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m
may draw a straight line which ‘just touches’ the dx dx
curve at that point. This is the tangent to the curve at
co
that point. Then, we calculate the gradient of the As the examples below show, if the polynomial is not
tangent using any appropriate method. in the form y = x n , we may need to perform some
In the curve shown below, clearly, the gradient at A
algebraic manipulations so that the law can be
.
is different from the gradient at B or C or in fact at
hs
applied. The rules of indices are often helpful here.
any other point.
Example 1
(i) y = x 4
dy
= 4 x 4 - 1 = 4 x3
m
dx
dy
(ii) y = 3x 2 = 3 ( x2 - 1 ) = 6 x
s
dx
as
1 dy 1 3
(iii) y = x6 = ( 6 x 6 - 1 ) = x5
4 dx 4 2
1 dy 3
sp
+ 12
(v) 𝑦 = , - = 4𝑥 /0 = 4(−2𝑥 /0/6 ) = −8𝑥 /9
depends on the degree of accuracy in reading the 1,
instrument in measuring.
1
dy 1 12 - 1 1
w
m
Solution
dy
y = 4 x, = 4 (1x1 - 1 ) = 4 We multiply before differentiating
dx y = x 2 ( 3 - x ) = 3x 2 - x3
co
dy
Example 2 = 3 ( 2 x 2 - 1 ) - 3x3 - 1 = 6 x - 3x 2
dx
.
Find the gradient of the curve y = x 3 at the point
hs
1 Example 6
x=- .
4 dy x 4 - 3x + 2
Obtain an expression for if y = .
Solution
y = x3
at dx x2
m
Solution
dy We divide before differentiating
= 3x3 - 1 = 3x
2
The gradient function,
s
dx x 4 - 3x + 2 3 2
y= = x 2 - + 2 = x 2 - 3x -1 + 2 x -2
1 x2 x x
as
è 4 ø 16
Example 7
Differential of a sum or difference dy
y = ( 3 x - 1) .
.fa
2
Obtain an expression for if
When there is more than one term in the expression, dx
each term is differentiated separately.
Solution
w
y = ( 3x - 1) = ( 3x - 1)( 3x - 1) = 9 x 2 - 6 x + 1
2
dy
Find for y = 5 x 2 - 2 x 3
dx dy
= 9 ( 2 x 2 - 1 ) - 6 = 18 x - 6
w
dx
Solution
y = 5 x 2 - 2 x3 The Chain Rule
dy Sometimes the technique of expansion is not practical
= 5 ( 2 x 2 - 1 ) - 2 ( 3x3 - 1 ) = 10 x - 6 x
2
m
The Quotient Rule
y = f (t ) and t = g ( x)
We use the quotient rule when there is a quotient that
dy dy dt cannot be simplified using a simple division. The rule
= ´
co
then by the Chain rule
dx dt dx states:
Example 8
.
du dv
-u
hs
Differentiate y = ( 2 x - 1) .
10 v
u dy dx dx .
If y = , then =
v dx v2
Solution
Applying the chain rule, we have:
y = ( 2 x - 1)
10 at Example 10
Differentiate y = ( 2 x + 1) 3x + 2 .
m
Let t = 2 x - 1, and y = t10
Solution
s
dt dy
=2 = 10t 9 Let u = 2 x + 1 and v = 3x + 2
as
dx dt
dy dy dt du
= ´ = 10t 9 ´ 2 = 20t 9 = 20 ( 2 x - 1)
9 =2
dx dt dx dx
sp
dv
To determine , we use the chain rule
Example 9 dx
1 v = 3x + 2
.fa
Differentiate y = .
3x - 2 1
Let t = 3x + 2 , so v = t 2
w
Solution dv 1 1
3
= ( 3x + 2 ) 2 ( 3) =
-
1 1 dx 2 2 3x + 2
= ( 3x - 2 ) 2
-
y=
w
3x - 2 dy du dv 3
= v +u = 3x + 2 ´ 2 + ( 2 x + 1) ´
Let t = 3x - 2 and y = t 2
-1 dx dx dx 2 3x + 2
w
6x + 3 18 x + 11
dt dy 1 - 1 -1 = 2 3x + 2 + =
=3 =- t 2 2 3x + 2 2 3x + 2
dx dt 2
Example 11
dy dy dt 1 - 1 -1
= ´ = - t 2 ´3 4x +1
dx dt dx 2 Differentiate y = .
2x - 4
-3 -3
= =
2 ( 3x - 2 )
3 3
2 t Solution
Let u = 4 x + 1 and v = 2 x - 4 .
m
( 2, - 4) crosses the x-axis at A.
Find the coordinates of A.
co
Solution
.
y = 2 x3 - 5 x 2
hs
The gradient function of the curve,
dy
( ) ( )
= 2 3x3 - 1 - 5 2 x 2 - 1 = 6 x 2 - 10 x
dx
The gradient of the tangent at (2, −4) is
= 6(2)0 − 10(2) = 4
at
m
1
Hence, the gradient of the normal is - (the
4
s
Some distance away, say h, to the right of P, we
product of the gradients of perpendicular lines choose another point, Q, on the curve, with the
as
=𝑚 diagram below.
𝑥 − 𝑥6
y - ( -4 ) 1
=-
.fa
x-2 4
4 y + 16 = - x + 2
4 y = - x - 14
w
When y = 0, x = -14 .
Therefore, A ( -14, 0) .
w
w
Differentiation as a limit
Earlier, we used differentiation to find the gradient of
a curve at a point. We did so by obtaining the
12
gradient function, which is itself a function that
1,
Now, we now find the gradient of the chord PQ of
gives us the gradient at any point on the curve. For
the curve. Recall the formula for the gradient of a
polynomial functions of the form 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 % , we
12 straight line joining the points (𝑥6 , 𝑦6) and (𝑥0 , 𝑦0) is
simply used the procedure, 1, = 𝑛𝑎𝑥 %/6.
2 /2
𝑚 = ,-/,; , where
We will now discover how these procedures were - ;
(𝑥6 , 𝑦6 ) = (𝑥, 𝑥 0 ) and (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) = [(𝑥 + ℎ), (𝑥 + ℎ)0]
derived through another method.
Gradient of PQ =
m
( x + h) - x
The gradient function of the curve, y = x 2 is 2𝑥.
x + 2hx + h - x
2 2 2
co
= d 2
h Hence,
dx
( x ) = 2x .
2hx + h 2
=
.
h In a similar fashion, we can repeat the procedure for
hs
= 2x + h other simple polynomials such as 𝑦 = 𝑥 9 by drawing
the curve. We start with a chord PQ and move the
Imagine the chord PQ, hinged at P and being rotated
clockwise as shown below. At each new position of
Q, along the curve, we will find the chord getting at point Q until it approaches P. The gradient of the
tangent PQ is the gradient of the curve at the point P.
m
shorter and shorter.
For example, PQ1 is shorter than PQ , PQ2 is
shorter than PQ1 , PQ3 is shorter than PQ2 and so
s
on. In each case, the length of h decreases and Q
as
approaches P.
sp
.fa
P = ( x, x 3 )
( )
w
Q ( x + h) , ( x + h)
3
w
The gradient of PQ
( x + h ) - x3
3
x3 + 3hx 2 + 3h 2 x + h3 - x3
= =
( x + h) - x h
3hx 2 + 3h2 x + h3
= = 3x 2 + 3hx + h 2
As the chord, PQ approaches tangent to the curve at h
P, the gradient of PQ = 2𝑥 + ℎ (derived above). As h ® 0 , the chord PQ ® the tangent to the
curve at P. Let h = 0 , the gradient of PQ
When h ® 0 , the chord PQ ® the tangent to the
= 3x 2 + 3(0) x + (0) 2 = 3x 2
curve at P. The gradient of PQ approaches 2𝑥 + 0 =
2𝑥. ∴ 3x 2 is the gradient function of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 9 .
d n 12
d 3
( x ) = 3x 2 dx
( x ) = nx n - 1 . 1V
= −sin 𝑡 = − sin 2𝑥
dx 𝑡
d 4 By the Chain Rule:
( x ) = 4 x3
m
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
dx = ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
co
𝑑𝑦
Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions = − sin 2𝑥 × 2
𝑑𝑥
So far, we have found the differential of functions
.
hs
such as polynomials and we have used a general rule 𝑑
to obtain their derivatives. To differentiate (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥) = −2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
trigonometric functions we cannot use the same
procedure. The process is more complex and involves
the study of more advanced calculus. at We can now state the following:
m
𝑑
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑥
Only the sine and the cosine functions are to be 𝑑𝑥
s
considered at this level. Their derivatives are:
𝑑
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑥 = −𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑥
as
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
(sin 𝑥) = cos 𝑥 (cos 𝑥) = −sin 𝑥 Example 15
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sp
p
Find the gradient of y = sin x at x = .
4
We can use these results to determine the derivative
.fa
1
dx
Find 1, (sin 3𝑥). p p 1
\ The gradient of the curve at x = =
w
is cos
4 4 2
Solution
\ The gradient 1
w
=
Let 𝑦 = sin 3𝑥 and 𝑡 = 3𝑥 2
1V
∴ 𝑦 = sin 𝑡 and 1,
=3
12
= cos 𝑡 = cos 3𝑥
1V
By the Chain Rule:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
= ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥 × 3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥) = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥