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Derivatives
Week 2
1
Acknowledgement
Chapter 2
2
Learning Objectives
LO 2 :
Apply the procedures of differentiation accurately
3
Content
• Introduction
1
• Differentiability
2
• Some Basic Rules of Derivative
3
• Higher-Order Derivatives
4
• Implicit Differentiation
5
4
PROPERTIES AND THEOREM
OF DERIVATIVES
Introduction
6
The Derivative
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Interpretations of The Derivative
1. Geometric Interpretation:
The derivative f’of a function f is a measure of the slope of
the tangent line to the
graph of f at any point
(x,f(x)), provided that the
derivative exists.
2. Physical Interpretation:
The derivative f’ of a
function f measures the
instantaneous rate of
change of f at x.
8
Example 1 (1/3)
Let y = √x
a. Find dy/dx, and determine its domain.
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Example 1 (2/3)
c. Find the slope and an equation of the tangent line to the graph
of the equation y = √x at the point where x = 4.
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Example 1 (3/3)
as an equation of the
tangent line.
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Differentiability
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Example 2 (1/2)
Solution
Let’s show that the (left-hand) limit
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Example 2 (2/2)
does not exist; that is, does not have a derivative at 0. Now
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Example 3 (1/2)
Solution
To prove that f is not differentiable
at 0, we will show that f’(0) does
not exist by demonstrating that
the one-sided limits of the quotient
Therefore,
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Some Basic Rules
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Some Basic Rules
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Some Basic Rules
Example 4
The derivative of is
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Example 5
Solution
At a point on the graph of f where
its tangent line is horizontal, the
derivative of f is zero. So we begin by finding
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The Product and Quotient Rules
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Example 6
Solution
Using the Product Rule, we find
Therefore,
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Example 7: Rate of Change of
DVD Sales (1/3)
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Example 7: Rate of Change of
DVD Sales (2/3)
Solution
a. The rate at which the sales are changing at time t is given
by S’(t). Using the Quotient Rule, we obtain
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Example 7: Rate of Change of
DVD Sales (3/3)
b. The rate at which the sales are changing at the time the
DVDs are released is given by
25
HIGHER-ORDER DERIVATIVES
Higher-Order Derivatives
Notations for the first, second, third, and in general, the nth
derivative of f are
or
or
respectively
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Example 8: The Velocity of
Exploding Fireworks (1/3)
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Example 8: The Velocity of
Exploding Fireworks (2/3)
Solution
a. At its maximum altitude the velocity of the shell is zero.
But the velocity of the shell at any time t is
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Example 8: The Velocity of
Exploding Fireworks (3/3)
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Derivatives of
Trigonometric Functions
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Derivatives of
Trigonometric Functions
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Example 9
Solution
33
Simple Harmonic Motion
35
Example 10 (2/3)
Solution
Respectivelly, the velocity and the acceleration of the weight
at any time t > 0 are
36
Example 10 (3/3)
Solution
When s = 0, the weight is at the equilibrium position. Solving
the equation
s = 3 cos t = 0
we see that the required
values of t are t = π/2 + nπ,
where n = 0,1,2,....
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The Derivatives of
Logarithmic Functions
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Example 11
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The Derivatives of
Exponential Function
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Example 12
Solution
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Example 13
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CHAIN RULE
The Chain Rule
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Example 14
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Example 15: Path of Boat (1/2)
Find dy/dx when x =100 and when x = 900. Interpret your results.
46
Example 15: Path of Boat (2/2)
Solution
We find
So,
This tells us that at the point x = 100, the boat is drifting north
at the rate of 0.22 ft per ft in the x-direction. Where x = 900,
the boat is drifting south at the rate of 0.32 ft per ft in the x-
direction.
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IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
Implicit Functions
(**)
Suppose we are given Equation (1) and we wish to find
dy/dx. An obvious approach would be to first find an explicit
representation for the function f, such as Equation (2), and
then differentiate this expression in the usual manner to
obtain dy/dx = f’(x).
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Implicit Differentiation (1/2)
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Example 16 (1/2)
Solution
Differentiating both sides of the given equation with respect to
x, we obtain
53
Example 17 (1/4)
How fast is the water level changing when the water is 2 in.
high?
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Example 17 (2/4)
Solution
Step 1
Let V = the volume of the water in the funnel
h = the height of the water in the funnel
r = the radius of the surface of the water in the funnel
at any time t (in seconds).
Step 2
We are given that
55
Example 17 (3/4)
Step 3
The volume of water in the funnel is
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Example 17 (4/4)
Step 4
Differentiating this last equation implicitly with respect to t,
we obtain
Step 5
Finally, substituting dV/dt = ½ and h = 2 into this equation
gives
and we see that the water level is rising at the rate of 0.159
in./sec.
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References
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Thank You
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