Chapter4 Handout 2022

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HCMC
INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY
Chapter 4: Integration
Calculus 1
Lecturer: Nguyen Minh Quan, PhD
quannm@hcmiu.edu.vn
Nguyen Minh Quan (IU, VNU-HCM) Chapter 4: Integration HCMC 2021-22 1 / 78

Contents
1 Areas under Curves
2 The Definite Integral and its properties
3 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
4 Techniques of Integration
5 Approximate Integration
6 Improper Integrals

Introduction
In Chapter 2 we learnt about differentiation. Given a total quantity,
differentiation allows us to find its rate of change by taking its
derivative.
In this chapter, we study the reverse process: given a rate of change,

integration allows us to find a total quantity.
Do we have any connection between differentiation and integration?
Integral and differential calculus are connected by The Fundamental

Theorem of Calculus (FTC) which connects them.
Integration has various of applications such as measuring area,

volume,... It thus is related to measure the area under the curve.
References: Chapter 4 and Chapter 7, Calculus 8th, by J. Stewart

2016.
1. Areas under Curves
Assume that a car was moving with constant velocity v (m/s) during
the time t1 and t2 . Then the distance that this car traveled on [t1 , t2 ]
is S = v × (t2 − t1 ).
This quantity equals to the area bounded by the horizontal line y = v

and the two vertical lines x = t1 , x = t2 .
When the velocity of the car is not constant; that is, v varies in time
v = v (t). What is the distance traveled by this car?

The previous example is related to a fundamental problem of calculus:
given a nonnegative continuous function y = f (x), find the area S of the
region R lying under the graph of f , above the x-axis and between the
vertical lines x = a and x = b, where a < b.

The idea behind the computing this area is that we can effectively
compute such quantities by breaking it into small pieces and then
summing the contributions from each piece.
We divide [a, b] into N closed subinterval so that
a = x0 < x1 < x2 < ... < xn−1 < xN = b
and
∆x := xk − xk−1 = (b − a)/N → 0 as N → ∞.
The set P = {x0 , x1 , ..., xN−1 , xN } is called a partition of [a, b].

In each subinterval [xi−1 , xi ], we select an arbitrary point xi∗ ,
i = 1, .., n. The area of a i th rectangle with height f (xi∗ ) and width
∆x is f (xi∗ ) ∆x.
We approximate the area S by summing the areas of all the
N
f (xi∗ ) ∆x. This sum is called Riemann sum. As
P
rectangles: SP =
i=1
N → ∞, the area of the rectangles becomes closer to S.
Definition
The area S of the region under a nonnegative, continuous function f is the
limit of the sum of the areas of approximating rectangles:
N
X
S = lim SP = lim f (xi∗ ) ∆x
N→∞ n→∞
i=1
Note: It can be shown that if f is continuous, this limit always exists.

2. The Definite Integral
Definition
The definite integral of a nonnegative, continuous function f over [a, b] is
the limit of Riemann sums (that is, the limit of the sum of the areas of
approximating rectangles) and is denoted by the integral sign:
Zb N
X
f (x)dx = lim SP = lim f (xi∗ ) ∆x
N→∞ N→∞
a i=1

Example
R1
Set up an expression for xdx as a limit of sums and evaluate the limit.
0
Solution
Choose xi∗ = xi = i/N, ∆x = 1/N, i = 1, .., N (xi∗ are right endpoints).
N
f Ni N1 . Therefore,
P
The Riemann sum is
i=1
Z1 N N
X i 1 X i 1
xdx = lim f = lim
N→∞ N N N→∞ NN
0 i=1 i=1
Thus,
Z1 N
1 X N (N + 1) 1
xdx = lim 2
i = lim 2
=
N→∞ N N→∞ 2N 2
0 i=1

Now we generalize further, removing the restrictions that f must be
nonnegative. Assume that f is continuous on the closed, finite interval
[a; b]. If f (x) is nonnegative, then the definite integral is not equal to an
area in the usual sense, but we may interpret it as the "signed area"
between the graph and the x-axis.
Signed area (net area) is defined as the difference of the area above x-axis
and the area below x-axis.
Zb
f (x)dx = net area
a
Theorem
If f is continuous on [a, b] then f is integrable on [a, b].
Definition
The definite integral of an integrable function f over [a, b] is the limit of
Riemann sums (that is, the limit of the sum of the areas of approximating
rectangles) and is denoted by the integral sign:
Zb N
X
f (x)dx = lim SP = lim f (ci ) ∆xi
N→∞ N→∞
a i=1


Properties of the Definite Integral
If f and g are integrable on an interval containing a, b and c.

Ra
a f (x)dx = 0.
Rb Ra
a f (x)dx = − b f (x)dx.
Rb Rb Rb
a [αf (x) + βg (x)]dx = α a f (x)dx + β a g (x)dx.
Rb Rc Rc
a f (x)dx + b f (x)dx = a f (x)dx.
Rb Rb
If f (x) ⩽ g (x) and a ⩽ b then a f (x)dx ⩽ a g (x)dx.
R R
b b
If a ⩽ b then a f (x)dx ⩽ a |f (x)|dx

Ra
If fodd is an odd function then −a fodd (x)dx = 0.
Ra Ra
If feven is an even function then −a feven (x)dx = 2 0 feven (x)dx.

Properties of the Definite Integral
Example
Use the properties of integrals to evaluate
Z3
1 + x 3 dx

−3
Solution
Z3 Z3 Z3
3
x 3 dx = 6

1+x dx = 1dx +
−3 −3 −3
Since the first integral is the area of the rectangle of the sides 6 and 1. the
second integral is zero due to the the fact that x 3 is an odd function.

The Mean Value Theorem for Integrals
Theorem
If f is continuous on [a, b] then there exists c ∈ [a, b] such that
Z b
f (x)dx = f (c)(b − a)
a
Definition
The value f (c) is called the average value or mean value of f on [a, b],
Zb
1
fav = f (c) = f (x)dx.
b−a
a

The Mean Value Theorem for Integrals
Example
Find the mean (average) value of the function f (x) = 1 + x 3 on the
interval [−3, 3].
Solution
The average value is
Z3
1
1 + x 3 dx = 1

3 − (−3)
−3

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Calculating integrals by taking the limit of Riemann sums is often

long and difficult.
There is a more effective way to calculate integrals. This effective way

is based on the relationship between integration and differentiation
which is called the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (FTC).

Suppose that f is continuous on an interval I containing the point a.

(a) Let a function F (x) be defined on I by
Zx
F (x) = f (t)dt
a
Then F is an antiderivative of f , i.e., F ′ (x) = f (x).

(b) Newton-Leibniz formula. If G is any antiderivative of f on I , then
for any b in I we have
Zb
f (x)dx = G (b) − G (a) := G (x)|ba
a

Example
(a) Find the average value of f (x) = 1 + x on [−3, 3].
Rx 2
(b) Find the derivatives of A (x) = e −t dt.
2
Rx 3 2
(c) Find the derivatives of B (x) = e −t dt.
0
Solution
(a) The average value is
Z3
1
(1 + x) dx = 1
3 − (−3)
−3

Solution (Cont.)
2 2
(b) Using FTC for f (t) = e −t , we have A′ (x) = e −x .
2 Rx 2
(c) Let F be an antiderivative of e −t , i.e, F (x) = e −t dt for any
a
2
constant a. We have F ′ (x) = e −x and
Zx 3
2
B (x) = e −t dt = F (x 3 ).
0
d d 6
F x 3 = 3x 2 F ′ x 3 = 3x 2 e −x .

Thus, B(x) =
dx dx

Example
R 1 5 √
(a) Find 0 (2x + 2 x − 1) dx.
(b) Find the area under the curve y = 1/x 2 and above y = 0 between
x = 1 and x = 2.

Table of indefinite integral
Table of antiderivatives or indefinite integral

Practical Application: Finding Total Change
Theorem
If F (x) is a total quantity and f = dF /dx is its rate of change, then the
integral of a rate of change is the total change
Zb Zb
dF
f (x)dx = dx = F (b) − F (a)
dx
a a
Example of practical applications

1. If the rate of growth of a population is dP/dt, then the increase in
population during the time period from t1 to t2 is
Zt2
dP
dt = P (t2 ) − P (t1 )
dt
t1


2. If C (x) is the cost of producing x units of a commodity, then the cost
of increasing production from x1 to x2 is
Zx2
C’ (x) dx = C (x2 ) − C (x1 )
x1
3. If an object move along a straight line with position function s(t), then
its velocity is v (t) = s ′ (t), so the change of position (displacement) of the
object during the time period from t1 to t2 is
Zt2
v (t) dt = s (t2 ) − s (t1 )
t1

Rt2
Note that the total distance traveled during t1 and t2 is |v (t) |dt.
t1

The marginal cost in producing x computer chips (in units of 1000) is
C ′ (x) = 150x 2 − 3000x + 17500 ($ per 1000 chips).
(a) Find the cost of increasing production from 10,000 to 15,000 chips.
(b) Assuming C(0) = $35,000 (that is, set up costs were $35,000), find
the total cost of producing 15,000 chips.


A particle moves along a line so that its velocity at time t is
v (t) = t 2 − t − 6 (m/s).
(a) Find the displacement of the particle during the time period 1 ≤ t ≤ 4.
(b) Find the distance traveled during this time period.

Practical Application: Newton’s Law of Cooling
Newton’s Law of Cooling: Let T (t) be the temperature of the
object at time t and Ts be the temperature of the surroundings
(Ts < (T (t)), then
dT
= −k (T − Ts )
dt
where k is a positive constant.
That is, the rate of cooling of an object is proportional to the
temperature difference between the object and its surroundings.
Find T (t)? Integrating the (differential) equation,

Z Z
dT
= k dt ⇒ ln (T − Ts ) = −kt + ln (T (0) − Ts )
T − Ts
This implies
T (t) = Ts + (T (0) − Ts ) e −kt

Practical Application: Newton’s Law of Cooling
Example: Newton’s Law of Cooling
A detective found a corpse in a motel room at midnight and its
temperature was 80o F. The temperature of the room is kept constant at
60o F. Two hours later the temperature of the corpse dropped to 75o F.
Find the time of death. Note that the temperature of a normal person is
98.6o F (37o C).
Solution
Let T (t) be the temperature of the corpse at time t. We have
T (t) = Ts + (T (0) − Ts ) e −kt . Thus, at t = 2:

1 75 − 60
T (2) = 60 + (80 − 60) e −2k = 75 ⇒ k = − ln = 0.1438
2 80 − 60
−ktd = 98.6.
− 60) e
At time of death: T (td) = 60 + (80
98.6 − 60
Therefore, td = − k1 ln = −4.57 hours.
80 − 60
Substitution Method
Substitution Rule
Z Z
′
f (u (x)) u (x)dx = f (u) du =F (u (x)) + C
where F is an anti-derivative of f , that is, F ′ (x) = f (x).
Example
3x 2 cos x 3 dx.
R
Evaluate
Solution
Let u = x 3 ⇒ du = 3x 2 dx.
Applying the substitution rule:
Z Z
3x 2 cos x 3 dx = cos (u) du = sin u + C = sin x 3 + C .


Substitution Method
Example
5
2x x 2 + 9
R
Evaluate dx.
Solution
Step 1. Choose the function u and compute du.
Let u = x 2 + 9 then du = 2xdx.
Step 2. Rewrite the integral in terms of u and du , and evaluate
Z Z
5 1
2x x + 9 dx = u 5 du = u 6 + C
2
6
Step 3. Express the final answer in terms of x
Z
5 1 2 6
2x x 2 + 9 dx = x + 9 + C.
6

Substitution Method
Example
√ x
R
Evaluate 1−4x 2
dx.
Solution
1
Let u = 1 − 4x 2 . Thus du = −8xdx, so xdx = − du
8
1 √
Z Z Z
x 1 1 1
√ dx = − √ du = − u −1/2 du = − 2 u + C
1 − 4x 2 8 u 8 8
Therefore, Z
x 1p
√ dx = − 1 − 4x 2 + C .
1 − 4x 2 4

Substitution Method
Exercises
Using substitution method to evaluate
R 3x 2 + 6x
1. dx
(x 3 + 3x 2 + 9)4
R 2 4
x + 2x x 3 + 3x 2 + 1 dx

2.
3. e 3x dx
R
2
4. xe x +1 dx
R
R √
5. x 5 1 + x 2 dx
6. cos3 x sin xdx
R
R tan−1 x
7. dx
1 + x2
R (ln x)2
8. dx. [u = ln x]
x
Substitution Method For Definite Integrals
Change of Variables Formula for Definite Integrals

If u(x) is differentiable on [a, b] and f (x) is integrable on the range of
u(x), then
Zb u(b)
Z
′
f (u (x)) u (x) dx = f (u) du
a u(a)

Substitution Method For Definite Integrals
Example
R2 √
Evaluate x 2 x 3 + 1dx.
0
Solution
Let u = x 3 +√ 1, thus du 1= 3x 2 dx.
2 √
We have x x 3 + 1 = 3 udu.
x = 0 ⇒ u (0) = 1
x = 2 ⇒ u (2) = 9
Therefore,
Z2 Z9 9
2
p 1 √ 2 3/2
52
x x 3 + 1dx = udu = u =
3 9 1 9
0 1

Exercises (Change of Variables)
Use the Change of Variables Formula to evaluate the definite integral 1-4.
R6 √
1. x + 3dx.
1
R4 √
2. x x 2 + 9dx.
0
π/2
cos3 x sin xdx.
R
3.
0
Re 4 dx
4. √ .
e x ln x
1
R1 dt Ra dt
5. Prove that 2
= 2
.
a 1+t 1 1+t
1
R1 dt Ra du
Hint: Let u = 1/t → = .
a 1 + t2 1 1+u
2

Integration by parts
Z Z
′
u (x) v (x) dx = u (x) v (x) − u ′ (x) v (x) dx
Or Z Z
udv = uv − vdu

Example
R
Evaluate x sin xdx
Solution

u=x du = dx
Let ⇒
dv = sin xdx v = − cos x
Z Z Z
x sin xdx = udv = uv − vdu
Thus,
Z Z
x sin xdx = −x cos x + cos xdx = −x cos x + sin x + C

Example
R
Evaluate ln xdx
Solution
du = x1 dx

u = ln x
Let ⇒
dv = dx v =x
Z Z Z
ln xdx = udv = uv − vdu
Thus, Z Z
ln xdx = x ln x − dx = x ln x − x + C

Example
x 2 e x dx
R
Evaluate
Solution
u = x2

du = 2xdx
Let x ⇒
dv = e dx v = ex
Z Z Z
2 x
x e dx = udv = uv − vdu
Z Z
2 x 2 x
x e dx = x e − 2 xe x dx

Solution(Cont.)
xe x dx
R
Evaluate

u=x du = dx
Let x ⇒
dv = e dx v = ex
Z Z Z
x
xe dx = udv = uv − vdu
Z Z
x x
xe dx = xe − e x dx = xe x − e x + C
Therefore, Z
x 2 e x = x 2 e x − 2xe x + 2e x + C1

Integration by parts for definite integrals
Zb Zb
′
u (x) v (x) dx = u (x) v (x)|ba − u ′ (x) v (x) dx
a a
Example
Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y = tan−1 x, the x-axis,
and the lines x = 0 and x = 1.

Trigonometric Integrals
Trigonometric Substitution
Evaluate Z
sinm x cosn xdx
Method:
If either m or n is odd, positive integer, the integral can be done
easily by substitution.
If the power of sin x and cos x are both even, then we can make use
of the double-angle formulae
1 + cos 2x 1 − cos 2x
cos2 x = , and sin2 x =
2 2

Examples
Evaluate the following integrals:
Z
1. sin4 x cos3 xdx
Z
2. sin4 x dx
Z
3. tan xdx
Z
cos x + sin 2x
4. dx
sin x
cos5 x
Z
5. √ dx
sin x
√
sin3 x
Z
6. √ dx
x
Example: Trigonometric Inverse Substitutions
Example
1. Evaluate
Z1/2 p
x 2 1 − x 2 dx
0
2. Z
dx
√
4 + x2

The Method of Partial Fractions
Z
P (x)
Find dx where P(x) and Q(x) are polynomials (a ratio of
Q (x)
P(x)
polynomials)? We rewrite Q(x) as
P (x) R (x)
= S (x) +
Q (x) Q (x)
where deg (R) < deg (Q).
Example
x3 + x
Z Z
2
dx = x2 + x + 2 + dx
x −1 x −1
x3 x2
= + + 2x + 2 ln |x − 1| + C
3 2

Case 1: The denominator Q(x) is a product of distinct linear factors (no
factor is repeated).
Q (x) = (a1 x + b1 ) (a2 x + b2 ) ... (ak x + bk )
In this case the partial fraction theorem states that there exist constants
A1 , .., Ak such that
R (x) A1 A2 Ak
= + + ... +
Q (x) a1 x + b1 a2 x + b2 ak x + bk
Example
Z
x +5
Evaluate
x2 +x −2

Solution
Note that
x +5 x +5 A B
= := +
x2
+x −2 (x − 1) (x + 2) x −1 x +2

A+B =1
x + 5 = A (x + 2) + B (x − 1) .This implies
2A − B = 5
⇒ A = 2, B = −1
Thus, Z Z
x +5 2 1
2
dx = − dx =
x +x −2 x −1 x +2
= 2 ln |x − 1| − ln |x + 2| + C .

The Method of Partial Fractions. Case 1.
Exercises
Evaluate Z
cos xdx
2
sin x − 3 sin x + 2

Case 2: Q(x) is a product of linear factors, some of which are repeated.
x3 − x + 1 A B C D
Example: 2
= + 2+ + .
2
x (x − 1) x x x − 1 (x − 1)2
Example
x 4 − 2x 2 + 4x + 1
Z
Evaluate dx
x3 − x2 − x + 1
Hint:
x 4 − 2x 2 + 4x + 1 4x
3 2
=x +1+ 3 2
x −x −x +1 x −x −x +1
4x 4x A B C
= 2
= + 2
+
x3 − x2 − x + 1 (x − 1) (x + 1) x − 1 (x − 1) x +1
A = 1, B = 2, C = −1

Case 3: Q(x)contains irreducible quadratic factors, none of which is
repeated.
If Q(x) has the factor ax 2 + bx + c, where b 2 − 4ac < 0, then the
Ax + B
expression for R(x)/Q(x) will have a term of the form 2
ax + bx + c
where A and B are constants to be determined.
Example
−2x + 4
Z
dx
(x 2 + 1) (x − 1)
Answer:
1
− ln x 2 + 1 − 3 arctan (x) + ln |x − 1| + C

2

Approximate Integration
How to evaluate the following integral
Z1
sin x 2 dx =?

The 2
√ antiderivatives of some functions, like sin(x ), 1/ln(x), and
4
1 + x , have no elementary formulas. When we cannot find a
workable antiderivative for a function f that we have to integrate. We
can partition the interval of integration, replace f by a closely fitting
polynomial on each subinterval, integrate the polynomials, and add
the results to approximate the integral of f .
This procedure is an example of numerical integration.

Midpoint Rule
Rb
Assume we want to approximate the following integral f (x)dx. We
a
b−a
divide [a, b] into n subintervals of equal length ∆x = n . Denoting
xk = a + i∆x, i = 0, 1, 2, .., n.
Midpoint Rule
Zb
f (x)dx ≈ Mn = ∆x [f (x̄1 ) + f (x̄2 ) + ... + f (x̄n )]
a
1
where x̄i = 2 (xi−1 + xi ) = midpoint of [xi−1 , xi ]

Midpoint Rule
Example
R2 dx
Use the Midpoint Rule with n = 5 to approximate the integral x .
1
Solution
Noting that a = 1, b = 2, n = 5, ∆x = 0.2; x0 = 1, x1 = 1.2, x2 = 1.4, x3 =
1.6, x4 = 1.8, x5 = 2.
Z2
dx
≈ ∆x [f (1.1) + f (1.3) + f (1.5) + f (1.7) + f (1.9)] ≈ 0.69191
x
1

The Trapezoidal Rule
Rb
The n-subinterval Trapezoid Rule approximation to f (x)dx is given by
a
Zb
∆x
f (x)dx ≈ Tn = [f (x0 ) + 2f (x1 ) + ... + 2f (xn−1 ) + f (xn )]
2
a
b−a
where ∆x = n and xi = a + i∆x.

The Trapezoidal Rule
Example
R2
Use the Trapezoidal Rule with n = 4 to approximate the integral x 2 dx.
1
Solution
Noting that a = 1, b = 2, n = 4, ∆x = 1/4; x0 = 1, x1 = 5/4, x2 =
6/4, x3 = 7/4, x4 = 2.
1
[f (x0 ) + 2f (x1 ) + 2f (x2 ) + 2f (x3 ) + f (x4 )]
T4 =
8

1 25 36 49 75
T4 = 1+2 +2 +2 +4 = = 2.34375
8 16 16 16 32

The Simpson’s Rule
Zb
The Simpson’s Rule approximation to f (x)dx based on an even number
a
n of subintervals of equal length is
∆x
Sn = [f (x0 ) + 4f (x1 ) + 2f (x2 ) + .. + 2f (xn−2 ) + 4f (xn−1 ) + f (xn )]
3
b−a
where ∆x = and xi = a + i∆x.
n
In other words,
∆x
Sn = [f (xend ) + 4f (xodd ) + 2f (xeven )]
3

The Simpson’s Rule
Example
R2
Use the Simpson’s Rule with n = 4 to approximate the integral 5x 2 dx.
0
Solution
a = 0, b = 2, n = 4, ∆x = 1/2; x0 = 0, x1 = 1/2, x2 = 1, x3 = 3/2, x4 = 2.
∆x
S4 = [f (x0 ) + 4f (x1 ) + 2f (x2 ) + 4f (x3 ) + f (x4 )]
3

1 5 45 40
S4 = 0+4 + 2 (5) + 4 + 20 = .
6 4 4 3

Approximate Integration
Exercises
R2 dx
1. Calculate the Trapezoid Rule approximations T4 , T8 and T16 for .
1 x
R2 dx
2. Calculate the Simpson’s Rule approximations S4 , S8 and S16 for .
1 x
Compute the exact errors if we know the value of the integral
R2 dx
= ln 2 = 0.69314718....
1 x

Improper Integrals
Up to now, we have required definite integrals to have two properties.
First, that the domain of integration [a, b] be finite. Second, that the
range of the integrand be finite on this domain.
In practice, we may encounter problems that fail to meet one or both

of these conditions. In either case the integral is called an improper
integral.
The integral for the area under the curve y = 1/x 2 from x = 1 to
x = ∞ is an example for which the domain is infinite.

Improper Integrals of Type 1 (Infinite Intervals)
Let consider the area A under the curve y = 1/x 2 from x = 1 to x = ∞.
The area of the part of that lies to the left of the line x = t is
Zt
1 t

dx 1
A (t) = 2
= − =1−
x x 1 t
1
We define A as the limit of A(t) as t → ∞: A = lim A (t) = 1 sq.unit.

t→∞
R∞ dx Rt dx
Thus, it is reasonable to define x2
= lim x2
.
1 t→∞ 1

Definition
Integrals with infinite limits of integration are improper integrals of Type I .
R∞ Rb
If f is continuous on [a, ∞), then f (x)dx = lim f (x)dx.
a b→∞ a
Rb Rb
If f is continuous on [−∞, b), then f (x)dx = lim f (x)dx.
−∞ a→−∞ a
If f (x) is continuous on (−∞, ∞), then

Z∞ Zc Z∞
f (x)dx = f (x)dx + f (x)dx.
−∞ −∞ c

Example
R∞
Evaluate I = e −x/2 dx.
0
Solution
By definition
Zb b
−x/2 −x/2
I = lim e dx = lim −2e = lim 2 − 2e −b/2 = 2.
b→∞ b→∞ 0 b→∞
0
Note that an improper integral is called convergent if the limit exists as a

finite number, and divergent otherwise.

Example
Z∞
2x − 1
Evaluate I = dx.
e 3x
0
Solution
Applying the technique of integration by parts and by the definition of
improper integral, we obtain:
Z∞ Zt
2x − 1 −3x 1 − 2t 2 1
dx = lim (2x − 1)e dx = lim − 3t −
e 3x t→∞ t→∞ 3e 3t 9e 9
0 0
1
Therefore, I = − .
9

Example
+∞
R 2 arctan 2x
Evaluate I = dx
0 1 + 4x 2
Solution
Applying the technique of substitution, we obtain:
Zt Z 2t
arctan
2 arctan 2x
u = arctan 2x, I = lim dx = lim udu
t→+∞ 1 + 4x 2 t→+∞
0 0
( arctan 2t )
u 2 π2
= lim = .
t→+∞ 2 0 8

Example
Z∞
ln x
Evaluate dx.
x3
1
Hint Using the technique of integration by parts

Example
Z∞
Evaluate xe −x dx.
0
Hint Using the technique of integration by parts

Example
Z∞
dx
1. Evaluate . Hint: lim arctan x|t−t = π.
1 + x2 t→∞
−∞
Z∞
dx
2. Evaluate √ .
x
1

Example
Z∞
dx
For what values of p is the integral convergent?
xp
1
Hint
Z∞

∞, if p = 1
dx 
1−p − 1
= t
xp  lim , if p ̸= 1
1 t→∞ 1 − p
R∞ dx
Thus, is convergent for p > 1 and divergent if p ≤ 1.
1 xp
Theorem
Z∞

 1
dx if p > 1
p
= p−1
x  ∞ if p ≤ 1
1

Improper Integrals of Type 2
Another type of improper integral arises when the integrand has a vertical
asymptote at a limit of integration.
Example
Consider the region in the first quadrant that lies under the curve
√
y = 1/ x from x = 0 to x = 1.
Z1 Z1
dx dx √
√ = lim √ = lim 2 − 2 a = 2
x a→0+ x a→0+
0 a

Definition of Improper Integrals of Type 2
Integrals of functions that become infinite at a point within the interval of
integration are improper integrals of Type II.
If f is continuous on (a, b] and discontinuous at a, then
Rb Rb
f (x)dx = lim+ f (x)dx.
a c→a c
If f is continuous on [a, b) and discontinuous at b, then
Rb Rc
f (x)dx = lim f (x)dx.
a c→b − a
If f (x) is discontinuous at c, where a < c < b, and continuous on
[a, c) ∪ (c, b], then
Zb Zc Zb
f (x)dx = f (x)dx + f (x)dx.
a a c

Example
R5 1
Evaluate √ dx
2 x −2
Solution
Z5 Z5 √ √
1 1 5
√ dx = lim+ √ dx = lim+ 2 x − 2b = 2 3
x −2 b→2 x −2 b→2
2 b

Example
R3 dx
Evaluate if possible.
0 x −1
Solution
1
Observe that the integrand has an infinite discontinuity at x = 1.
x −1
R3 dx R1 dx R3 dx
By definition c: = + . On the other hand,
0 x −1 0 x −1 1 x −1
R1 dx Rt dx
= lim = lim ln |x − 1||t0
0 x − 1 t→1 −
0 x − 1 t→1−
1
R dx
⇒ = lim (ln |t − 1| − ln |−1|) = −∞.
0 x −1 t→1−
1
R dx R3 dx
Thus, diverges and hence x−1 diverges.
0 x −1 0

Example (Cont.)
Warning The following "solution" is NOT correct.
Z3
dx
= ln |x − 1||30 = ln 2
x −1
0
The reason is that there is a infinite discontinuity at x = 1 (this leads to

the fact that the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus is not satisfied).

Exercises (For Improper Integrals of Type 2)
Z3
dx
1. Evaluate .
(x − 1)2/3
0
Z1
dx
2. Evaluate √ .
1 − x2
0
Z1
dx
3. Evaluate √ .
x
0
Z1
dx
4. Evaluate .
x2
0
Z1
5. Evaluate ln xdx.
0
Comparison Test
Theorem
Suppose that f and g are continuous functions with f (x) ⩾ g (x) ⩾ 0 for
x ⩾ a.
Z∞ Z∞
If f (x) dx is convergent, then g (x) dx is convergent.
a a
Z∞ Z∞
If g (x) dx is divergent, then f (x) dx is divergent.
a a
Note: The Comparison Test is also valid for improper integrals of type 2.

Comparison Test
Example
Z∞
2
Show that e −x dx is convergent.
0
Solution
Z∞ Z1 Z∞
−x 2 −x 2 2
e dx = e dx + e −x dx
0 0 1
R1 2 R1 R1 2
e −x dx ⩽ e 0 dx = 1 ⇒ e −x dx is convergent.
0 0 0
2
We note that e −x ⩽ e −x (∀x ⩾ 1) and
R∞ −x Rt
e dx = lim e −x dx = e −1 : convergent.
1 t→∞ 1
R∞ 2 R∞ 2
By Comparison Theorem, e −x dx is convergent, so is e −x dx.
1 0
Exercises
Determine whether each integral is convergent or divergent.
Z∞
sin2 x sin2 (x) 1
1. 2
dx. Hint: 0 ⩽ 2
⩽ 2.
x +1 x +1 x
1
Z∞
2
2. xe −x dx. Hint: Substitution.
0
Z∞
x +1
3. dx. Hint: Divergent by the Comparison Test.
x 2 + 2x
1
Z∞
ln x
4. dx. Hint: Integration by parts.
x
1
Z∞
dx
5. . Answer: π/4.
4x 2 + 4x + 5
−∞
–End of Chapter 4. Thank you!–

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VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HCMC

Nguyen Minh Quan (IU, VNU-HCM) Chapter 4: Integration HCMC 2021-22 1 / 78

1 Areas under Curves

2 The Definite Integral and its properties

3 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

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In this chapter, we study the reverse process: given a rate of change,

Do we have any connection between differentiation and integration?

Integral and differential calculus are connected by The Fundamental

Integration has various of applications such as measuring area,

References: Chapter 4 and Chapter 7, Calculus 8th, by J. Stewart

This quantity equals to the area bounded by the horizontal line y = v

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a = x0 < x1 < x2 < ... < xn−1 < xN = b

The set P = {x0 , x1 , ..., xN−1 , xN } is called a partition of [a, b].

Note: It can be shown that if f is continuous, this limit always exists.

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If f and g are integrable on an interval containing a, b and c.

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Calculating integrals by taking the limit of Riemann sums is often

There is a more effective way to calculate integrals. This effective way

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Suppose that f is continuous on an interval I containing the point a.

Then F is an antiderivative of f , i.e., F ′ (x) = f (x).

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Example of practical applications

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Example of practical applications

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Example of practical applications

Nguyen Minh Quan (IU, VNU-HCM) Chapter 4: Integration HCMC 2021-22 26 / 78

Example of practical applications

Nguyen Minh Quan (IU, VNU-HCM) Chapter 4: Integration HCMC 2021-22 27 / 78

Find T (t)? Integrating the (differential) equation,

Nguyen Minh Quan (IU, VNU-HCM) Chapter 4: Integration HCMC 2021-22 28 / 78

where F is an anti-derivative of f , that is, F ′ (x) = f (x).

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Change of Variables Formula for Definite Integrals

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where deg (R) < deg (Q).