9W/12WP

Abstract Algebra III

Math-5209
TGU

September 9, 2020

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N0.1/Pg .146
If R is a commutative ring and a ∈ R, let L(a) = {x ∈ R|xa = 0}. Prove
that L(a) is an ideal of R.

To prove L(a) is additive subgroup of R:

Since 0 ∈ R, 0a = 0 and 0 ∈ L(a). Thus L(a) 6= ∅ and L(a) ⊂ R. Suppose
x , y ∈ L(a); then xa = 0 and ya = 0. Thus

(x − y )a = xa + (−y )a = 0 + [−(ya)] = 0;

so L(a) is an additive subgroup of R. For any r ∈ R and x ∈ L(a), we have

(rx )a = r (xa) = r · 0 = 0

and
(xr )a = (rx )a = r (xa) = r · 0 = 0.

Thus L(a) is an ideal of R.# 2 / 12

No.3/Pg.146
If φ :R → R 0 is a homomorphism of R onto R 0 and has a unit element, 1,
show that φ(1) is the unit element of R 0 .

To show φ(1) is a unit element of R 0 :

Take any element r 0 ∈ R 0 .Then since φ is onto, there is an element r ∈ R
such that
φ(r ) = r 0 .

We have
φ(1)r 0 = φ(1)φ(r ) = φ(1r ) = φ(r ) = r 0

and
r 0 φ(1) = φ(r )φ(1) = φ(r 1) = φ(r ) = r 0 .

Thus φ(1) is a unit element of R 0 .#

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No.15/Pg.146
If I, J are ideals of a ring R, let IJ be the set of all sums of elements of the
form ij, where i ∈ I and j ∈ J. Prove that IJ is an ideal of R.

To show IJ is an ideal of R:
P
Let IJ = ik jk | ik ∈ I, jk ∈ J, k = 1, 2, 3, ...}.
Since 0 ∈ I and 0 ∈ J, 0 = 0 · 0 ∈ IJ.
Thus IJ 6= ∅ and IJ ⊂ R.
We now show that IJ is an additive subgroup of R.
For any x , y ∈ IJ, let x = ik jk where ik ∈ I, jk ∈ J and y =
P P
il jl ,
where il ∈ I and jl ∈ J. Then
X X
x −y = ik jk − il jl
X X
= ik jk + (−il )jl ∈ IJ.
Thus IJ is an additive subgroup of R.
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For any r ∈ R and x ∈ IJ, we have
X X
rx = r ik jk = (rik )jk ∈ IJ

and
X X
xr = ( ik jk )r = ik (jk r ) ∈ IJ.

Thus IJ is an ideal of R.#

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No.16/Pg.146
Show that the ring R of 2 × 2 matrices over the reals has nontrivial left
ideals (and also nontrivial right ideals).
 
n 0
  

Let I =   n, m reals .

m 0
 
0 0
Since   ∈ I,
0 0
I 6= ∅ and I ⊂ R.
  
n 0 p 0
For any  ,  ∈ I, we have
m 0 q 0
     
n 0 p 0 n−p 0
 − =  ∈ I.
m 0 q 0 m−q 0
Thus is an additive subgroup of R.
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    
a b n 0
For any   ∈ R and   ∈ I, we have
c d m 0
    
a b n 0 an + bm 0
  =  ∈ I.
c d m 0 cn + dm 0

Thus I is a left ideal of R.

Also,  
0 n
  
I0 =

  n, m reals is a left ideal of R#.

0 m
[Exercise for student].

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To show Rhas nontrivial
 right ideals:
n m 
  
Let J =  
n, m reals .

0 0
 
0 0
Since   ∈ J,
0 0
J 6= ∅ and J ⊂ R.
  
n m p q
For any  ,  ∈ J, we have
0 0 0 0
     
n m p q n−p m−q
 − =  ∈ J.
0 0 0 0 0 0

Thus J is an additive subgroup of R.

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    
a b n m
For any   ∈ R and   ∈ J, we have
c d 0 0
    
n m a b na + mc nb + md
  =  ∈ J.
0 0 c d 0 0

Thus J is a right ideal of R.

Also,  
0 0
  
J0 =

  n, m reals is a right ideal of R#.

n m
[Exercise for student].

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No.20/Pg.147
If I, J are ideals of a ring R, let R1 = R/I and R2 = R/J. Show that
φ :R→ R1 ⊕ R2 defined by φ(r ) = (r + I, r + J) is a homomorphism of R
into R1 ⊕ R2 such that Ker φ = I ∩ J.

For any r , r1 ∈ R we have

φ(r + r1 ) = (r + r1 + I, r + r1 + J)

= (r + I + r1 + I, r + J + r1 + J)

= (r + I, r + J) + (r1 + I, r1 + J)

= φ(r ) + φ(r1 )

and

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 φ(rr1 ) = (rr1 + I, rr1 + J)

= ((r + I)(r1 + I), (r + J)(r1 + J))

= ((r + I, r + J)(r1 + I, r1 + J))

= φ(r )φ(r1 )
Thus φ is homo. Also,
Ker φ = {r ∈ R | φ(r ) = (I, J)}

= {r ∈ R | (r + I, r + J) = (I, J)}

= {r ∈ R | r + I = I and r + J = J}

= {r ∈ R | r ∈ I and r ∈ J}

= {r ∈ R | r ∈ I ∩ J}

= I ∩ J.#
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The End

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