97909_15_ch15_p1012-1021.

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SECTION 15.7 TRIPLE INTEGRALS 1017

15.7 Triple Integrals

Just as we defined single integrals for functions of one variable and double integrals for
functions of two variables, so we can define triple integrals for functions of three variables.
Let’s first deal with the simplest case where f is defined on a rectangular box:

1 B 苷 兵共x, y, z兲 ⱍ a 艋 x 艋 b, c 艋 y 艋 d, r 艋 z 艋 s其

The first step is to divide B into sub-boxes. We do this by dividing the interval 关a, b兴 into
z l subintervals 关x i⫺1, x i 兴 of equal width ⌬x, dividing 关c, d兴 into m subintervals of width ⌬y,
and dividing 关r, s兴 into n subintervals of width ⌬z. The planes through the endpoints of
B
these subintervals parallel to the coordinate planes divide the box B into lmn sub-boxes

Bi jk 苷 关x i⫺1, x i 兴 ⫻ 关yj⫺1, yj 兴 ⫻ 关zk⫺1, zk 兴

x y which are shown in Figure 1. Each sub-box has volume ⌬V 苷 ⌬x ⌬y ⌬z.
Then we form the triple Riemann sum

l m n

兺 兺 兺 f 共x * , y * , z * 兲 ⌬V
Bijk
2 ij k ijk ijk
i苷1 j苷1 k苷1
Îz
where the sample point 共xi*jk , yi*jk , zi*jk 兲 is in Bi jk . By analogy with the definition of a double
Îy Îx integral (15.1.5), we define the triple integral as the limit of the triple Riemann sums in 2 .

z
3 Definition The triple integral of f over the box B is
l m n

yyy f 共x, y, z兲 dV 苷 lim 兺 兺 兺 f 共x * , y * , z * 兲 ⌬V

l, m, n l ⬁ i苷1 j苷1 k苷1
i jk i jk i jk
B

x y if this limit exists.

FIGURE 1 Again, the triple integral always exists if f is continuous. We can choose the sample
point to be any point in the sub-box, but if we choose it to be the point 共x i, yj, zk 兲 we get a
simpler-looking expression for the triple integral:

l m n

yyy f 共x, y, z兲 dV 苷 lim 兺 兺 兺 f 共x , y , z 兲 ⌬V

l, m, n l ⬁ i苷1 j苷1 k苷1
i j k
B

Just as for double integrals, the practical method for evaluating triple integrals is to
express them as iterated integrals as follows.

4 Fubini’s Theorem for Triple Integrals If f is continuous on the rectangular box

B 苷 关a, b兴 ⫻ 关c, d兴 ⫻ 关r, s兴, then

s d b
yyy f 共x, y, z兲 dV 苷 y y y r c a
f 共x, y, z兲 dx dy dz
B

The iterated integral on the right side of Fubini’s Theorem means that we integrate first
with respect to x (keeping y and z fixed), then we integrate with respect to y (keeping z
fixed), and finally we integrate with respect to z. There are five other possible orders in

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1018 CHAPTER 15 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

which we can integrate, all of which give the same value. For instance, if we integrate with
respect to y, then z, and then x, we have
b s d
yyy f 共x, y, z兲 dV 苷 y y y a r c
f 共x, y, z兲 dy dz dx
B

v EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate the triple integral xxxB xyz 2 dV, where B is the rectangular box
given by

B 苷 兵共x, y, z兲 ⱍ 0 艋 x 艋 1, ⫺1 艋 y 艋 2, 0 艋 z 艋 3其

SOLUTION We could use any of the six possible orders of integration. If we choose to
integrate with respect to x, then y, and then z, we obtain

冋 册
x苷1
3 2 1 3 2 x 2 yz 2
yyy xyz 2
dV 苷 y y y xyz dx dy dz 苷
2
yy dy dz
0 ⫺1 0 0 ⫺1 2 x苷0

冋 册
B
y苷2
3 2 yz 2 3 y 2z 2
苷y y dy dz 苷 y dz
0 ⫺1 2 0 4 y苷⫺1

册
3
3 3z 2 z3 27
苷y dz 苷 苷
0 4 4 0
4

Now we define the triple integral over a general bounded region E in three-
dimensional space (a solid) by much the same procedure that we used for double integrals
(15.3.2). We enclose E in a box B of the type given by Equation 1. Then we define F so
that it agrees with f on E but is 0 for points in B that are outside E . By definition,

yyy f 共x, y, z兲 dV 苷 yyy F共x, y, z兲 dV

E B

z This integral exists if f is continuous and the boundary of E is “reasonably smooth.” The
z=u™(x, y) triple integral has essentially the same properties as the double integral (Properties 6–9 in
E Section 15.3).
We restrict our attention to continuous functions f and to certain simple types of regions.
z=u¡(x, y) A solid region E is said to be of type 1 if it lies between the graphs of two continuous func-
tions of x and y, that is,
0

D y 5 E 苷 兵共x, y, z兲 ⱍ 共x, y兲 僆 D, u 1共x, y兲 艋 z 艋 u 2共x, y兲其

x

where D is the projection of E onto the xy-plane as shown in Figure 2. Notice that the
FIGURE 2 upper boundary of the solid E is the surface with equation z 苷 u 2共x, y兲, while the lower
A type 1 solid region boundary is the surface z 苷 u1共x, y兲.
By the same sort of argument that led to (15.3.3), it can be shown that if E is a type 1
region given by Equation 5, then

6 yyy f 共x, y, z兲 dV 苷 yy y
E D
冋 u 2共x, y兲

u1共x, y兲
f 共x, y, z兲 dz dA 册
The meaning of the inner integral on the right side of Equation 6 is that x and y are held
fixed, and therefore u1共x, y兲 and u 2共x, y兲 are regarded as constants, while f 共x, y, z兲 is inte-
grated with respect to z.

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SECTION 15.7 TRIPLE INTEGRALS 1019

z In particular, if the projection D of E onto the xy-plane is a type I plane region (as in
z=u™(x, y)
Figure 3), then

E E 苷 兵共x, y, z兲 ⱍ a 艋 x 艋 b, t1共x兲 艋 y 艋 t2共x兲, u1共x, y兲 艋 z 艋 u 2共x, y兲其

z=u¡(x, y)
and Equation 6 becomes
0
a
b y=g¡(x) D y t2共x兲 u 2共x, y兲
x y=g™(x) b
7 yyy f 共x, y, z兲 dV 苷 y y y a t1共x兲 u1共x, y兲
f 共x, y, z兲 dz dy dx
E
FIGURE 3
A type 1 solid region where the
projection D is a type I plane region If, on the other hand, D is a type II plane region (as in Figure 4), then

z
z=u™(x, y) E 苷 兵共x, y, z兲 ⱍ c 艋 y 艋 d, h1共y兲 艋 x 艋 h2共y兲, u1共x, y兲 艋 z 艋 u 2共x, y兲其

E z=u¡(x, y) and Equation 6 becomes

x=h¡(y)
h2共 y兲 u 2共x, y兲
0 c d
d 8 yyy f 共x, y, z兲 dV 苷 y y c h1共 y兲
yu1共x, y兲
f 共x, y, z兲 dz dx dy
y E
x D
x=h™(y)
EXAMPLE 2 Evaluate xxxE z dV, where E is the solid tetrahedron bounded by the four
FIGURE 4 planes x 苷 0, y 苷 0, z 苷 0, nd x a⫹ y ⫹ z 苷 1.
A type 1 solid region with a type II
projection SOLUTION When we set up a triple integral it’s wise to draw two diagrams: one of
the solid region E (see Figure 5) and one of its projection D onto the xy-plane (see
Figure 6). The lower boundary of the tetrahedron is the plane z 苷 0 and the upper bound-
z ary is the plane x ⫹ y ⫹ z 苷 1 (or z 苷 1 ⫺ x ⫺ y), so we use u1共x, y兲 苷 0 and
(0, 0, 1) u 2共x, y兲 苷 1 ⫺ x ⫺ y in Formula 7. Notice that the planes x ⫹ y ⫹ z 苷 1 and z 苷 0
z=1-x-y intersect in the line x ⫹ y 苷 1 (or y 苷 1 ⫺ x) in the xy-plane. So the projection of E is
the triangular region shown in Figure 6, and we have
E

E 苷 兵共x, y, z兲 ⱍ 0 艋 x 艋 1, 0 艋 y 艋 1 ⫺ x, 0 艋 z 艋 1 ⫺ x ⫺ y其
0 (0, 1, 0)
9
(1, 0, 0) y
z=0
x
This description of E as a type 1 region enables us to evaluate the integral as follows:
FIGURE 5

冋册
z苷1⫺x⫺y
1 1⫺x 1⫺x⫺y 1 1⫺x z2
y yyy z dV 苷 y y y 0 0 0
z dz dy dx 苷 yy 0 0 2
dy dx
E z苷0
1

y冋 册
y=1-x y苷1⫺x
1 1⫺x 1 共1 ⫺ x ⫺ y兲3
苷 12 y y 共1 ⫺ x ⫺ y兲2 dy dx 苷 12 ⫺ dx
0 0 0 3 y苷0
D

0 y=0
冋 册
1
1 1 共1 ⫺ x兲4 1
苷 共1 ⫺ x兲 dx 苷 ⫺ 苷
1 3
1 x 6 y 0 6 4 24
0

FIGURE 6
A solid region E is of type 2 if it is of the form

E 苷 兵共x, y, z兲 ⱍ 共y, z兲 僆 D, u1共y, z兲 艋 x 艋 u 2共y, z兲其

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1020 CHAPTER 15 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

z where, this time, D is the projection of E onto the yz-plane (see Figure 7). The back sur-
face is x 苷 u1共y, z兲, the front surface is x 苷 u 2共y, z兲, and we have

冋 册
0 D
u 2共 y, z兲
10 yyy f 共x, y, z兲 dV 苷 yy y u1共 y, z兲
f 共x, y, z兲 dx dA
E D
x E y
x=u¡(y, z)
Finally, a type 3 region is of the form
x=u™(y, z)
E 苷 兵共x, y, z兲 共x, z兲 僆 D, u1共x, z兲 艋 y 艋 u 2共x, z兲其
ⱍ
FIGURE 7
A type 2 region
where D is the projection of E onto the xz-plane, y 苷 u1共x, z兲 is the left surface, and
y 苷 u 2共x, z兲 is the right surface (see Figure 8). For this type of region we have
z

y=u™(x, z)
11 yyy f 共x, y, z兲 dV 苷 yy y
E D
冋 u 2共x, z兲

u1共x, z兲
f 共x, y, z兲 dy dA 册
D
E
In each of Equations 10 and 11 there may be two possible expressions for the integral
0 depending on whether D is a type I or type II plane region (and corresponding to Equa-
y=u¡(x, z) y tions 7 and 8).
x
v EXAMPLE 3 Evaluate xxxE sx 2 ⫹ z 2 dV, where E is the region bounded by the parabo-
FIGURE 8 loid y 苷 x 2 ⫹ z 2 and the plane y 苷 4.
A type 3 region
SOLUTION The solid E is shown in Figure 9. If we regard it as a type 1 region, then we
need to consider its projection D1 onto the xy-plane, which is the parabolic region in
Figure 10. (The trace of y 苷 x 2 ⫹ z 2 in the plane z 苷 0 is the parabola y 苷 x 2.)

z y

y=≈+z@ y=4

TEC Visual 15.7 illustrates how solid regions E D¡

(including the one in Figure 9) project onto 0 y=≈
coordinate planes.
4 y
x 0 x

FIGURE 9 FIGURE 10
Region of integration Projection onto xy-plane

From y 苷 x 2 ⫹ z 2 we obtain z 苷 ⫾sy ⫺ x 2 , so the lower boundary surface of E is

z 苷 ⫺sy ⫺ x 2 and the upper surface is z 苷 sy ⫺ x 2 . Therefore the description of E as
a type 1 region is

E 苷 兵共x, y, z兲 ⱍ ⫺2 艋 x 艋 2, x 2 艋 y 艋 4, ⫺sy ⫺ x 2 艋 z 艋 sy ⫺ x 2 其

and so we obtain
2 4 sy⫺x 2
yyy sx 2 ⫹ z 2 dV 苷 y y y sx 2 ⫹ z 2 dz dy dx
⫺2 x2 ⫺sy⫺x 2
E

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SECTION 15.7 TRIPLE INTEGRALS 1021

z Although this expression is correct, it is extremely difficult to evaluate. So let’s

≈+z@=4 instead consider E as a type 3 region. As such, its projection D3 onto the xz-plane is the
disk x 2 ⫹ z 2 艋 4 shown in Figure 11.
D£ Then the left boundary of E is the paraboloid y 苷 x 2 ⫹ z 2 and the right boundary is
0 x the plane y 苷 4, so taking u1共x, z兲 苷 x 2 ⫹ z 2 and u 2共x, z兲 苷 4 in Equation 11, we have
_2 2

yyy sx
E
2 ⫹ z 2 dV 苷 yy
D3
冋y 4

x 2⫹z 2
册
sx 2 ⫹ z 2 dy dA 苷 yy 共4 ⫺ x 2 ⫺ z 2 兲sx 2 ⫹ z 2 dA
D3

FIGURE 11 Although this integral could be written as

Projection onto xz-plane
2 s4⫺x 2
| The most difficult step in evaluating a triple y y 共4 ⫺ x 2 ⫺ z 2 兲sx 2 ⫹ z 2 dz dx
⫺2 ⫺s4⫺x 2
integral is setting up an expression for the region
of integration (such as Equation 9 in Example 2). it’s easier to convert to polar coordinates in the xz-plane: x 苷 r cos ␪, z 苷 r sin ␪. This
Remember that the limits of integration in the gives
inner integral contain at most two variables, the
limits of integration in the middle integral con- yyy sx 2 ⫹ z 2 dV 苷 yy 共4 ⫺ x 2 ⫺ z 2 兲sx 2 ⫹ z 2 dA
tain at most one variable, and the limits of inte- E D3
gration in the outer integral must be constants. 2␲ 2 2␲ 2
苷y y 共4 ⫺ r 2 兲r r dr d␪ 苷 y d␪ y 共4r 2 ⫺ r 4 兲 dr
y 0 0 0 0

1
冋 册
2
4r 3 r5 128␲
苷 2␲ ⫺ 苷
y=≈ 3 5 0
15
D¡
x0x x0y f 共x, y, z兲 dz dy dx as a triple integral and
2
1
EXAMPLE 4 Express the iterated integral x0
0 1 x
then rewrite it as an iterated integral in a different order, integrating first with respect to x ,
z then z, and then y.
1
SOLUTION We can write
z=y
1 x2 y
D™ y yy f 共x, y, z兲 dz dy dx 苷 yyy f 共x, y, z兲 dV
0 0 0
E
0 1 y

z ⱍ
where E 苷 兵共x, y, z兲 0 艋 x 艋 1, 0 艋 y 艋 x 2, 0 艋 z 艋 y其. This description of E enables
us to write projections onto the three coordinate planes as follows:
1

z=≈ on the xy-plane: D1 苷 兵共x, y兲 ⱍ 0 艋 x 艋 1, 0 艋 y 艋 x 其 2

D£ 苷 兵共x, y兲 ⱍ 0 艋 y 艋 1, sy 艋 x 艋 1其

苷 兵共x, y兲 ⱍ 0 艋 y 艋 1, 0 艋 z 艋 y其
0 1 x
on the yz-plane: D2

FIGURE 12 on the xz-plane: D3 苷 兵共x, y兲 ⱍ 0 艋 x 艋 1, 0 艋 z 艋 x 其 2

Projections of E
From the resulting sketches of the projections in Figure 12 we sketch the solid E in Fig-
z ure 13. We see that it is the solid enclosed by the planes z 苷 0, x 苷 1, y 苷 z and the
parabolic cylinder y 苷 x 2 (or x 苷 sy ).
z=y 0
If we integrate first with respect to x, then z, and then y, we use an alternate descrip-
tion of E:
E 苷 兵共x, y, z兲 ⱍ 0 艋 x 艋 1, 0 艋 z 艋 y, sy 艋 x 艋 1其
1 y
1
x
y=≈
x=1 Thus
1 y 1
FIGURE 13 yyy f 共x, y, z兲 dV 苷 y y y 0 0 sy
f 共x, y, z兲 dx dz dy
The solid E E

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1022 CHAPTER 15 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

Applications of Triple Integrals

Recall that if f 共x兲  0, then the single integral xab f 共x兲 dx represents the area under the
curve y 苷 f 共x兲 from a to b, and if f 共x, y兲  0, then the double integral xxD f 共x, y兲 dA rep-
resents the volume under the surface z 苷 f 共x, y兲 and above D. The corresponding inter-
pretation of a triple integral xxxE f 共x, y, z兲 dV, where f 共x, y, z兲  0, is not very useful
because it would be the “hypervolume” of a four-dimensional object and, of course, that
is very difficult to visualize. (Remember that E is just the domain of the function f ; the
graph of f lies in four-dimensional space.) Nonetheless, the triple integral xxxE f 共x, y, z兲 dV
can be interpreted in different ways in different physical situations, depending on the phys-
ical interpretations of x, y, z, and f 共x, y, z兲.
Let’s begin with the special case where f 共x, y, z兲 苷 1 for all points in E. Then the triple
integral does represent the volume of E :

12 V共E兲 苷 yyy dV
E

For example, you can see this in the case of a type 1 region by putting f 共x, y, z兲 苷 1 in
Formula 6:

yyy 1 dV 苷 yy y
E D
冋 u 2共x, y兲

u1共x, y兲
册
dz dA 苷 yy 关u 2共x, y兲  u1共x, y兲兴 dA
D

and from Section 15.3 we know this represents the volume that lies between the surfaces
z 苷 u1共x, y兲 and z 苷 u 2共x, y兲.

EXAMPLE 5 Use a triple integral to find the volume of the tetrahedron T bounded by the
planes x  2y  z 苷 2, x 苷 2y, x 苷 0, and z 苷 0.
SOLUTION The tetrahedron T and its projection D onto the xy-plane are shown in Fig-
ures 14 and 15. The lower boundary of T is the plane z 苷 0 and the upper boundary is the
plane x  2y  z 苷 2, that is, z 苷 2  x  2y.
z
(0, 0, 2)

y
x+2y=2
x=2y x+2y+z=2 1 (or y=1- x/2)  

T
y D ”1,  21 ’
0 (0, 1, 0)
y=x/2
1
”1,  2 , 0’
0 1 x
x
FIGURE 14 FIGURE 15

Therefore we have
1 1x兾2 2x2y
V共T兲 苷 yyy dV 苷 y y y dz dy dx
0 x兾2 0
T

1 1x兾2
苷y y 共2  x  2y兲 dy dx 苷 13
0 x兾2

by the same calculation as in Example 4 in Section 15.3.

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97909_15_ch15_p1022-1031.qk_97909_15_ch15_p1022-1031 10/6/10 4:58 PM Page 1023

SECTION 15.7 TRIPLE INTEGRALS 1023

(Notice that it is not necessary to use triple integrals to compute volumes. They
simply give an alternative method for setting up the calculation.)

All the applications of double integrals in Section 15.5 can be immediately extended to
triple integrals. For example, if the density function of a solid object that occupies the
region E is  共x, y, z兲, in units of mass per unit volume, at any given point 共x, y, z兲, then its
mass is

13 m 苷 yyy  共x, y, z兲 dV
E

and its moments about the three coordinate planes are

14 Myz 苷 yyy x  共x, y, z兲 dV Mxz 苷 yyy y  共x, y, z兲 dV

E E

Mx y 苷 yyy z  共x, y, z兲 dV
E

The center of mass is located at the point 共 x, y, z兲, where

Myz Mxz Mxy

15 x苷 y苷 z苷
m m m

If the density is constant, the center of mass of the solid is called the centroid of E. The
moments of inertia about the three coordinate axes are

16 Ix 苷 yyy 共y 2  z 2 兲  共x, y, z兲 dV Iy 苷 yyy 共x 2  z 2 兲  共x, y, z兲 dV

E E

Iz 苷 yyy 共x 2  y 2 兲  共x, y, z兲 dV
E

As in Section 15.5, the total electric charge on a solid object occupying a region E and
having charge density  共x, y, z兲 is

Q 苷 yyy  共x, y, z兲 dV
E

If we have three continuous random variables X, Y, and Z, their joint density function
is a function of three variables such that the probability that 共X, Y, Z兲 lies in E is

P (共X, Y, Z兲 僆 E) 苷 yyy f 共x, y, z兲 dV

E

In particular,
b d s
P共a  X  b, c  Y  d, r  Z  s兲 苷 y yy f 共x, y, z兲 dz dy dx
a c r

The joint density function satisfies

  
f 共x, y, z兲  0 y y y f 共x, y, z兲 dz dy dx 苷 1
  

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1024 CHAPTER 15 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

z
v EXAMPLE 6 Find the center of mass of a solid of constant density that is bounded by
the parabolic cylinder x 苷 y 2 and the planes x 苷 z, z 苷 0, and x 苷 1.
z=x
SOLUTION The solid E and its projection onto the xy-plane are shown in Figure 16. The
E 0 lower and upper surfaces of E are the planes z 苷 0 and z 苷 x, so we describe E as a
type 1 region:
y
E 苷 兵共x, y, z兲 y 2  x  1, 0  z  x 其
1
x
ⱍ 1  y  1,
y Then, if the density is  共x, y, z兲 苷 , the mass is
1 1 x
x=¥ m 苷 yyy  dV 苷 y  dz dx dy
1
y y y2 0
D x=1 E

冋册
x苷1
0 x 1 1 1 x2
苷y y x dx dy 苷  y dy
1 y2 1 2 x苷y 2

 1 1
苷 y 共1  y 4 兲 dy 苷  y 共1  y 4 兲 dy
2 1 0
FIGURE 16

冋 册
1
y5 4
苷 y 苷
5 0
5

Because of the symmetry of E and  about the xz-plane, we can immediately say that
Mxz 苷 0 and therefore y 苷 0. The other moments are
1 1 x
Myz 苷 yyy x dV 苷 y y y x dz dx dy
1 y2 0
E

冋册
x苷1
1 1 1 x3
苷y y x dx dy 苷 
2
y dy
1 y2 1 3 x苷y 2

冋 册
1
2 1 2 y7 4
苷 y 共1  y 兲 dy 苷 6
y 苷
3 0 3 7 0
7

1 1 x
Mxy 苷 yyy z dV 苷 y y y z dz dx dy
1 y2 0
E

冋册
z苷x
1 1 z2  1 1
苷 y y dx dy 苷 y y x 2 dx dy
1 y 2 2 z苷0
2 1 y2

 1 2
苷 y 共1  y 6 兲 dy 苷
3 0 7

Therefore the center of mass is

共x, y, z兲 苷 冉 Myz Mxz Mxy

m
,
m
,
m
冊 苷 ( 57 , 0, 145 )

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SECTION 15.7 TRIPLE INTEGRALS 1025

15.7 Exercises

1. Evaluate the integral in Example 1, integrating first with 19–22 Use a triple integral to find the volume of the given solid.
respect to y, then z, and then x.
19. The tetrahedron enclosed by the coordinate planes and the
2. Evaluate the integral xxxE 共xy  z 2 兲 dV, where plane 2x  y  z 苷 4
20. The solid enclosed by the paraboloids y 苷 x 2  z 2 and
E 苷 兵共x, y, z兲 ⱍ 0  x  2, 0  y  1, 0  z  3其 y 苷 8  x2  z2
using three different orders of integration. 21. The solid enclosed by the cylinder y 苷 x 2 and the planes
3–8 Evaluate the iterated integral. z 苷 0 and y  z 苷 1

2 z2 yz 1 2x y
22. The solid enclosed by the cylinder x 2  z 2 苷 4 and the
3. y y y 共2x  y兲 dx dy dz 4. yy y 2xyz dz dy dx planes y 苷 1 and y  z 苷 4
0 0 0 0 x 0

2 2z ln x 1 1 s1z 2 z
5. y y y xe y dy dx dz 6. y yy dx dz dy 23. (a) Express the volume of the wedge in the first octant that is
1 0 0 0 0 0 y1
cut from the cylinder y 2  z 2 苷 1 by the planes y 苷 x
兾2 y x
cos共x  y  z兲 dz dx dy and x 苷 1 as a triple integral.
7. y yy
0 0 0 CAS (b) Use either the Table of Integrals (on Reference Pages
s x xz 6–10) or a computer algebra system to find the exact
8. y yy x 2 sin y dy dz dx value of the triple integral in part (a).
0 0 0

24. (a) In the Midpoint Rule for triple integrals we use a triple
Riemann sum to approximate a triple integral over a box
9–18 Evaluate the triple integral.
B, where f 共x, y, z兲 is evaluated at the center 共 x i , yj , zk 兲
9. xxxE y dV, where of the box Bijk . Use the Midpoint Rule to estimate
E 苷 {共x, y, z兲 ⱍ 0  x  3, 0  y  x, x  y  z  x  y} xxxB sx 2  y 2  z 2 dV, where B is the cube defined by
0  x  4, 0  y  4, 0  z  4. Divide B into eight
10. xxxE e z兾y dV, where cubes of equal size.
CAS (b) Use a computer algebra system to approximate the inte-
E 苷 兵共x, y, z兲 0  y  1, y  x  1, 0  z  xy其
ⱍ gral in part (a) correct to the nearest integer. Compare
z with the answer to part (a).
11. xxxE 2 dV, where
x  z2
E 苷 兵共x, y, z兲 1  y  4, y  z  4, 0  x  z其
ⱍ 25–26 Use the Midpoint Rule for triple integrals (Exercise 24) to
estimate the value of the integral. Divide B into eight sub-boxes
12. xxxE sin y dV, where E lies below the plane z 苷 x and above the of equal size.
triangular region with vertices 共0, 0, 0兲, 共 , 0, 0兲, and 共0, , 0兲
25. xxxB cos共xyz兲 dV, where
13. xxxE 6xy dV,where E lies under the plane z 苷 1  x  y
and above the region in the xy-plane bounded by the curves B 苷 兵共x, y, z兲 ⱍ 0  x  1, 0  y  1, 0  z  1其
y 苷 sx , y 苷 0, and x 苷 1
26. xxxB sx e xyz dV, where
14. xxxE xy dV, where E is bounded by the parabolic cylinders B 苷 兵共x, y, z兲 ⱍ 0  x  4, 0  y  1, 0  z  2其
y 苷 x 2 and x 苷 y 2 and the planes z 苷 0 and z 苷 x  y

15. xxxT x 2 dV, where T is the solid tetrahedron with vertices 27–28 Sketch the solid whose volume is given by the iterated
共0, 0, 0兲, 共1, 0, 0兲, 共0, 1, 0兲, and 共0, 0, 1兲 integral.
16. xxxT xyz dV, where T is the solid tetrahedron with vertices 1 1x 22z 2 2y 4y 2

共0, 0, 0兲, 共1, 0, 0兲, 共1, 1, 0兲, and 共1, 0, 1兲

27. yy y
0 0 0
dy dz dx 28. yy y
0 0 0
dx dz dy

17. xxxE x dV, where E is bounded by the paraboloid

x 苷 4y 2  4z 2 and the plane x 苷 4 29–32 Express the integral xxxE f 共x, y, z兲 dV as an iterated integral
in six different ways, where E is the solid bounded by the given
18. xxxE z dV,where E is bounded by the cylinder y 2  z 2 苷 9 surfaces.
and the planes x 苷 0, y 苷 3x, and z 苷 0 in the first octant
29. y 苷 4  x 2  4z 2, y苷0

CAS Computer algebra system required 1. Homework Hints available at stewartcalculus.com

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1026 CHAPTER 15 MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

30. y 2  z 2 苷 9, x 苷 2, x苷2 38. xxxB 共z 3  sin y  3兲 dV, where B is the unit ball
x2  y2  z2  1
31. y 苷 x 2, z 苷 0, y  2z 苷 4

32. x 苷 2, y 苷 2, z 苷 0, x  y  2z 苷 2
39– 42 Find the mass and center of mass of the solid E with the
given density function .
33. The figure shows the region of integration for the integral
39. E is the solid of Exercise 13;  共x, y, z兲 苷 2
1 1 1y
yy y f 共x, y, z兲 dz dy dx 40. E is bounded by the parabolic cylinder z 苷 1  y 2 and the
0 0
planes x  z 苷 1, x 苷 0, and z 苷 0;  共x, y, z兲 苷 4
sx

Rewrite this integral as an equivalent iterated integral in the 41. E is the cube given by 0  x  a, 0  y  a, 0  z  a ;
five other orders.  共x, y, z兲 苷 x 2  y 2  z 2
z 42. E is the tetrahedron bounded by the planes x 苷 0, y 苷 0,
z 苷 0, x  y  z 苷 1;  共x, y, z兲 苷 y
1

z=1-y
43– 46 Assume that the solid has constant density k.
y=œ„
x
43. Find the moments of inertia for a cube with side length L if
0
one vertex is located at the origin and three edges lie along
1 y the coordinate axes.
x 44. Find the moments of inertia for a rectangular brick with
dimensions a, b, and c and mass M if the center of the brick
is situated at the origin and the edges are parallel to the coor-
34. The figure shows the region of integration for the integral dinate axes.
1 1x 2 1x 45. Find the moment of inertia about the z-axis of the solid
y y y f 共x, y, z兲 dy dz dx
0 0 0 cylinder x 2  y 2  a 2, 0  z  h.
46. Find the moment of inertia about the z-axis of the solid cone
Rewrite this integral as an equivalent iterated integral in the
sx 2  y 2  z  h.
five other orders.
z
47– 48 Set up, but do not evaluate, integral expressions for
1
(a) the mass, (b) the center of mass, and (c) the moment of
z=1-≈
inertia about the z-axis.
47. The solid of Exercise 21;  共x, y, z兲 苷 sx 2  y 2
0
48. The hemisphere x 2  y 2  z 2  1, z  0;
1 y
 共x, y, z兲 苷 sx 2  y 2  z 2
1
y=1-x
x

CAS 49. Let E be the solid in the first octant bounded by the cylinder
35–36 Write five other iterated integrals that are equal to the given x 2  y 2 苷 1 and the planes y 苷 z, x 苷 0, and z 苷 0 with the
iterated integral. density function  共x, y, z兲 苷 1  x  y  z. Use a com-
puter algebra system to find the exact values of the
1 1 y
35. yyy f 共x, y, z兲 dz dx dy following quantities for E .
0 y 0
(a) The mass
1 1 z (b) The center of mass
36. y yy f 共x, y, z兲 dx dz dy (c) The moment of inertia about the z-axis
0 y 0

CAS 50. If E is the solid of Exercise 18 with density function

37–38 Evaluate the triple integral using only geometric interpreta-  共x, y, z兲 苷 x 2  y 2, find the following quantities, correct
tion and symmetry. to three decimal places.
(a) The mass
37. xxxC 共4  5x 2 yz 2 兲 dV, where C is the cylindrical region (b) The center of mass
x 2  y 2  4, 2  z  2 (c) The moment of inertia about the z-axis

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
97909_15_ch15_p1022-1031.qk_97909_15_ch15_p1022-1031 10/6/10 4:58 PM Page 1027

SECTION 15.8 TRIPLE INTEGRALS IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES 1027

51. The joint density function for random variables X , Y , and Z is where V共E 兲 is the volume of E. For instance, if  is a density
f 共x, y, z兲 苷 Cxyz if 0  x  2, 0  y  2, 0  z  2, and function, then  ave is the average density of E .
f 共x, y, z兲 苷 0 otherwise.
53. Find the average value of the function f 共x, y, z兲 苷 xyz over
(a) Find the value of the constant C .
the cube with side length L that lies in the first octant with one
(b) Find P共X  1, Y  1, Z  1兲.
vertex at the origin and edges parallel to the coordinate axes.
(c) Find P共X  Y  Z  1兲.
54. Find the average value of the function f 共x, y, z兲 苷 x 2 z  y 2 z
52. Suppose X , Y , and Z are random variables with joint density
over the region enclosed by the paraboloid z 苷 1  x 2  y 2
function f 共x, y, z兲 苷 Ce共0.5x0.2y0.1z兲 if x  0, y  0, z  0,
and the plane z 苷 0.
and f 共x, y, z兲 苷 0 otherwise.
(a) Find the value of the constant C .
(b) Find P共X  1, Y  1兲. 55. (a) Find the region E for which the triple integral
(c) Find P共X  1, Y  1, Z  1兲.

53–54 The average value of a function f 共x, y, z兲 over a solid yyy 共1  x 2

 2y 2  3z 2 兲 dV
E
region E is defined to be
is a maximum.
1
fave 苷 yyy f 共x, y, z兲 dV CAS (b) Use a computer algebra system to calculate the exact
V共E兲 E maximum value of the triple integral in part (a).

DISCOVERY PROJECT VOLUMES OF HYPERSPHERES

In this project we find formulas for the volume enclosed by a hypersphere in n-dimensional space.
1. Use a double integral and trigonometric substitution, together with Formula 64 in the Table
of Integrals, to find the area of a circle with radius r.
2. Use a triple integral and trigonometric substitution to find the volume of a sphere with
radius r.
3. Use a quadruple integral to find the hypervolume enclosed by the hypersphere
x 2  y 2  z 2  w 2 苷 r 2 in ⺢ 4. (Use only trigonometric substitution and the reduction
formulas for x sin n x dx or x cos n x dx.)
4. Use an n-tuple integral to find the volume enclosed by a hypersphere of radius r in
n-dimensional space ⺢ n. [Hint: The formulas are different for n even and n odd.]

15.8 Triple Integrals in Cylindrical Coordinates

y In plane geometry the polar coordinate system is used to give a convenient description of
certain curves and regions. (See Section 10.3.) Figure 1 enables us to recall the connection
P (r, ¨ )=P (x, y)
between polar and Cartesian coordinates. If the point P has Cartesian coordinates 共x, y兲 and
polar coordinates 共r,
兲, then, from the figure,
r
y
x 苷 r cos
y 苷 r sin

¨
y
O x x r2 苷 x2  y2 tan
苷
x
FIGURE 1 In three dimensions there is a coordinate system, called cylindrical coordinates, that is
similar to polar coordinates and gives convenient descriptions of some commonly occur-
ring surfaces and solids. As we will see, some triple integrals are much easier to evaluate
in cylindrical coordinates.

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