MTPPT2 Rieman Sums and The Definite Integral

Calculus 2
Riemann Sums and

Definite Integrals
MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology
Calculus 2
Evaluating Riemann Sums and

Definite Integrals
OBJECTIVES
▪ Understand the definition of a Riemann sum.

▪ Explain how a definite integral is a limit of a Riemann Sum
▪ Evaluate definite integrals using the limit definition
▪ Use the properties of integrals to evaluate various definite integrals
A limit of the form
arises when we compute an area.
• It also arises when we try to find the distance traveled by an object.

It turns out that this same type of limit occurs in a
wide variety of situations even when f is not
necessarily a positive function.
Therefore, we give this type of limit a
special name and notation.
The Definite Integral
If f is a function defined for a ≤ x ≤ b,
we divide the interval [a, b] into n subintervals of equal
width ∆x = (b – a)/n.
• We let x0(= a), x1, x2, …, xn(= b) be the endpoints of these

subintervals.
• We let x1*, x2*,…., xn* be any sample points in these subintervals,

so xi* lies in the i th subinterval.
Then, the definite integral of f from a to b is
provided that this limit exists.
If it does exist, we say f is integrable on [a, b].

The precise meaning of the limit that defines the
integral is as follows:
• For every number ε > 0 there is an integer N such that
for every integer n > N and for every choice of xi* in [xi-1, xi].
The symbol ∫ was introduced by Leibniz and is
called an integral sign.
• It is an elongated S.
• It was chosen because an integral is

a limit of sums.
In the notation ,
• f(x) is called the integrand.
• a and b are called the limits of integration; a is the lower limit and b is the
upper limit.
• For now, the symbol dx has no meaning by itself; is all one

symbol. The dx simply indicates that the independent variable is x.
The procedure of calculating an integral is
called integration.
The definite integral is a number.
It does not depend on x.
In fact, we could use any letter in place of x without

changing the value of the integral:
The sum
that occurs in Definition 2 is called

a Riemann sum.
• It is named after the German mathematician Bernhard Riemann (1826–
1866).
So, Definition 2 says that the definite integral of an
integrable function can be approximated to within any
desired degree of accuracy by a Riemann sum.
We know that, if f happens to
be positive, the Riemann sum
can be interpreted as:
• A sum of areas of approximating rectangles
Figure 1. If ƒ(x) ≥ 0, the Riemann sum ∑f(xi*)Δx is the sum of areas of rectangles. Adapted
from Calculus Early Transcendentals 6e (p. 367) by J. Stewart, 2003, Belmont, CA: Thomson
Learning. Copyright 2008 by Thomson Brooks/Cole.
Comparing Definition 2 with the
definition of area, we see that the
definite integral can be
interpreted as:
• The area under the curve y = f(x)
from a to b
𝑏
Figure 2. If ƒ(x) ≥ 0,the integral ‫ 𝑥 𝑓 𝑎׬‬is the area under the curve y = f(x) from a to b.
Adapted from Calculus Early Transcendentals 6e (p. 367) by J. Stewart, 2003, Belmont, CA:
Thomson Learning. Copyright 2008 by Thomson Brooks/Cole.
If f takes on both positive and
negative values, then the
Riemann sum is:
• The sum of the areas of the rectangles
that lie above the x-axis and the
negatives of the areas of the rectangles
that lie below the x-axis
• That is, the areas of the gold rectangles
minus the areas of the blue rectangles
Figure 3. ∑f(xi*)Δx is an approximation to the net area. Adapted from Calculus Early
Transcendentals 6e (p. 367) by J. Stewart, 2003, Belmont, CA: Thomson Learning. Copyright
2008 by Thomson Brooks/Cole.
When we take the limit of
such Riemann sums, we get
the situation illustrated here.
A definite integral can be
interpreted as a net area, that is, a
difference of areas:
• A1 is the area of the region above the x-axis and

below the graph of f.
• A2 is the area of the region below the x-axis and
above the graph of f.
Though we have defined by dividing [a, b] into
subintervals of equal width, there are situations in which
it is advantageous to work with subintervals of unequal
width.
There are methods for numerical integration that take
advantage of unequal subintervals.
If the subinterval widths are ∆x1, ∆x2, …, ∆xn,
we have to ensure that all these widths
approach 0 in the limiting process.
• This happens if the largest width, max ∆xi , approaches 0.

Thus, in this case, the definition of a definite integral
becomes:
We have defined the definite integral for an integrable
function.
However, not all functions are integrable.

The following theorem shows that the most
commonly occurring functions are, in fact,
integrable.
• It is proved in more advanced courses.

If f is continuous on [a, b], or if f has only a finite number
of jump discontinuities, then f is integrable on [a, b].
That is, the definite integral exists.

If f is integrable on [a, b], then the limit in
Definition 2 exists and gives the same
value, no matter how we choose the
sample points xi*.
To simplify the calculation of the integral,
we often take the sample points to be right
endpoints.
• Then, xi* = xi and the definition of an integral simplifies
as follows.
If f is integrable on [a, b], then
where
Example 1. Express
as an integral on the interval [0, π].
• Comparing the given limit with the limit in Theorem 4, we see that they
will be identical if we choose f(x) = x3 + x sin x.
We are given that a = 0 and b = π.
So, by Theorem 4, we have:

Later, when we apply the definite integral to
physical situations, it will be important to
recognize limits of sums as integrals—as we
did in Example 1.
When Leibniz chose the notation for an
integral, he chose the ingredients as
reminders of the limiting process.
In general, when we write
we replace:
• lim Σ by ∫
• xi* by x
• ∆x by dx
When we use a limit to evaluate a definite
integral, we need to know how to work with
sums.
The following three equations give formulas
for sums of powers of positive integers.
Equation 5 may be familiar to you from a course in
algebra.
Equation 5
Equation 6 and 7 respectively
Equation 6
Equation 7
The remaining formulas are simple rules for working
with sigma notation:
Equation 8 Equation 10
Equation 9 Equation 11
Example 2.a Evaluate the Riemann sum for f(x) = x3 – 6x
taking the sample points to be right endpoints and a = 0,
b = 3, and n = 6.
Example 2.b Evaluate .

With n = 6,
• The interval width is:
• The right endpoints are:

x1 = 0.5, x2 = 1.0, x3 = 1.5,
x4 = 2.0, x5 = 2.5, x6 = 3.0
So, the Riemann sum is:
Notice that f is not a positive function.
So, the Riemann sum does not represent a sum of areas

of rectangles.
However, it does represent
the sum of the areas of the
gold rectangles (above the x-
axis) minus the sum of the
areas of the blue rectangles
(below the x-axis).
Figure 4. The orange rectangles represent the sum of areas of the rectangles above the x-
axis. Adapted from Calculus Early Transcendentals 6e (p. 370) by J. Stewart, 2003, Belmont,
CA: Thomson Learning. Copyright 2008 by Thomson Brooks/Cole.
With n subintervals, we have:
Thus, x0 = 0, x1 = 3/n, x2 = 6/n, x3 = 9/n.

In general, xi = 3i/n.
Since we are using right endpoints, we can use
Theorem 4, as follows.
This integral can’t be interpreted as an
area because f takes on both positive and
negative values.
However, it can be interpreted
as the difference of areas A1 –
A2, where A1 and A2 are as
shown.
Figure 5. Adapted from Calculus Early Transcendentals 6e (p. 370) by J. Stewart, 2003,
Belmont, CA: Thomson Learning. Copyright 2008 by Thomson Brooks/Cole.
This figure illustrates the
calculation by showing the
positive and negative terms
in the right Riemann sum Rn
for n = 40.
The values in the table show
the Riemann sums
approaching the exact value
of the integral, -6.75, n → ∞.
A much simpler method for evaluating the integral in
Example 2 will be given in PPT3
Example 3. Evaluate the following integrals by
interpreting each in terms of areas.
a.
b.
Since ,
we can interpret this integral as
the area under the curve
from 0 to 1.
However, since y2 = 1 - x2, we
get:
x2 + y2 = 1
• This shows that the graph of f is
the quarter-circle with radius 1.
Therefore,
• In Module 7: Trigonometric Substitution, we will be able to prove that

the area of a circle of radius r is πr2.
The graph of y = x – 1 is the line
with slope 1 shown here.
• We compute the integral as the difference of

the areas of the two triangles:
We often choose the sample point xi* to be the right
endpoint of the i th subinterval because it is convenient
for computing the limit.
However, if the purpose is to find an approximation to an
integral, it is usually better to choose xi* to be the
midpoint of the interval.
• We denote this by .
Any Riemann sum is an approximation to an integral.
However, if we use midpoints, we get the following

approximation.
Example 4. Use the Midpoint Rule with n = 5
to approximate
• The endpoints of the five subintervals

are: 1, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0
• So, the midpoints are: 1.1, 1.3, 1.5, 1.7, 1.9

• The width of the subintervals is:
∆x = (2 - 1)/5 = 1/5
• So, the Midpoint Rule gives:

As f(x) = 1/x for 1 ≤ x ≤ 2, the
integral represents an area,
and the approximation given
by the rule is the sum of the
areas of the rectangles
shown.
If we apply the rule to the
integral in Example 2, we get
this picture.
The approximation
M40 = -6.7563
is much closer to
the true value -6.75 than the
right endpoint approximation,
R40 = -6.3998,
in the earlier figure.
When we defined the definite integral ,
we implicitly assumed that a < b.
However, the definition as a limit of Riemann sums

makes sense even if a > b.
Notice that, if we reverse a and b, then ∆x changes from
(b – a)/n to (a – b)/n.
Therefore,
If a = b, then ∆x = 0, and so
We now develop some basic properties of integrals
that will help us evaluate integrals in a simple
manner.
We assume f and g are continuous functions.
Property 1 says that the integral of a constant function
f(x) = c is the constant times the length of the interval.
If c > 0 and a < b, this is to be
expected, because c(b – a) is
the area of the shaded
rectangle here.
Property 2 says that the integral of a sum is the sum of
the integrals.
For positive functions, it says that the area
under f + g is the area under f plus the
area under g.
The figure helps us
understand why this is
true.
• In view of how graphical addition
works, the corresponding vertical
line segments have equal height.
In general, Property 2 follows from Theorem 4 and the
fact that the limit of a sum is the sum of the limits:
Property 3 can be proved in a similar manner and says
that the integral of a constant times a function is the
constant times the integral of the function.
• A constant (but only a constant) can be taken in front of an integral sign.

Property 4 is proved by writing f – g = f + (-g) and using
Properties 2 and 3 with c = -1.
Example 5. Use the properties of integrals to
evaluate
• Using Properties 2 and 3 of integrals, we have:

• We know from Property 1 that:
Thus,
Property 5 tells us how to combine integrals of the
same function over adjacent intervals:
In general, Property 5 is not easy
to prove.
However, for the case where f(x) ≥
0 and a < c < b, it can be seen
from the geometric interpretation
in the figure.
• The area under y = f(x) from a to c

plus the area from c to b is equal
to the total area from a to b.
Example 6. If it is known that
find:
By Property 5, we have:
So,
Properties 1–5 are true
whether:
•a < b
•a = b
•a > b
These properties, in which we compare sizes of
functions and sizes of integrals, are true only if a ≤ b.
If f(x) ≥ 0, then represents the area under the
graph of f.
Thus, the geometric interpretation of the
property is simply that areas are positive.
• However, the property can be proved from the definition
of an integral.
Property 7 says that a bigger function has a bigger integral.
• It follows from Properties 6 and 4 because f - g ≥ 0.

Property 8 is illustrated
for the case where
f(x) ≥ 0.
If f is continuous, we could
take m and M to be the
absolute minimum and
maximum values of f on the
interval [a, b].
In this case, Property 8 says
that:
• The area under the graph of f is
greater than the area of the
rectangle with height m and less
than the area of the rectangle with
height M.
Since m ≤ f(x) ≤ M, Property 7 gives:
Using Property 1 to evaluate the integrals on the left and

right sides, we obtain:
Property 8 is useful when all we want is a rough estimate
of the size of an integral without going to the bother of
using the Midpoint Rule.
Example 7. Use Property 8 to estimate
• is a decreasing function on [0, 1].
• So, its absolute maximum value is M = f(0) = 1

and its absolute minimum value is m = f(1) = e-1.
• Thus, by Property 8,
or
• As e-1 ≈ 0.3679, we can write:

The result of Example 8 is
illustrated here.
• The integral is greater than the area of the
lower rectangle and less than the area of the
square.
Stewart, J. (2003). Calculus, Early Transcendentals Sixth
Edition. Belmont: Thomson Learning
Calculus 2
The Fundamental
Theorem of Calculus
OBJECTIVES
▪ Explain how integration and differentiation are inverse processes

▪ Evaluate definite integrals using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
In this section, we will learn about the fundamental
theorem of calculus and its significance.
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (FTC) is
appropriately named.
• It establishes a connection between the two branches of calculus—

differential calculus and integral calculus.
Differential calculus arose from the tangent problem.
Integral calculus arose from a seemingly unrelated

problem—the area problem.
Newton’s mentor at Cambridge, Isaac Barrow (1630–
1677), discovered that these two problems are actually
closely related.
• In fact, he realized that differentiation and integration are inverse

processes.
It was Newton and Leibniz who exploited this
relationship and used it to develop calculus into a
systematic mathematical method.
• In particular, they saw that the FTC enabled them to compute areas and
integrals very easily without having to compute them as limits of sums—as we
did in the previous lectures.
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus 1
The first part of the FTC deals with functions defined by
an equation of the form
where f is a continuous function on [a, b]

and x varies between a and b.
• Observe that g depends only on x, which appears as the variable
upper limit in the integral.
• If x is a fixed number, then the integral is a definite number.
• If we then let x vary, the number also varies and defines a function
of x denoted by g(x).
If f happens to be a positive
function, then g(x) can be
interpreted as the area under
the graph of f from a to x,
where x can vary from a to b.
• Think of g as the ‘area so far’ function,

as seen here.
Example 1. If f is the function
whose graph is shown and
, find the
values of: g(0), g(1), g(2), g(3),
g(4), and g(5).
• Then, sketch a rough graph of g.
First, we notice that:
From the figure, we see that
g(1) is the area of a triangle:
To find g(2), we add to g(1)
the area of a rectangle:
2
𝑔(2) = න 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0
1 2
= න 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + න 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0 1
= 1 + (1 ⋅ 2)
=3
We estimate that the area under
f from 2 to 3 is about 1.3.
So,
For t > 3, f(t) is negative.
So, we start subtracting areas, as follows.

Thus,
4
𝑔 4 = 𝑔 3 + න 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
3
≈ 4.3 + −1.3
= 3.0
5
𝑔 5 = 𝑔 4 + න 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
4
≈ 3 + −1.3
= 1.7
We use these values to
sketch the graph of g.
• Notice that, because f(t) is positive for t
< 3, we keep adding area for t < 3.
• So, g is increasing up to x = 3, where it
attains a maximum value.
• For x > 3, g decreases because f(t) is
negative.
If we take f(t) = t and a = 0, then, we have:
Notice that g’(x) = x, that is, g’ = f.
• In other words, if g is defined as the integral of f by Equation 1, g turns

out to be an antiderivative of f—at least in this case.
If we sketch the derivative of
the function g, as in the first
figure, by estimating slopes of
tangents, we get a graph like
that of f in the figure on the
next slide.
• So, we suspect that g’ = f
in Example 1 too.
If we sketch the derivative of
the function g, as in the first
figure, by estimating slopes of
tangents, we get a graph like
that of f in the figure on this
slide.
• So, we suspect that g’ = f in
Example 1 too.
To see why this might be
generally true, we consider a
continuous function f with f(x) ≥ 0.
• Then, can be
interpreted as the area under the
graph of f from a to x.
To compute g’(x) from the
definition of derivative, we first
observe that, for h > 0,
g(x + h) – g(x) is obtained by
subtracting areas.
• It is the area under the graph

of f from x to x + h (the gold area).
For small h, you can see that
this area is approximately
equal to the area of the
rectangle with height f(x) and
width h:
𝑔(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑔(𝑥)
So, ≈ 𝑓(𝑥)
ℎ
Intuitively, we therefore expect that:
• The fact that this is true, even when f is not necessarily positive, is the
first part of the FTC (FTC1).
If f is continuous on [a, b], then the function g defined by
is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on

(a, b), and g’(x) = f(x).
In words, the FTC1 says that the derivative of a definite
integral with respect to its upper limit is the integrand
evaluated at the upper limit.
If x and x + h are in (a, b), then
So, for h ≠ 0,
For now, let us assume that
h > 0.
• Since f is continuous on [x, x + h], the
Extreme Value Theorem says that there
are numbers u and v in [x, x + h] such
that f(u) = m and f(v) = M.
• m and M are the absolute minimum and
maximum values of f on [x, x + h].
By Property 8 of integrals, we have:
That is,
Since h > 0, we can divide this inequality by h:
Now, we use Equation 2 to replace the middle part of this
inequality:
• Inequality 3 can be proved in a similar manner

for the case h < 0.
Now, we let h → 0.
Then, u → x and v → x, since u and v lie between x and x
+ h.
• Therefore,
and
because f is continuous at x.
From Equation 3 and the Squeeze Theorem, we
conclude that:
If x = a or b, then Equation 4 can be interpreted
as a one-sided limit.
• Then, Theorem 4 in Section 2.8 (modified for one-sided limits) shows

that g is continuous on [a, b].
Using Leibniz notation for derivatives, we can write the
FTC1 as
when f is continuous.
• Roughly speaking, Equation 5 says that, if we first integrate f and then

differentiate the result, we get back to the original function f.
Example 2. Find the derivative of the function
• As is continuous, the FTC1 gives:

A formula of the form
may seem like a strange way of defining a function.
• However, books on physics, chemistry, and statistics are full of such functions.
Example 3. For instance, consider the Fresnel
function
• It is named after the French physicist Augustin Fresnel (1788–1827), famous

for his works in optics.
• It first appeared in Fresnel’s theory of the diffraction of light waves.
• More recently, it has been applied to the design of highways.
The FTC1 tells us how to differentiate
the Fresnel function:
S’(x) = sin(πx2/2)
• This means that we can apply all the methods of

differential calculus to analyze S.
The figure shows the
graphs of f(x) = sin(πx2/2)
and the Fresnel function
• A computer was used to graph S by

computing the value of this integral for
many values of x.
It does indeed look as if
S(x) is the area under the
graph of f from 0 to x
(until x ≈ 1.4, when S(x)
becomes a difference of
areas).
The other figure shows a larger part of the graph of S.
Figure 13. Adapted from Calculus Early Transcendentals 6e

(p. 383) by J. Stewart, 2003, Belmont, CA: Thomson
Learning. Copyright 2008 by Thomson Brooks/Cole.
If we now start with the graph
of S here and think about what
its derivative should look like,
it seems reasonable that
S’(x) = f(x).
• For instance, S is increasing when
f(x) > 0 and decreasing
when f(x) < 0.
So, this gives a visual
confirmation
of the FTC1.
Find
• Here, we have to be careful to use the Chain Rule in conjunction with

the FTC1.
Let u = x4.
Then,
In Section PPT2, we computed integrals from
the definition as a limit of Riemann sums and
saw that this procedure is sometimes long and
difficult.
• The second part of the FTC (FTC2), which follows easily

from the first part, provides us with a much simpler
method for the evaluation of integrals.
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus 2
If f is continuous on [a, b], then
where F is any antiderivative of f,

that is, a function such that F’ = f.
Let
We know from the FTC1 that g’(x) = f(x), that is, g is

an antiderivative of f.
If F is any other antiderivative of f on [a, b], then we
know that F and g differ by a constant
F(x) = g(x) + C
for a < x < b.

However, both F and g are continuous on [a, b].
Thus, by taking limits of both sides of Equation 6

(as x → a+ and x → b- ),
we see it also holds when x = a and x = b.
If we put x = a in the formula for g(x), we get:
So, using Equation 6 with x = b and x = a,
we have:
The FTC2 states that, if we know an antiderivative F of f,
then we can evaluate simply by subtracting
the values of F at the endpoints of the interval [a, b].
It’s very surprising that , which
was defined by a complicated procedure involving all the
values of f(x) for a ≤ x ≤ b, can be found by knowing the
values of F(x) at only two points, a and b.
At first glance, the theorem may be
surprising.
• However, it becomes plausible if we interpret it in

physical terms.
If v(t) is the velocity of an object and s(t)
is its position at time t, then v(t) = s’(t).
So, s is an antiderivative of v.
In Areas and Distances, we considered an object that
always moves in the positive direction.
Then, we guessed that the area under the velocity curve

equals the distance traveled.
• In symbols,
• That is exactly what the FTC2 says in this context.

Example 5. Evaluate the integral
• The function f(x) = ex is continuous everywhere and we know that an

antiderivative is F(x) = ex.
• So, the FTC2 gives:

• Notice that the FTC2 says that we can use any
antiderivative F of f.
• So, we may as well use the simplest one, namely

F(x) = ex, instead of ex + 7 or ex + C.
We often use the notation
So, the equation of the FTC2 can be written as:
• Other common notations are and .

Example 6. Find the area under the parabola y = x2 from
0 to 1.
• An antiderivative of f(x) = x2 is F(x) = (1/3)x3.

• The required area is found using the FTC2:
If you compare the calculation in Example 6 with the one
in Example 2 in Section 5.1, you will see the FTC gives a
much shorter method.
Example 7. Evaluate
• The given integral is an abbreviation for .
• An antiderivative of f(x) = 1/x is F(x) = ln |x|.
• As 3 ≤ x ≤ 6, we can write F(x) = ln x.

Therefore,
Example 8. Find the area under the cosine
curve from 0 to b, where 0 ≤ b ≤ π/2.
• As an antiderivative of f(x) = cos x is F(x) = sin x, we have:

In particular, taking b = π/2, we
have proved that the area under
the cosine curve from 0 to π/2 is:
sin(π/2) = 1
When the French mathematician Gilles de
Roberval first found the area under the sine and
cosine curves in 1635, this was a very challenging
problem that required a great deal of ingenuity.
If we didn’t have the benefit of the FTC, we would
have to compute a difficult limit of sums using either:
• Obscure trigonometric identities.
• A computer algebra system (CAS).

It was even more difficult for Roberval.
• The apparatus of limits had not been invented
in 1635.
However, in the 1660s and 1670s, when the FTC was
discovered by Barrow and exploited by Newton and
Leibniz, such problems became very easy.
• You can see this from Example 8.

Example 9. What is wrong with this calculation?
To start, we notice that the calculation must be wrong
because the answer is negative but f(x) = 1/x2 ≥ 0 and
Property 6 of integrals says that when f ≥ 0.
The FTC applies to continuous functions.
• It can’t be applied here because f(x) = 1/x2

is not continuous on [-1, 3].
• In fact, f has an infinite discontinuity at x = 0.
• So, does not exist.

We end this section by bringing together the two
parts of the FTC.
Suppose f is continuous on [a, b].
1.If , then g’(x) = f(x).
2. , where F is
any antiderivative of f, that is, F’ = f.
We noted that the FTC1 can be rewritten as:
• This says that, if f is integrated and then the result is differentiated, we

arrive back at the original function f.
As F’(x) = f(x), the FTC2 can be rewritten as:
• This version says that, if we take a function F, first differentiate it,

and then integrate the result, we arrive back at the original
function F.
• However, it’s in the form F(b) - F(a).
Taken together, the two parts of the FTC say that
differentiation and integration are inverse
processes.
• Each undoes what the other does.

The FTC is unquestionably the most
important theorem in calculus.
• Indeed, it ranks as one of the great accomplishments of the human mind.

Before it was discovered—from the time
of Eudoxus and Archimedes to that of Galileo and
Fermat—problems of finding areas, volumes, and
lengths of curves were so difficult that only a genius
could meet
the challenge.
Now, armed with the systematic method that Newton and
Leibniz fashioned out of the theorem, we will see in the
chapters to come that these challenging problems are
accessible to all of us.
Stewart, J. (2003). Calculus, Early Transcendentals Sixth
Edition. Belmont: Thomson Learning
Calculus 2
Integral of Odd and

Even Functions
OBJECTIVES
▪ Identify integrands that have a symmetric interval.

▪ Evaluate integrals of odd and even functions.
Sometimes we can simplify a definite integral if we
recognize that the function we’re integrating is an even
function or an odd function.
If the function is neither even nor odd, then we proceed
with integration like normal.
To find out whether the function is even or odd, we’ll
substitute −x into the function for x.
If we get back the original function f(x), the
function is even. If we get back the original
function multiplied by −1, the function is odd.
In other words,
If f(-x) = f(x), the function is even
If f(-x) = -f(x), the function is odd

If we discover that the function is even or
odd, the next step is to check the limits of
integration (the interval over which we’re
integrating).
In order to use the special even or odd
function rules for definite integrals, our
interval must be in the form [-a,a].
In other words, the limits of integration have
the same number value but opposite signs,
like [-1,1] or [-5,5].
If the function is even or odd and the interval is
[-a,a], we can apply these rules:
𝑎 𝑎
When f(x) is even, ‫׬‬−𝑎 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
𝑎
When f(x) is odd, ‫׬‬−𝑎 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝟐 𝟐
Example 1. Integrate ‫׬‬−𝟐 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 .
• First we’ll check to see if the function meets the criteria for an even or
odd function.
• To see if it’s even, we’ll substitute −x for x

f(x)=3x2+2
f(-x)=3(-x)2+2
f(-x)=3x2+2
After substituting −x for x, we were able to get back to the

original function, which means we can say that f(x) = f(-x) and
therefore that the function is even.
Looking at the given interval [−2,2], we see that it’s in the
form [−a,a].
Since we know that our function is even and that our interval
is symmetric about the yy-axis, we can calculate our answer
using the formula
𝑎 𝑎
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−𝑎 0
Now, instead of integrating the left-hand side, we
can instead integrate the right-hand side, and
evaluating over the new interval will be a little
easier.
2 2
න (3𝑥 2 + 2)𝑑𝑥 = 2 න (3𝑥 2 + 2)𝑑𝑥
−2 0
2
3 3
න (3𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑥 = 2( 𝑥 + 4𝑥)|20
2
−2 3
2
න 3𝑥 2 + 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 2 3
+ 4 2 − [2 0 3
+ 4(2)]
−2
2
න (3𝑥 2 + 2)𝑑𝑥 = 24
−2
𝟕 𝟕
Example 2. Integrate ‫׬‬−𝟕 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙.
• First we’ll check to see if the function meets the criteria for an
even or odd function.
• Let’s start by testing it to see if it’s an even function by

substituting −x for x.
f(x) = 3x7+4 sin x
f (–x) = 3(–x)7 + 4 sin(–x)
f(–x) = – 3x7 – 4 sin x
f(x) ≠ f(−x)
In order for the function to be even, f(−x) = f(x).
Since f(x) ≠ f(−x), this function is not even.
So we’ll check to see if the function is odd. Remember that
an odd function requires f(−x)=−f(x). We can test this by
substituting −x for x.
f(x) = 3x7 + 4 sin x
f(−x) = 3(−x)7 + 4 sin (−x)
f(−x) = −3x7 − 4 sin x
f(−x) = −(3x7 + 4 sin x)
f(−x) = −f(x)
Because f(−x) becomes −f(x), we can say that the function is
odd. Looking at the given interval [−7,7], we see that it’s in
the form [−a,a].
Since we know that our function is odd and that our interval is
symmetric about the y-axis, we can calculate the answer
using the formula
𝑎
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0
−𝑎
7
න 3𝑥 7 + 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0
−7

MTPPT2 Rieman Sums and The Definite Integral

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MTPPT2 Rieman Sums and The Definite Integral

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Calculus 2

Riemann Sums and

Evaluating Riemann Sums and

▪ Understand the definition of a Riemann sum.

arises when we compute an area.

• It also arises when we try to find the distance traveled by an object.

• We let x0(= a), x1, x2, …, xn(= b) be the endpoints of these

• We let x1*, x2*,…., xn* be any sample points in these subintervals,

provided that this limit exists.

If it does exist, we say f is integrable on [a, b].

• It was chosen because an integral is

• For now, the symbol dx has no meaning by itself; is all one

In fact, we could use any letter in place of x without

that occurs in Definition 2 is called

• A1 is the area of the region above the x-axis and

• This happens if the largest width, max ∆xi , approaches 0.

However, not all functions are integrable.

• It is proved in more advanced courses.

That is, the definite integral exists.

as an integral on the interval [0, π].

So, by Theorem 4, we have:

Example 2.b Evaluate .

• The right endpoints are:

So, the Riemann sum does not represent a sum of areas

Thus, x0 = 0, x1 = 3/n, x2 = 6/n, x3 = 9/n.

• In Module 7: Trigonometric Substitution, we will be able to prove that

• We compute the integral as the difference of

However, if we use midpoints, we get the following

• The endpoints of the five subintervals

• So, the midpoints are: 1.1, 1.3, 1.5, 1.7, 1.9

• So, the Midpoint Rule gives:

However, the definition as a limit of Riemann sums

• A constant (but only a constant) can be taken in front of an integral sign.

• Using Properties 2 and 3 of integrals, we have:

• The area under y = f(x) from a to c

• It follows from Properties 6 and 4 because f - g ≥ 0.

Using Property 1 to evaluate the integrals on the left and

• is a decreasing function on [0, 1].

• So, its absolute maximum value is M = f(0) = 1

• As e-1 ≈ 0.3679, we can write:

▪ Explain how integration and differentiation are inverse processes

• It establishes a connection between the two branches of calculus—

Integral calculus arose from a seemingly unrelated

• In fact, he realized that differentiation and integration are inverse

where f is a continuous function on [a, b]

• If x is a fixed number, then the integral is a definite number.

• Think of g as the ‘area so far’ function,

So, we start subtracting areas, as follows.

• In other words, if g is defined as the integral of f by Equation 1, g turns

• It is the area under the graph

is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on

• Inequality 3 can be proved in a similar manner

• Then, Theorem 4 in Section 2.8 (modified for one-sided limits) shows

• Roughly speaking, Equation 5 says that, if we first integrate f and then

• As is continuous, the FTC1 gives:

may seem like a strange way of defining a function.

• It is named after the French physicist Augustin Fresnel (1788–1827), famous

• This means that we can apply all the methods of

• A computer was used to graph S by

Figure 13. Adapted from Calculus Early Transcendentals 6e

• Here, we have to be careful to use the Chain Rule in conjunction with

• The second part of the FTC (FTC2), which follows easily

where F is any antiderivative of f,

• We let x1, x2,…., xn* be any sample points in these subintervals,

f(−x) = 3(−x)7 + 4 sin (−x)

f(−x) = −(3x7 + 4 sin x)