Mathematical Foundations

B125

Integration
Dr Ghadeer Marwan
Week 5
 Integration
if F ′ ( x ) = f ( x ) then F ( x ) is said to be the integral (sometimes called
the anti-derivative or antidifferentiation )
Written as F ( x ) = ‫ ׬‬f ( x )d x

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 Some Integration Rules
𝑥 𝑛+1
1) ‫ ׬‬ndx = nx + c 2) ‫׬‬𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥
= +𝑐 𝑟 ≠ −1
𝑛+1
1 𝑚𝑥 𝑒 𝑚𝑥
3) ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 ׬‬ = ln 𝑥 + 𝑐 4) ‫ 𝑚 = 𝑥𝑑 𝑒 ׬‬+ 𝑐
5)‫ 𝑓 ׬‬+ 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫ 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 ׬‬+ ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑔 ׬‬
6) ‫ 𝑥 𝑓𝑎 ׬‬+ 𝑏𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 ‫ 𝑥𝑑 )𝑥(𝑓 ׬‬+ 𝑏 ‫𝑥𝑑 )𝑥(𝑔 ׬‬
n , m and c are constants

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 Indefinite integration
• Find
(a) ‫ ׬‬2 x d x (b) ‫ ׬‬4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 (c) ‫ ׬‬100𝑥 99 dx
(d) ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬3 𝑑𝑥 (e) ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬18 𝑑𝑥

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 Indefinite integration
Example: integrate the following :
a) ‫ ׬‬5𝑑𝑥 b)‫ 𝑒 ׬‬3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑐) ‫𝑥𝑑𝑥 ׬‬
1
𝑑) න 4 𝑑𝑥 𝑒) න 7𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

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 Indefinite integration
Example: integrate the following
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a) ‫׬‬ 5𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4 𝑑𝑥 b)‫ 𝑥 ׬‬2 + 7𝑥)𝑑𝑥
3 1 5 −𝑥 2
c) ‫(׬‬4𝑥 + + )𝑑𝑥 d) ‫(׬‬7𝑒 + )𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥

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 Initial Conditions

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 Integrals with Initial Conditions
Example :
a) Determine f(x) when: f ′(x) = 3𝑥 2 + 2x + 1 and f (1) = 5.
b) Determine f(x) when: f ′(x) = 𝑥 and f (4) = 9.

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 Integrals with Initial Conditions
• Ex12: Determine f(x) when: f ′(x) = 3𝑥 2 -2x + 4 and f (2) = 10
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• EX13: Determine f(x) when: f ′(x) = and f (1) = 8
𝑥

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 RIEMANN SUMS

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 RIEMANN SUMS
Example: The interval [a, b] = [1, 9] is divided into n = 4 subintervals.
What are the coordinates of the four left endpoints, the four right
endpoints, and the four midpoints?

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 RIEMANN SUMS
𝑏−𝑎
Using n approximating rectangles, each of width on [a, b], the
𝑛
approximate area under the graph of f (x) ≥ 0 is
𝑏−𝑎 𝑛
Approximate Area = σ𝑖=1 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 ) Riemann Sum
𝑛
Interval coordinates (𝑥𝑖 , f (𝑥𝑖 )) refer to the location and height of
approximating rectangles. Here, n is a positive integer

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 RIEMANN SUMS

Example: Approximate the area under f(x)=𝑥 2 on 1,4 using heights of

rectangles at left endpoints with n=6

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 RIEMANN SUMS

Example: Estimate the area under f(x) between [1, 5]. Use right
endpoints and n = 4 (figure).

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 RIEMANN SUMS

• EX15: Approximate the area under f(x)=𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 3 𝑜𝑛 2,14 using heights of

rectangles at left endpoints with n=6

• Ex 16: Approximate the area under f(x)=5𝑥 + 4 𝑜𝑛 3,23 using heights of

rectangles at midpoints with n=4

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 Definite integration
The definite integral of f(x) on [a, b] is given by
b
‫׬‬a f x dx = F(x)|𝒃𝒂 = F(b) – F(a)
exists when F(x) is continuous and F′(x) = f (x) for all x on [a, b].

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 Properties of Definite Integrals

𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
1. ‫ 𝑥 𝑓( 𝑎׬‬± 𝑔(𝑥))𝑑𝑥 =‫ 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 𝑎׬‬± ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑔 𝑎׬‬
𝑏 𝑏
2. ‫ 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 𝑎׬ 𝑛 = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓𝑛 𝑎׬‬, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑎
3. ‫ = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 𝑎׬‬0
𝑏 𝑎
4. ‫ = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 𝑎׬‬− ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 𝑏׬‬
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
5. ‫ 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 𝑎׬ = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 𝑎׬‬+ ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 𝑐׬‬

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 Definite integration
Example: Evaluate the definite integrals
6 2 5
a) ‫׬‬2 3𝑑𝑥 𝑏) ‫׬‬0 𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 c) ‫׬‬3 5𝑥𝑑𝑥
4 3𝑥 3 2
d) ‫׬‬0 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 e) ‫׬‬1 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 6 𝑑𝑥

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 Definite integration
Example: Evaluate
4 3 4 3
a) ‫׬‬1 7𝑥 6 + 5𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑏) ‫׬‬1 (𝑥 2 + + 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑥
27 3 2
c) ‫׬‬8 𝑥

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 Area Between Two Curves
Area Between Two Curves
The intersection of functions f(x) and g(x) on [a, b] is a bounded
region, A
𝑏
A= ‫[ 𝑎׬‬f (x) − g(x)]dx
where f(x) and g(x) are continuous on [a, b], f (x) ≥ g(x).
Roughly ,
𝑏
A= ‫𝑎׬‬ 𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 − 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑥

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 Area Bounded by Curves
Example: Determine the area bounded by f (x) =𝑥 2 − 4x + 1 and g(x) = x − 3.

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 Area Bounded by Curves
Example: Determine the area enclosed by f(x)= 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 3 and g(x) = 2x + 3.

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 Areas between curves and lines

Example:Determine the area between the lines with equations

𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑥

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 Areas between curves and lines
Find the area of the shaded region 𝑂𝐴𝐶.

𝑂 𝐴 𝐵

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 Average Value of a Function

The average value of f(x) on [a, b] is defined as

1 𝑏
Average value =𝑓(𝑥) = ‫׬‬𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 .
𝑏−𝑎
where f(x) is continuous on [a, b].

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 Average Value of a Function
Example: Compute the average value of f (x) = 𝑥 2 + 2 on [0, 3]

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 INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION

𝑒 𝑚𝑥
න 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
𝑚
𝑛+1
𝑥
න 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝑐 𝑟 ≠ −1
𝑛+1
1
න 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥

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 INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION

Evaluate :
5𝑥 2 +5𝑥
a) ‫׬‬ 𝑒 2𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 b) ‫ ׬‬6𝑥 2 𝑥 3 + 8 𝑑(𝑥)
𝑥3 8𝑥 2
c) ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 d) ‫ ׬‬16𝑥𝑒 + 𝑒 4𝑥 + 4𝑥 3 + 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 4 +7

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 INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION

Exercise :
3 +5
a) ‫׬‬ (6𝑥 2 + 18)(𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 + 1 )12 𝑑𝑥 b) ‫׬‬ 2
𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 4 +2
c)‫ ׬‬5 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 +10𝑥+3

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 INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION

1. Seek a new variable u = g(x) to form a simpler integral in u .

2. Substitute for its differential du .
3. Complete the integration in the variable u .
4. Replace u by g(x).

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 INTEGRATION
INTEGRATION BY PARTS
BY PARTS

f (x)g(x) =‫ ׬‬f (x)g′(x)dx + ‫ ׬‬g(x)f ′(x)dx

Or
‫ ׬‬f (x)g′(x)dx = f (x)g(x) - ‫ ׬‬g(x)f ′(x)dx

Example: Integrate a) ‫ 𝑒𝑥 ׬‬4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 b) ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬10 ln 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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c) ‫ ׬‬ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 d) ‫ 𝑥 𝑥 ׬‬+ 3 𝑑𝑥

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 EVALUATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS

Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus

The definite integral of f(x) is

𝑏
‫ 𝑎׬‬f (x)dx= F(b) − F(a)

where f(x) is continuous on [a, b] and F(x) is such that F′(x) = f

(x) for all x on [a, b].

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 Definite Integral

Example : Evaluate
4 3 𝑥 2 2 𝑥 3 +1
a) ‫׬‬0 2𝑥 𝑥2 + 9 𝑑𝑥 b) ‫׬‬0 𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 c) ‫׬‬1 6𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥

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 PARTIAL FRACTIONS

Example: Integrate
2𝑥+3 𝑥2 8𝑥 2 +11−9
𝑎) ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬2 −9 𝑑𝑥 b) ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬2 −4 b) ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−1 2 (𝑥+4)
using partial fractions.

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 Double Integrals

If f (x, y) is a function of two variables, continuous and non-

negative on a closed rectangular region R, then a double integral of
f (x, y) over the region R is denoted by

ඵ 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

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 Double Integrals

Example : Evaluate the double integral

2 1 1 2
a) ‫׬‬0 ‫׬‬0 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 b) ‫׬‬0 ‫׬‬0 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

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 Double Integrals

Example : Calculate the volume formed by f (x, y) =𝑥 3 𝑦 5 above a region

bounded by the graphs of
y =𝑥 2 , and y = x from x = 0 to x = 1 (see graph).

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