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Table of Contents
1 Definite Integral
▶ Definite Integral
▶ Techniques of integration
▶ Approximate integration
▶ Problems
The area problem
1 Definite Integral
Find the area of the region S that lies under the curve y = f(x) from x = a to x =
b.
Given a function f (x) that is continuous on the interval [a, b] we divide the interval
into n subintervals of equal width, ∆x, and from each interval choose a point, x∗i .
Then the definite integral of f (x) from a to b is
n
! Z b
I = lim (x∗i ) ∆xi = f (x)dx.
X
f
n→+∞ a
i=1
i=1
i=1
xi−1 + xi
- If x∗i = , for any i ∈ 1, n, then
2
n
xi−1 + xi
Mn := S ≃ ∆x =⇒ Midpoint Rule
X
f
i=1
2
Use rectangles to estimate the area under the parabola y = x2 from 0 to 1 . Use
right and Left Endpoint rules.
i=1 i=1
n n 3
n i=1 n 6
n n
i−1 2 1
Ln = f (xi−1 ) · ∆x =
X X
i=1 i=1
n n
n
1 X 2n2 − 3n + 1
= (i − 1)2
= .
n3 i=1 6n2
3. If f (x) is continuous on [a, b], and u(x), v(x) are differentiable, then
Z u(x) !′
f (t)dt = −v ′ (x)f (v(x)) + u′ (x)f (u(x))
v(x)
1. Find the average value of f (x) = x + 1 over the interval [0, 5].
Solution: The average value of the function is
1 1 7
Z b Z 5
f (x)dx = (x + 1)dx = .
b−a a 5−0 0 2
1
Z x
2. Find the derivative of g(x) = dt.
1 t3 + 1
Solution: We have
1
g ′ (x) = .
x3 +1
Z √x
3. Let F (x) = sin tdt. Find F ′ (x).
1
Solution: We have √
′ sin x
F (x) = √
2 x
Ly Anh Duong Chapter 5, 6 Integrals & Techniques of Integration
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Z 3x
Let F (x) = √ t2 sin 1 + t2 dt. Find F ′ (x)
x
Solution: This will use the final formula that we derived above.
!′ 1
1 − √ 2 √
Z 3x
√ t sin 1 + t
2 2
dt = − x 2 ( x) sin 1 + ( x)2 + (3)(3x)2 sin 1 + (3x)2
x 2
1√
=− x sin(1 + x) + 27x2 sin 1 + 9x2 .
2
A particle moves along a line so that its velocity at time t is v(t) = t2 − t − 6 m/s.
a. Find the displacement of the particle during the time period 1 ≤ t ≤ 4.
b. Find the distance traveled during this time period.
Solution: a. The displacement is
Z 4 Z 4
s(4) − s(1) = v(t)dt = t2 − t − 6 dt
1 1
#4
9
"
t3 t2
= − − 6t =−
3 2 1
2
This means that the particle moved 4.5 m toward the left
▶ Definite Integral
▶ Techniques of integration
▶ Approximate integration
▶ Problems
Integration fomulars
2 Techniques of integration
1 1
Z Z
1. sin axdx = − cos ax + c. 2. cos axdx = sin ax + c.
a a
dx dx
Z Z
3. = tan x + c. 4. = − cot x + c.
Z cos x Z sin x
2 2
dx 1 x dx x x
5. 2 + a2
= arctan + c. 6. √ = arcsin + c = − arccos + c.
x a a 2
a −x 2 a a
dx
Z Z p
7. adx = ax + C. 8. √ = ln x + x2 ± a2 + C a ̸= 0.
Z x2 ± a2
1 1
Z
9. dx = ln |x| + C. 10. xα dx = xα+1 + C.
Zx α x+ 1
1 a
Z
11. eax dx = eax + C. 12. ax dx = + C.
a ln a
Example.
Z Z √
1. x cos x + 2 dx.
3 4
2. 2x + 1dx.
x
Z Z p
3. √ dx. 4. 1 + x2 x5 dx.
Z 1 − 4x2
5. tan xdx.
Z 1 Z 2√2 p
1. I = 2
x −e 2x
+ 1 dx. 2. I = 1 + x2 · xdx.
0 0
Z 2 Z π
3. I = x ln xdx. 4. I = 4 x(1 + sin 2x)dx.
Z13 0
xe2x + 1
5. I = dx.
1 x
▶ Definite Integral
▶ Techniques of integration
▶ Approximate integration
▶ Problems
Trapezoidal Rule
3 Approximate integration
∆x
Z b
f (x)dx ≈ Tn = [f (x0 ) + 2f (x1 ) + 2f (x2 ) + · · · + 2f (xn−1 ) + f (xn )]
a 2
Use (a) the Trapezoidal Rule and (b) the Midpoint Rule with n = 5 to
1
Z 2
approximate the integral dx.
1 x
1 0.2
Z 2
dx ≈ T5 = [f (1) + 2f (1.2) + 2f (1.4) + 2f (1.6) + 2f (1.8) + f (2)]
1 x 2
1 2 2 2 2 1
= 0.1 + + + + +
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
≈ 0.695635
1
Z 2
dx ≈ M5 = ∆x[f (1.1) + f (1.3) + f (1.5) + f (1.7) + f (1.9)]
1 x
1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + + +
5 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9
≈ 0.691908
∆x
Z b
f (x)dx ≈ Sn = [f (x0 ) + 4f (x1 ) + 2f (x2 ) + 4f (x3 ) + · · ·
a 3
+2f (xn−2 ) + 4f (xn−1 ) + f (xn )]
Ly Anh Duong Chapter 5, 6 Integrals & Techniques of Integration
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Example
3 Approximate integration
1
Z 2
Use Simpson’s Rule with n = 10 to approximate dx.
1 x
1
Solution: Putting f (x) = , n = 10, and ∆x = 0.1 in Simpson’s Rule, we obtain
x
1
Z 2
dx ≈ S10
1 x
∆x
= [f (1) + 4f (1.1) + 2f (1.2) + 4f (1.3) + · · · + 2f (1.8) + 4f (1.9) + f (2)]
3
0.1 1 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 1
= + + + + + + + + + +
3 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2
≈ 0.693150.
▶ Definite Integral
▶ Techniques of integration
▶ Approximate integration
▶ Problems
The area problem
4 Improper integral of type 1
Find the area of the region S that lies under the curve y = f (x), above the -axis,
and to the right of the line x = a.
Z +∞ Z t
S= f (x)dx = lim f (x)dx
a t→+∞ a
Ly Anh Duong Chapter 5, 6 Integrals & Techniques of Integration
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Definition
4 Improper integral of type 1
Z t
Let y = f (x) be a function defined on [a, +∞), and there exists f (x)dx for
a
every number t ≥ a, then the integral
Z +∞ Z t
f (x)dx = lim f (x)dx
a t→+∞ a
Z t
If the improper integral lim f (x)dx is called convergent if the corresponding
t→+∞ a
limit exists and divergent if the limit does not exist.
Two problems with improper integral:
• Calculate the improper integrals;
• Check convergence of the improper integrals.
1
Z +∞
Calculate and determine whether the improper integral dx is convergent or
1 x
divergent.
Solution: By definition, we have
1 1 t
Z +∞ Z t
dx = lim dx = lim ln |x|
1 x t→+∞ 1 x t→+∞ 1
= lim (ln t − ln 1) = lim ln t = +∞
t→+∞ t→+∞
1
Z +∞
The limit does not exist as a real number, so the improper integral dx is
1 x
divergent.
1
Z +∞
Calculate and determine whether the improper integral dx, ∀p is
1 xp
convergent or divergent.
Solution:
1
Z +∞
In Example 1, if p = 1 then the improper integral dx is divergent.
1 x
So, we assume p ̸= 1, then
! x=t
1 x−p+1 1 1
Z +∞ Z t
−p
dx = lim x dx = lim = lim −1 .
1 xp t→+∞ 1 t→+∞ −p + 1 x=1
t→+∞ 1 − p tp−1
1
- If p > 1 then p − 1 > 0 =⇒ tp−1 → +∞ and → 0 as t → +∞, hence
tp−1
1 1
Z +∞
dx = . So, the improper integral is convergent.
1 xp p−1
1
- If p < 1, then p − 1 < 0 and so p−1 = t1−p → +∞ khi t → +∞. Thus, the
t
improper integral is divergent.
Ly Anh Duong Chapter 5, 6 Integrals & Techniques of Integration
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Example 3
4 Improper integral of type 1
Z 0
Calculate and determine whether the improper integral xex dx is convergent or
−∞
divergent. Z 0 Z 0
Solution: By definition, we have xex dx = lim xex dx. - We use
−∞ t→−∞ t
integration by parts with u = x, dv = ex dx ⇒ du = dx, v = ex :
Z 0 Z 0
xex dx = xex |0t − ex dx = −tet − 1 + et
t t
- et → 0 as t → −∞. Follow |’Hôpital rule, then
t t′ 1
lim tet = lim = lim = lim = lim −et
=0
t→−∞ t→−∞ e−t t→−∞ (e−t )′ t→−∞ −e−t t→−∞
Thus Z 0
xex dx = lim −tet − 1 + et = −0 − 1 + 0 = −1
t→−∞
Ly Anh Duong−∞ Chapter 5, 6 Integrals & Techniques of Integration
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Table of Contents
5 Improper integral of type 2
▶ Definite Integral
▶ Techniques of integration
▶ Approximate integration
▶ Problems
Definition
5 Improper integral of type 2
▶ Definite Integral
▶ Techniques of integration
▶ Approximate integration
▶ Problems
Problems
6 Problems