ATHEMATICS ASSIGNMEN

: ABHISH. B .KATKAR
o : SS2122411
SYBSc
C
ct : Mathematics
: 1
 APPLICATIONS OF
INTEGRATION
(Computing area of a plane
region)
 INTRODUCTION:

1) Integration is the process of

finding the area of the region
under the curve.

2) This is done by drawing as

many small rectangles covering
up the area and summing up their
areas. The sum approaches a limit
that is equal to the region under
the curve of a function.

3) Integration is the process of

finding the antiderivative of
a function.
If a function is integrable and
if its integral over the domain
is finite, with the limits
specified, then it is the definite
integration. 
If d/dx(F(x))= f(x),
then ∫ f(x) dx = F(x) +C.
These are indefinite integrals.

For example, let f(x) = x3 be a

function.
The derivative of f(x) is f’(x)
= 3x2 and the antiderivative of
3x2 is f(x) = x3
Area is used in the Riemann Sums to begin the
development of the Definite Integral. In that
context all areas are computed as explicit limits.
 The Fundamental Theorems of Calculus
and Evaluating Definite Integrals lessons provide
efficient tools for the evaluating a definite integral.
 The essential idea developed in is summarized as
slice, approximate, limit, evaluate.
This is the general process used to express the area
of a plane region as a definite integral and evaluate
the integral.  This same process is used in the other
applications considered in this unit Volume of a
Solid, Length of a Plane Curve, and Work as well
as many other applications of the definite integral.
Computing area of plane region
using Integration –  Here we use integrals to find areas of regions that lie
between the graphs of two functions.
Consider the region S that lies between two curves
y=f(x) and y=g(x) and between the vertical lines x=a
and x=b, where f and g are continuous functions and f
(x)>=g(x) for all x in [a , b].
We divide S into n strips of equal width and then we
approximate the ‘i’th strip by a rectangle with base delta
x and height )
If we like, we could take all of the sample points to be
right endpoints, in which case xi *= xi. The Riemann
sum
𝑛
 
∑ [ f  ( 𝑥𝑖 ∗) – g( 𝑥𝑖 ∗) ] Δ  𝑥
𝑖=1

is therefore an approximation to what we intuitively

think of as the area of S.
This approximation appears to become better and better as n
∞ . Therefore we define the area A of the region S as the
limiting value of the sum of the areas of these approximating
rectangles 𝑛
 
𝐴 = lim ∑ ¿ ¿ x 
𝑛→∞ 𝑖=1

The area A of the region bounded by the curves y=f (x), y=g(x)
and the lines x=a, x=b, where f and g are continuous and
f(x)>=g(x) for all x in [a , b] is
𝑏
 
𝐴=∫ [ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) − 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) ]𝑑𝑥
𝑎
COMPUTING AREA OF A PLANE REGION USING INTEGRATION :

When calculating the area under a curve f(x), follow the steps below :

1. Sketch the area.

2. Determine the boundaries a and b.

3. Set up the definite integral.

4. Integrate.
 Let us consider one simple example to get an idea about how to
find the area using integration.
e.g - Find the area of the region bounded by y=3x- and the x-
axis.
Solution – Here y=3x- can be written as y=x(3-x)
Let y=0 we get x(3-x)=0
Therefore, x=0 and (3-x)=0
therefore x=0 and x=3
Hence, Area = )dx
Now after solving for area we get 9/2 square units as the final
answer.
Therefore, Area = 9/2 square units

Application of Integration for calculating area of a plane region

involve the use of integrals to compute the area of two-dimensional
plane regions. We can use either vertical cross-sections or horizontal
cross-sections for integration. Often one method is easier than the
other. Sometimes both methods work easily.
  Find the area of the region that is enclosed between the
curves y= and y = x + 6.
 Solution:
A sketch of the region shows that the lower boundary is y= and
the upper boundary is y = x + 6. At the endpoints of the region,
the upper and lower boundaries have the same y-coordinates;
thus, to find the endpoints we equate
y = and y = x + 6. ------------(a)
This yields = x +6 or − x − 6 =0 or (x + 2)(x − 3) = 0
from which we obtain x = −2 and x = 3.
Although the y-coordinates of the endpoints are not essential to
our solution, they may be obtained from (a) by substituting x =
−2 and x = 3 in either equation.
This yields y = 4 and y = 9, so the upper and lower boundaries
intersect at (−2, 4) and (3, 9).
From (1) with f(x) = x + 6, g(x) = , a = −2, and b = 3, we obtain
the area
A=/2 + 6x-
=27/2 – (-22/3)
= 125/6 square units
REFERENCES :

• rit.edu
• mathutah.edu
• math.ucdavis.edu
• Calculus early transcendentals ( 8th edition )
• Calculus early transcendentals ( 10th edition)
• Geogebra