) In both electron density will increase
a permanent dipole moment?
(3) In both electron density will decrease
(1) CS2 (2) SO32–
(4) On X electron density will decrease and on H
(3) H2S (4) SO2 increases
84. Main axis of a diatomic molecule is z, molecular 3. Which of the following is/are not a correct
orbital p x and p x overlap to form which of the statement?
following orbitals?
(1) The canonical structure of a molecule or
(1)  molecular orbital
species have no real existence
(2)  molecular orbital
(2) Multiple bonds are always shorter than
(3)  molecular orbital
corresponding single bonds
(4) No bond will form
85. The state of hybridization of C2, C3, C5 and C6 of (3) Every AB 5 type molecule have square
the hydrocarbon, pyramidal structure
CH3 CH3 (4) All of these
CH3 C CH CH CH C CH 4. In PO34 ion, number of bond pair and lone pair of

7 6 5 4 3 2 1
electrons on phosphorus atom respectively are
CH3
is in the following sequence (1) 5, 1
(1) sp, sp2, sp3 and sp2 (2) 4, 1
(2) sp, sp3, sp2 and sp3
(3) 3, 1
(3) sp3, sp2, sp2 and sp
(4) 5, 0
(4) sp, sp2, sp2 and sp3
86. For two ionics solids CaO and KI, identify the 5. Which of the following pairs of molecular species
wrong statement among the following. is/are isostructural?
(1) CaO has high melting point (1) NH3 & NO3–
(2) Lattice energy of CaO is much larger than that
of KI (2) BF4– & NH4
(3) KI has high melting point (3) XeF2 & IF 2–
(4) KI is soluble in benzene
(4) Both (2) & (3)
87. Which of the following organic compounds has
same hybridization as its combustion product 6. Which one of the following molecules contain no
–(CO2)? -bond?
(1) Ethane (1) SO2
(2) Ethyne
(2) NO3–
(3) Ethene
(4) Ethanol (3) CO32 –
(4) H3O
SECTION - D
7. Which of the following is/are correct statement(s)?
NEET Booster Questions
1. In an octahedral structure, the pair of d-orbitals (1) With increase in bond order of molecular
involved in sp3d2 hybridization is species, bond length decreases and bond
strength increases
(1) d xz & d x 2  y 2 (2) d x 2  y 2 & d z 2
(2) Electrons in antibonding molecular orbital
contribute to repulsion between the nuclei of
(3) d z 2 & d xz (4) d xy & d zx
two atoms of a molecule
2. The angle between the overlapping of one s-orbital (3) The bond energy of a diatomic molecule or
and one p-orbital at the internuclear axis is
species may increase or decrease when an
(1) 120º (2) 120º 28 electron is lost
(3) 180º (4) 109º 28 (4) All of these
8. Which of the following species is/are 16. Which of the following is/are incorrect about
paramagnetic? H-bonding?
(1) O2 (2) O2 (1) o–nitrophenol shows intramolecular H-bonding
(2) Intramolecular H-bonding is formed within same
(3) O2 (4) All of these molecule
9. The compound which contains ionic, covalent and (3) Three H-bonds are formed per molecule of H2O
co-ordinate bonds is in solid phase
(1) HCN (2) KOH (4) All of these
(3) NH4CN (4) K2CO3 17. The correct order of the (O–O) bond length in O2,
Na2O2 and O3 is
10. The hybridisation of nitrogen in is (1) O3 > Na2O2 > O2 (2) Na2O2 > O3 > O2
N (3) O2 > Na2O2 > O3 (4) O2 > O3 > Na2O2
| 18. Which of the following has maximum covalent
H
character?
(1) sp (2) sp2 (1) LiCl (2) BCl3
(3) sp3 (4) sp3d (3) BeCl2 (4) CCl4
11. Which of the following molecule is polar? 19. In which of the following ionisation processes the
bond energy increases and the magnetic behaviour
(1) PF3Cl2 (2) PCl5
changes from paramagnetic to diamagnetic?
(3) PCl3F2 (4) XeF4 (1) NO  NO (2) C2  C2
12. Which of the following species have both  and 
(3) Be2  Be2 (4) N2  N2
bond according to molecular orbital theory?
20. Intermolecular H-bonding is shown by
(1) N2 (2) B2
(1) NH3 (2) H2O
(3) C2 (4) All of these
(3) HF (4) All of these
13. Which of the following is written correctly about 21. Which of the following is correctly matched for
CO32 ion? hybridisation?
Column-I Column-II
(1) It shows bond order of 1.5
(2) It shows three equally contributing resonating (1) sp2
structures
(3) Formal charge on carbon in CO32 is +1
(4) It has trigonal pyramidal structure (2) sp
14. Which of the following units is possible for the

dipole moment?
(1) Centimetre
(2) Metre
(3) Debye (3) sp3d
(4) All of these
15. Which of the following statement is wrong?
(1) Shape of SF4 molecule is see-saw
(2) Geometry of XeF6 is pentagonal bipyramidal
(3) Shape of ClF3 is bent T-shape (4) sp3d2
(4) The hybridisation of nitrogen in nitric oxide is
sp3
22. Which of the following is correct molecular orbital 25. Arrange the following in the increasing order of
representation of *-molecular orbital? (C–O) bond length
Na2CO3  CO2
CO CO
+ (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(1) (1) (iii) < (ii) < (iv) < (i)
–
(2) (ii) < (iii) < (i) < (iv)
(3) (iv) < (iii) < (i) = (ii)
+ – (4) (iii) < (iv) < (i) = (ii)
26. Which of the following (*) marked atom have sp2
(2)
– + hybridisation?
*
(3) – + – CH2 CH CH2
*
N* N*
H
(4) + – – +
(a) (b) (c) (d)
23. Which of the following is representation of positive (1) (a) only

overlap?
(2) (a) & (c) only
(1) – + + – (3) (a) & (b) only
pZ pZ z-axis
(4) (a), (b), (c) and (d)
27. (a) BeO < MgO ionic nature
+ –
(b) O2– < O22– Paramagnetic nature
(2) z-axis (c) C2H2 > C2H4 (C – H) bond energy
– + (d) NH2 > NH3 Bond angle

pX pX Incorrect match among the following is/are
(1) (a) & (d) only
(2) (b) & (c) only
+
(3) (c) & (d) only
+ (4) (b) & (d) only
z-axis
(3) s 28. Correct order of bond angle is
– (1) OF2 < H2O < NH3 < Cl2O
pX
(2) OF2 < NH3 < Cl2O < H2O
(4) All of these (3) OF2 < Cl2O < H2O < NH3
24. Which of the following statements is incorrect? (4) Cl2O < OF2 < H2O < NH3
(1) -bond does not affect the shape of the 29. Species having identical geometry are
molecule
(a) I3 , CO2 (b) NO3 , SO2
(2) Generally -bonds are present with -bond
(c) [XeF4] and SF6 (d) NO2, NO3
(3) -bond allows the free-rotation between the
bonded atoms (1) (b) & (c) only (2) (b), (c) & (d)
(4) -bond is less stable than -bond (3) (a), (c) & (d) (4) (a) only
30. Which molecule contains both polar and nonpolar Correct statements is/are
covalent bonds? (1) (b) & (d) only
(1) SO3 (2) NH3 (2) (a) & (d) only
(3) N2H4 (4) XeOF4 (3) (b) only
31. Number of nodal planes in  2p x orbital and 2pz (4) All are correct
orbital are respectively 36. Which of the given molecule contains ionic bond,
covalent bond and coordinate bond?
(1) 1, 1 (2) 1, 0
(1) Li2CO3
(3) 2, 0 (4) 2, 1
(2) KCl
32. In which of the following processes stability
increases on the basis of bond order? (3) NH4Cl
(4) HCN
(1) O2  O2
37. Which of the following molecules contain(s)
(2) CO  CO
p  d bond?

(3) N2  N2 (1) SO2
(4) Both (1) & (2) (2) SO3
33. In which of the following dipole moment of first (3) H3PO4
species is more than second?
(4) All of these
(a) PCl3F2 and PCl2F3
38. According to octet rule the compound which
OH OH contain ionic, covalent and coordinate bonds
NO2 (1) CaSO4
(b) ;
(2) NH4Cl
NO2 (3) NaNO3
(c) CH3Cl ; CH3Br (4) All of these
(d) NH3 ; NF3 39. Which of the following molecule is having least
(1) (a), (c) & (d) only ionic character?
(1) FeCl2
(2) (b), (c) & (d) only
(2) ZnCl2
(3) (c) & (d) only
(3) MgCl2
(4) (b) & (d) only
(4) NaCl
34. For the conversion
40. In PO43– ion, the effective charge on each oxygen
NH3 NO3 atom and P–O bond order respectively are
Correct statement(s) among the following is/are (1) –0.75, 1.25
(1) Lone pair on central atom decreases (2) –0.75, 1.0
(2) Percentage of s-character increases (3) –0.75, 0.6
(3) Bond angle increases (4) –3, 1.25
(4) All are correct 41. A certain diatomic molecule, AB has dipole
moment 1.6 D and the internuclear distance is
35. (a) HF has higher boiling point than HCl 100 pm. The percentage of electronic charge
(b) Acetic acid dimerises in benzene due to existing on more electronegative atom is
H-Bond (1) 33%
(c) C — C Bond order in benzene is 1.5 (2) 25%
(d)  2s orbital have high energy than  2p z in (3) 50%
CO molecule (4) 10%
Cl 47. The maximum number of 180° angle possible
42. Dipole moment of is 1.1 D hence between X-M-X bond for compounds with sp3d 2
and sp3d hybridisation respectively are
dipole moment of given compound will be (1) 3, 3
Cl (2) 3, 1
Cl (3) 1, 3
(4) 3, 0
Cl Cl 48. Incorrect statement regarding hybridization is
(1) 1.1 D (1) It is not possible for isolated atoms

(2) Number of hybrid orbital formed is same as the
(2) 4.4 D
number of orbitals combining
(3) 3.3 D (3) Only the half filled orbitals and fully filled
(4) 2.56 D orbitals can participate not the empty orbital
43. In the given structure of a compound, the correct (4) It is not a real physical process
various bond moments direction involving atoms
are shown as
49. In hybrid state of N atom is
(1) Br N CH2 SiH2 CH2 O CH3 N
(2) Br N CH2 SiH2 CH2 O CH3 H
(3) Br N CH2 SiH2 CH2 O CH3 (1) sp2

(2) sp3
(4) Br N CH2 SiH2 CH2 O CH3
(3) sp3d2
44. Which molecule contains both polar and nonpolar
(4) sp
covalent bond?
50. The shape of I3– is
(1) NH4+
(1) Linear
(2) HCl
(2) Bent
(3) CH4
(3) Pyramidal
(4) H2O2 (4) See saw
45. Which of the following is a polar molecule? 51. Number of angles of 109°28 is present in CCl4
(1) Para dichlorobenzene (1) 2
(2) Carbon tetrachloride (2) 4
(3) Tetrachloroethene (3) 6

(4) 8
(4) HO OH 52. Number of carbon atoms present in sp2 hybrid
state of given molecule?
46. Which of the following is correct for XeO2F2 and
PCl5? CH = CH—CH3
(1) Both have same hybridisation and shape
(2) Both have same hybridisation but different (1) 9
geometry (2) 8
(3) Both have different hybridisation but same shape (3) 3
(4) Both have same hybridisation but different shape (4) 2
53. In a regular trigonal bipyramidal MX5, the number 57. Which of the following is correct representation of
of X – M – X bonds at 90º is dipole moment of NH3 molecule?
(1) Six
(2) Two
N
(3) One
(1) H H
(4) Four H
resultant
54. Some of the properties of the two species, NO3–
and H3O+ are described below. Which one of them
is correct? N
(1) Dissimilar hybridization for the central atom (2) H H
with different structures H
resultant
(2) Isostructural with same hybridization for the
central atom
(3) Isostructural with different hybridization for the

central atom N
(4) Similar hybridization for the central atom with (3) H H

different structures H
resultant
55. Which of the following is not a correct statement?
(4) NH3 being symmetrical will not show dipole
(1) Multiple bonds are always shorter than moment
corresponding single bonds 58. The ground state electronic configuration of valence
shell electrons in nitrogen molecule (N2) is written
(2) The electron-deficient molecules can act as
Lewis acids 2p 2y 
as kk, 2s 2 , *2s 2 ,  2
, 2p 2x . Hence the
(3) The canonical structures have no real existence  2p 
z
bond order in nitrogen molecule is
(4) Every AB5 molecules does in fact have square
pyramid structure (1) 2 (2) 3
(3) 0 (4) 1
56. Arrange the following species in increasing order of
bond angle 59. Which of the following statements are correct?
I. Bond order of NO is 2.5
NF3, NCl3, NBr3, NI3
II. Bond order of NO+ is 3.0
(1) NF3 < NCl3 < NBr3 < NI3
III. Bond order of O2 is 1.5
(2) NF3 < NBr3 < NI3 < NCI3 IV. Bond order of CO is 3.0
(3) NI3 < NBr3 < NCl3 < NF3 (1) I, II, III (2) II, III, IV
(4) NBr3 < NI3 < NF3 < NCl3 (3) I, II, IV (4) II, IV


Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure (@NEETpassionate)

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Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure (@NEETpassionate)

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Chapter 4

Chemical Bonding and

IONIC OR ELECTROVALENT BOND

Cation Anion Polarised

Characteristics of Covalent Compounds

A polar covalent bond

Limitations of octet rule

z Formation of compounds with electron deficient atoms

z Formation of compounds of xenon

z Formation of odd-electron molecules

Type of Example Dipole

Characteristics of coordinate compounds

Total number of Total number of non

Example : Calculate the formal charge on S in following structure

THE VALENCE SHELL ELECTRON PAIR REPULSION (VSEPR) THEORY

Number of Arrangement of Molecular Examples

AB2E 2 1 Bent SO2, O3

AB3E 3 1 A Trigonal pyramidal NH3

AB2E2 2 2 Bent H2O

Molecule No. of No. of Arrangement Shape Reason for the

AB2E 4 1 Bent Theoretically th e shape

AB2E2 2 2 Bent The shape should have been

Molecule No. of No. of Arrangement Shape Reason for the

AB3E2 3 2 F T-shape The lp are at

VALENCE BOND THEORY (VBT)

Overlapping of Atomic Orbitals

Strength of  and -bonds:

z It is a hypothetical phenomenon that is introduced to explain the shapes of molecules. It is a process

Hybrid Type of molecule and Examples

2 sp 2 0 Linear Linear AB2 BeF2, CO2, CS2, NO2

3 0 Trigonal Trigonal AB3 –

4 0 Tetrahedral Tetrahedral AB4 2–

2 2 Do Bent AB 2L2 H2O, NH2–

5 0 Trigonal Trigonal PCl5, PF5, SbCl5

6 0 Octahedral Octahedral AB6 SF6, SeF6

4 2 Do Square planar AB 4L2 XeF4

..... H – F ..... H – F ..... H – F .....

z Order of strength of hydrogen bonding

H --------- F > H ---- O > H ----------- N

Energy 10 kcal/mole 7 kcal/mole 2.0 kcal/mole

Some notable features of resonance are

MOLECULAR ORBITAL THEORY

Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals (LCAO)

Conditions for the Formation of Molecular Orbitals– Combination of Atomic Orbitals

H2 :  (1s)1 ; n = 1/2,

N2 – [(1s)]2, [*(1s)]2, [(2s)]2, [*(2s)]2, [  (2p x ) ]2 = [  (2p y ) ]2, [  (2p z ) ]2 : n = 3.

(1) 2 (2) 1.5 (2) Bent T-shape

14. Intramolecular H-bonding is shown by 5. An example of non-polar molecule is

OH (3) PCl3 (4) SO2

Objective Type Questions (1) Lone pair-bond pair repulsion

(1) LiCl (2) MgCl2 (3) NaBr (4) NaI

(1)  orbital (3) dxy (4) dzx

(3) 2py (4)  * 2p y 48. Electron deficient molecule is

SECTION - C 7. Magnesium reacts with an element (X) to form an

[NEET-2019 (Odisha)] (1) Mg2X3 (2) MgX2

(3) SO32, NO3 (4) CIO3 , SO32 (1) NH3, PH3

(4) Square planar, sp3d2 (1) NO3 (2) NO2

(2) CO32 , SO32 34. Bond order of 1.5 is shown by

(1) 16 (2) 4 (2) O2 < NO < C22 < He2

(4) Similar in hybridization for the central atom

with different structures

that must be overcome in converting liquid CH3OH

(3) BF3 and NO2 (4) NO2 and NH2

N2 – [(1s)]2, [(1s)]2, [(2s)]2, [(2s)]2, [  (2p x ) ]2 = [  (2p y ) ]2, [  (2p z ) ]2 : n = 3.