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Chapter 5, Integration 6/26/2021

Dr Aye Pyone

 Suppose we want to find the area of the shaded region R that lies above the x-axis, below
the graph of y=1−x 2, between the vertical lines x=0 and x=1(Fig 1)
 there is no simple geometric formula for calculating the areas of general shapes having
curved boundaries like the region R. How, then, can we find the area of R?
 While we do not yet have a method for determining the exact area of R, we can
approximate it in a simple way.

Fig 2: (a) We get an upper estimate of the area of R by using two rectangles containing R. (b) Four rectangles give a better upper es
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 By Fig 2(a), each rectangle has width 1/2 and they have heights f ( 0 )=1−02=1 and
1
f()2
=3 /4 moving from left to right. The height of each rectangle is the maximum value
of the function f , at the left endpoint of the subinterval of [0, 1] forming the base of the
rectangle.
 The total area of the two rectangles approximates the area A of the region R,
1 3 1
A ≈ 1⋅ + ⋅ =0.875
2 4 2

 This estimate is larger than the true area A since the two rectangles contain R.
 We say that 0.875 is an upper sum because it is obtained by taking the height of each
rectangle as the maximum (uppermost) value of f(x) for a point x in the base interval of
the rectangle.
 By Fig 2(b),
1 15 1 3 1 7 1 25
A ≈ 1⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ = =0.78125
4 16 4 4 4 16 4 32
which is still greater than A since the four rectangles contain R.

Fig 3: (a) Rectang1es contained in R give an estimate for the area that undershoots the true value by the amount shaded in light

 By Fig 3(a), Summing these rectangles with heights equal to the minimum value of f(x)
for a point x in each base subinterva1 gives a lower sum approximation to the area,
1 15 1 3 1 7 1 1 17
A ≈ ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ + 0⋅ = =0.53125
4 16 4 4 4 16 4 4 32
 This estimate is smaller than the area A since the rectangles all lie inside of the region R.
 The true value of A lies somewhere between these lower and upper sums:
0.53125 < A < 0.78125.
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 By considering both lower and upper sum approximations we get not only estimates for
the area, but also a bound on the size of the possible error in these estimates since the true
value of the area lies somewhere between them.
 By Fig 3(b)
63 55 39 15 1 172 1
A≈ ( + + +
64 64 64 64 4 64 4) ⋅ = ⋅ =0.671875

 This method of estimation is called the midpoint rule for approximating the area.
 The interva1 [a , b] over which the function f is defined was subdivided into n
b−a
subinterva1s of equal width (also called length) ∆ x= ,and f was evaluated at a point
n
in each subinterval: c 1 in the first subinterva1, c 2 in the second subinterva1, and so on.
The finite sums then all take the form
f ( c 1) ∆ x + f ( c 2 ) ∆ x + ⋯+ f ( c n ) ∆ x
 By taking more and more rectangles, with each rectangle thinner than before, it appears
that these finite sums give better and better approximations to the true area of the region
R.

Fig 4(a) A lower sum using 16 rectangles of equal width (b) An upper sum using 16 rectangles.

 By Fig 4(a)
A ≈ 0.634765625
 By Fig4(b)

A ≈ 0.6669921875

Page 253/ No(2) Use finite approximations to estimate the area under the graph of the function
f ( x )=x 3 between x=0 and x=1 using

a) a lower sum with two rectangles of equal width

b) a lower sum with four rectangles of equal width
c) an upper sum with two rectangles of equal width
d) an upper sum with four rectangles of equal width
e) a middle sum with two rectangles of equal width
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f) a middle sum with four rectangles of equal width.

(a) By hand calculation, a lower sum(left sum) approximation is

(
A ≈ f (0)+ f ( 12 )) ⋅ 12 = 161
(b) A lower sum(left sum) approximation is

(
A ≈ f (0)+ f ( 14 )+f ( 12 )+ f ( 34 ))⋅ 14 = 649
(c) An upper sum (right sum) approximation is
1 1 9
A≈ f(( ) )
2
+ f (1) ⋅ =
2 16
(d) An upper sum (right sum) approximation is
1 1 3 1 25
A≈ f(( ) ( ) ( ) )
4
+f
2
+f
4
+ f (1) ⋅ =
2 64
(e) A middle sum approximation is
1 3 1 7
A≈ f( ( ) ( ))
4
+f
4
⋅ =
2 32
(f) A middle sum approximation is
1 3 5 7 1 31
A≈ f( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ))
8
+f
8
+f
8
+f
8
⋅ =
4 128
CAS (Maple software 2018)
(a)

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(b)

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(c)

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(d)

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(e)

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(f)

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Page 255/No(26 Let f ( x )=x si n

2
( 1x ) on [ π4 , π ].
(a) Plot the functions over the given interval.
(b) Subdivide the interval into n=100, 200, and 1000 subintervals of equal length and
evaluate the function at the midpoint of each subinterval.
(c) Compute the average value of the function values generated in part (b).
(d) Solve the equation f (x)=¿ (average value) for x using the average value calculated in part (c)
for the n = 1000 partitioning.