CALCULUS – MATH61113

Integrals
Week 4

1
 Acknowledgement

These slides have been adapted

from:

Soo.T.Tan. Calculus. 2010.

Brooks/Cole.
ISBN-13: 978-0-534-46579-7

Chapter 4

2
 Learning Objectives

LO 3 : 
LO 3 : 
Perform accurately definite and
indefinite integration using
appropriate technique

3
 Content

• Introduction
1

• The Area Problem

2

• The Definite Integral

3

• Mean Value Theorem

4

4
DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE
INTEGRAL
 Introduction

We will see how the

knowledge of the velocity of
the maglev at time will
enable us to calculate its
position at any time. The
Tool used here is the
antiderivative of a function.
As it turns out, the
derivative of a function and
the antiderivative of the
function are intimately
related—one of the
fundamental .

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 The Area Problem

How do we find the area of the region bounded above by the

graph of a nonnegative function f, below by the x-axis, and
to the left and right by the vertical lines x = a and x = b, as
shown in Figure ? We refer to the area of this region as the
area under the graph of f on the interval [a, b].

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 Example 1 (1/4)

Consider the region S bounded above by

the parabola f(x) = x2, below by the x-axis,
and to the left and right by the vertical lines
x = 0 and x = 1, respectively

The area A of the region can be

approximated by the area A1 of the
Rectangle R1 . Thus,

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 Example 1 (2/4)

If we approximate the area of S1 by the area of R1 and the

area of S2 by the area of R2 and denote the sum of the
areas of the two rectangles by A2, we obtain

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 Example 1 (3/4)

Continuing with this process, we divide

the interval [0,1] into four subintervals
of equal length ¼ using the five points

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 Example 1 (4/4)

We can keep going. Figure on the top

shows what happens if we use eight
rectangles to approximate the area of
the region , and Figure on the bottom
shows the situation if sixteen
Rectangles are used.

The results include

approximations obtained
earlier and are rounded off
to seven decimal places
shows in the table.

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Defining the Area (1/2)

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Defining the Area (2/2)

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Definite Integral

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 Example 2 (1/2)

Compute the Riemann sum for f(x) = 4 – x2 on [-1,3] using

five subintervals (n = 5) and choosing the evaluation
points to be the midpoints of the subintervals.

Solution
Here, a = -1, b = 3, and n = 5. So the length of each
subinterval is

The partition points are

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 Example 2 (2/2)

Therefore, the required Riemann sum is

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 Geometric Interpretation of
the Definite Integral

If f is a continuous, nonnegative function on [a,b], then

the
definite integral gives the area of the region
under the graph of f on [a,b].
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 Example 3 (1/2)

Evaluate the definite integral by interpreting it

geometrically:

Solution
a. The graph of the integrand f(x) = 4 – 2x on [0,2] is the

straight line segment shown in Figure.

Since f(x) ≥ 0 on [0,2], we can interpret
the integral as the area of the triangle
shown. Thus,
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 Example 3 (2/2)

b. The integrand f(x) = √(16-x2) is the positive root obtained

by solving the equation x2 + y2 = 16 for y, which
represents the circle of radius 4 centered at the origin;
therefore, it represents the upper semicircle shown in
Figure. Since f(x) ≥ 0 on [0,4], we can interpret the
integral as the area of that part of the circle lying in the
first quadrant. Since this area is π(42)/4 = 4 π, we see
that

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 Definite Integral

For the case in which f assumes both positive and negative

values on [a,b], we interpret the definite integral

as a difference of areas. Specifically,

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Properties of the Definite Integral

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Properties of the Definite Integral

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Properties of the Definite Integral

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Average Value

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 Example 4

Find the average value of f(x) = 4 – x2 over the interval [-

1,3]

Solution
Using Equation (1) with a = -1, b = 3, and f(x) = 4 – x2 , we
find

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Mean Value Theorem

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 Example 5

Find the value of c guaranteed by the Mean Value Theorem

for Integrals for f(x) = 4 – 2x on the interval [0,2].

Solution
Therefore, the Mean Value Theorem for Integrals states
that
there is a number c in [0,2] such that

So we have

or c = 1 27
FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF
CALCULUS
The First Fundamental Theorem
of Calculus

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 Example 6 (1/2)

Find the derivative of the function:

Solution

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Example 6 (2/2)

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The Second Fundamental Theorem
of Calculus

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Example 7

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 Antiderivatives

If we know the velocity of the maglev at all times, can we

find its position at any time?
To solve this problem, we need the concept of an
antiderivative of a function.

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 Antiderivatives

Example 2
Let f(x) = 1, then F(x) = x + C
are all antiderivates of f on
(-∞,∞) where C is an
arbitrary constant

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 The Indefinite Integral

The process of finding all antiderivatives of a function is

called antidifferentiation or integration.

The integral operator is denoted by the integral sign ∫,

and the process of integration is indicated by the
expression

which is read “the indefinite integral of with respect to

equals plus .”
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Basic Integration Formulas

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 Rules of Integration

Example 8

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 Example 9: Describing the Path
of a Pop-Up (1/5)

In a baseball game, one of the batters hit a pop-up.

Suppose that the initial velocity of the ball was 96 ft/sec
and the initial height of the ball was 4 ft from the ground.

a. Find the position function giving the height of the ball

at any time t.
b. How high did the ball go?
c. How long did the ball stay in the air after being
struck?

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 Example 9: Describing the Path
of a Pop-Up (2/5)

Solution
a. Let s(t) denote the position of the ball at time t, and let
t = 0 represent the (initial) time when the ball was
struck. The only force acting on the ball during the
motion is the force of gravity; taking the acceleration
due to this force as -32 ft/sec2.

To solve this initial value problem, we integrate the

differential equation s”(t) = -32 with respect to t,
obtaining

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 Example 9: Describing the Path
of a Pop-Up (3/5)

To determine the value of C1, we use the initial condition

s’(0) = 96. We find s’(0) = -32(0) + C1 = 96, which gives C1 =
96.
Therefore
Integrating again, we have

To evaluate C2, we use the initial condition s(0) = 4 to

obtain

Therefore, the required position function is

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 Example 9: Describing the Path
of a Pop-Up (4/5)

b. At the highest point, the velocity

of the ball is zero. So setting v(t) =
s’(t) = 0, we obtain -32t + 96 = 0,
or t = 3.

Substituting this value of into the

position function gives

or 148 ft as the maximum height

attained by the ball. (See Figure)

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 Example 9: Describing the Path
of a Pop-Up (5/5)

c. The ball hits the ground when s(t) = 0. Solving this

equation, we have

Next, using the quadratic formula, we obtain

Since t must be positive, we see that the ball hit the

ground when t ≈ 6.04. Therefore, after the ball was
struck, it remained in the air for approximately 6 sec.

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TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATIONS
The Technique of Integration
by Substitution

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 Example 10 (1/2)

Find

Step 1: The integrand involves the composite function

(x3 + 2)4, with “inside function” g(x) = x3 + 2.
So u = x3 + 2

Step 2 : We compute du = 3x2 dx.

Step 3: Making the substitution u = x3 + 2 and du = 3x2 dx

or x2dx = 1/3 du, we obtain

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 Example 10 (2/2)

Step 4: We find

Step 5: Replacing u by x3 + 2, we find

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Integration Logarithmic
Functions

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Example 11

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Integration of the Natural
Exponential Function

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Integration Involving Inverse
Trigonometric Functions

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Example 12

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 Integration by Parts

Example 1
Find
Let’s use Formula (2) by choosing u = x and dv = exdx.
This gives

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Example 13

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 Integration by Parts for
a Definite Integral

An alternative method for evaluating a definite integral

using integration by parts is based on the following
formula. Here we assume that both f’ and g’ are
continuous. Then the Second Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus, gives

Letting u = f(x) and v = g(x) and keeping in mind that the

limits of integration are stated for x, we have the
following.

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 Example 14 (1/2)

Find the area of the region under the graph of f(x) = ln x

on [1,e].

Solution
The region under consideration is shown in Figure. The
area of is given by

We integrate by parts, letting

So that,

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 Example 14 (2/2)

Using Formula (7), we obtain

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Integrals of the Form
∫sinmx cosnx dx

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Integrals of the Form
∫sinmx cosnx dx

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 Example 15 (1/2)

Find ∫sin5x cos2x dx.

Solution
Here m (the power of sin x) is an odd positive integer.
Let’s write

Then

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 Example 15 (2/2)

If we make the substitution u = cos x, then du = -sin x dx, so

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Integrals of the Form
∫tanmx secnx dx

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Integrals of the Form
∫tanmx secnx dx

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 Example 16 (1/2)

Evaluate

Solution
Here, the power of cot x is an odd positive integer. So we
retain the factor csc x cot x from the integrand. Thus,

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 Example 16 (2/2)

Let u = csc x so that du = -csc x cot x. Then

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Trigonometric Substitutions

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 Example 17 (1/3)

Find

Solution
Note that the integrand involves a radical of the form
Where a = 3. This suggests that we use the trigonometric
substitution
x = 3 sinθ so that dx = 3 cos θ dθ
where –π/2 < θ < π/2. In this example we have the further
restriction θ ≠ ± π/2 to ensure that x ≠ ± 3.

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 Example 17 (2/3)

Making these substitutions, we have

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 Example 17 (3/3)

To express this result in terms of the original variable x,

observe that sinθ = x/3 implies that θ = sin-1(x/3). Next,
observe that sin2θ = 2 sinθcosθ. With the help of Figure,
we find

Therefore,

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Partial Fractions

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 Example 18 (1/2)

Find .

Solution
Since the degree of the numerator of the integrand is
greater than that of the denominator, we use long
division to write

Next, we decompose (8x - 3)/(2x2 + x – 3) into a sum of

partial fractions. Factoring, we see that (2x2 + x – 3) = (2x +
3)(x - 1) is a product of two distinct linear factors.
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 Example 18 (2/2)

Therefore

Multiplying through by (2x + 3)(x - 1) gives

If we let x = 1, then B = 1. Next, letting x = -3/2 yields A = 6.

Therefore,

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Partial Fractions

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 Example 19 (1/2)

Find

Solution
The degree of the numerator of the integrand is less
than that of the denominator, and no long division is
necessary. Note that

Since -1 is a zero of multiplicity 2, the partial fraction

decomposition of the integrand has the form

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 Example 19 (2/2)

Multiplying both sides of this equation by (x+1)2(x-1), we

obtain

Finally, we get A = -1, B = -3, and C = 3.

Therefore,

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Partial Fractions

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 Example 20 (1/4)

Find

Solution
Since the degree of the numerator is not less than the
degree of the denominator, we use long division to write

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 Example 20 (2/4)

Notice that the quadratic x2 + 2x + 5 is irreducible because

its discriminant less than zero. Since the quadratic factors
are distinct, we can write

Equating the coefficients of like powers of x yields the

system

The solution of the system is A = 0, B = C = 1, and D = 4

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 Example 20 (3/4)

Therefore

To evaluate the integral on the right, we complete the

square in the denominator of the integrand.

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 Example 20 (4/4)

So,

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Partial Fractions

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Example 21

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IMPROPER INTEGRALS
Antiderivatives

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 Convergence and Divergence

Each improper integral in Equation (1) and Equation (2) is

convergent if the limit exists and divergent if the limit
does not exist.

The improper integral on the left-hand side in Equation

(3) is convergent if both improper integrals on the right
are convergent and divergent if one or both of the
improper integrals on the right is divergent.

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Example 22

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Improper Integrals with
Infinite Discontinuities

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Improper Integrals with
Infinite Discontinuities

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 Functions Have
Infinite Discontinuities

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 Convergence and Divergence

Each improper integral in Equations (4) and (5) is

convergent if the limit exists and divergent if the limit
does not exist.

The improper integral on the left in Equation (6) is

convergent if both improper integrals on the right are
convergent and divergent if one or both improper
integrals on the right is divergent.

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Example 23

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A Comparison Test for
Improper Integrals

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 Example 24 (1/2)

Show that is convergent.

Solution
We cannot evaluate the integral directly because it turns
out that the antiderivative of e-x2is not an elementary
function. To show that this integral is convergent, let’s
write

Observe that the first integral on the right is a proper

integral, and therefore, it has a finite value, even though
we don’t know what that value is.
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 Example 24 (2/2)

For the second integral we note that x2 ≥ x for x ≥ 1, so e-x2

≤ e-x on [1,∞). (See Figure). Now

So if we take f(x) = e-x and g(x) = e-x2 ,

the Comparison Test tells us that

is convergent. Therefore

is convergent.
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 References

Dale Varberg, Edwin Purcell, Steve Rigdon. 2007.

Calculus. Prentice Hall. ISBN: 978-0132306331.

Soo.T.Tan. Calculus. 2010. Brooks/Cole. ISBN-13:

978-0-534-46579-7

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Thank You
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