Class XI

Chapter 2 : Relations and Functions

Basic Concepts
• Cartesian Product of sets: Given two non empty sets A and B. The cartesian
product 𝐴𝐴 × 𝐵𝐵 is the set of all ordered pairs of elements from A and B i.e.,
𝑨𝑨 × 𝑩𝑩 = {(𝒂𝒂, 𝒃𝒃): 𝒂𝒂 ∈ 𝑨𝑨, 𝒃𝒃 ∈ 𝑩𝑩}

Note: Two ordered pairs are equal if and only is the corresponding first
elements are equal and the second elements are also equal.

• Relations: A relation R from a non-empty set A to a non empty set B is the

subset of the cartesian product 𝐴𝐴 × 𝐵𝐵

• Domain: The set of all first elements of the ordered pairs in a relation R from
a set A to B is called the domain of the relation R.

• Range: The set of all second elements in a relation R from a set A to a set B
is called the range of the relation R the whole set B is called Co-domain of the
relation R.

Note: If 𝑛𝑛(𝐴𝐴) = 𝑝𝑝, 𝑛𝑛(𝐵𝐵) = 𝑞𝑞 then 𝑛𝑛(𝐴𝐴 × 𝐵𝐵) = 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 and the total number of relations
is 2𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝

• Function: A function from a non empty set A to a non empty set B is a rule
which connects every element of A to a unique element of B.

Set A is s.t.b the domain of the function f and set B is called co-domain of the
function f.

SOME STANDARD FUNCTIONS

Let R be the set of real numbers.

(i) Define 𝑓𝑓: 𝑹𝑹 → 𝑹𝑹 by

𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = 𝑥𝑥 ∀ x ∈ 𝑹𝑹

(Known as identity function)

(ii) Define 𝑓𝑓: 𝑹𝑹 → 𝑹𝑹 by

𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) = 𝑐𝑐 ∀ x ∈ 𝑹𝑹, where c is a constant

 (iii) Define 𝑓𝑓: 𝑹𝑹 → 𝑹𝑹 by

(iv) 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) = 𝑎𝑎0 + 𝑎𝑎1 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎2 𝑥𝑥 2 … … 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 (where each 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖 ∈ 𝑹𝑹)

( Known as polynomial function)

(v) Define 𝑓𝑓: 𝑹𝑹 → 𝑹𝑹 by

𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) = I x I ∀ x ∈ 𝑹𝑹

(Known as modulus function)

(vi) Define 𝑓𝑓: 𝑹𝑹 → 𝑹𝑹 by

𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) = 1 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 x>0

0 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥 = 0

−1 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥 < 0

(Known as signum function)

(vii) Define 𝑓𝑓: 𝑹𝑹 → 𝑹𝑹 by

𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥 ) = [𝑥𝑥 ] ∀ 𝑥𝑥 ∈ 𝑹𝑹

(where [x] means the value of the greatest integer less than equal to x.)

ALGEBRA OF FUNCTIONS

I. Addition of two real functions:

Let 𝑓𝑓: 𝑋𝑋 → 𝑹𝑹 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑔𝑔: 𝑋𝑋 → 𝑹𝑹 be any two functions, where 𝑋𝑋 ⊑ 𝑹𝑹

Define (𝑓𝑓 + 𝑔𝑔): 𝑋𝑋 → 𝑹𝑹 by

(𝑓𝑓 + 𝑔𝑔)(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥) + 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥 )∀ 𝑥𝑥 ∈ 𝑋𝑋

Similarly, (𝑓𝑓 − 𝑔𝑔)(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 ) − 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥 )∀ 𝑥𝑥 ∈ 𝑋𝑋

II. Multiplication by a scalar

Let 𝑓𝑓: 𝑋𝑋 → 𝑹𝑹 be any function, & let 𝛼𝛼 be any scalar.

Define (𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼): 𝑋𝑋 → 𝑹𝑹 by

(𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼)(𝑥𝑥 ) = 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 (𝑥𝑥 )∀𝑥𝑥 ∈X

III. Multiplication of two real functions

Let 𝑓𝑓: 𝑋𝑋 → 𝑹𝑹 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑔𝑔: 𝑋𝑋 → 𝑹𝑹 be any two functions, where 𝑋𝑋 ⊑ 𝑅𝑅

Define (𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓): 𝑋𝑋 → 𝑹𝑹 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏

 (𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓)(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 )𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥 )∀ 𝑥𝑥 ∈ 𝑋𝑋

(Known as point wise multiplication)

IV. Quotient of two real functions

Let 𝑓𝑓: 𝑋𝑋 → 𝑹𝑹 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑔𝑔: 𝑋𝑋 → 𝑹𝑹 be any two functions, where 𝑋𝑋 ⊑ 𝑹𝑹

𝑓𝑓
Define � � : 𝑋𝑋 → 𝑹𝑹 by
𝑔𝑔

𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)
� � (𝑥𝑥 ) = ∀ 𝑥𝑥 ∈ 𝑋𝑋 provided 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥 ) ≠ 0, 𝑥𝑥 ∈ 𝑋𝑋
𝑔𝑔 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)

I Class Assignment:

 Very Short Answer Type Questions: (1 marks each)

1. If (x+1, y-2) = (3,1), find x and y.

2. If P = {a,b,c} and Q = {r,s}, find Cartesian product of P and Q.
3. If A = {1,2,3}, write AXA.
4. If A = {1, -1}, find A X A X A.
5. If A = {1,2} and B = {3,4}. Find the number of relations from A to B.
6. Give example of a positive real valued function.

7. Find domain of f ( x ) =
1
x −1
8. Draw the graph of the identity function.
9. Find the range of f(x) = x 2 + 2.
10. Define any relation from N to N, N denotes the set of natural nos.
  Short Answer Type Questions: (4 marks each)

6. Draw the graphs of following functions:

(a) x 2 + 1 (b) x − 1 (c) [x]

7. Find the domain and range of f (x ) = 9 − x 2

8. Define a relation R on the set of natural nos. by R = {(x,y) : y = x + 5 , x is less

than 4 }.Write down the domain and range.

9. Give example of a relation which is not a function (with justification.)

10.Let f = {(1,1), (2,3), (0, -1), (-1, -3)} be a linear function from Z to Z. Find
f(x).

II Home assignment:

x2 −1
1. Find the domain and range of f(x) = 2
x +1
2. Draw the graph of signum function.
3. If P = {1,3}, find P X P
4. If (x+1, y-4) = (-2,8), find x and y.
5. Define identity relation on any non empty set.
 6. Find domain and range of f(x) = a2 − x2
7. If A = {1,2,3} and B = {4,5}, find no. of relations from A to B.
1
8. Draw the graph of f(x) = (HOTS)
x
9. Define a relation on naturals as R = {(x,x 2 ) : x is a prime no. less than 12
}.Find the domain and range of R .
1 1
10. If f(x) = x 3 - 3
, then prove that f(x) + f( ) = 0 .
x x
11. Find the range of the function f(x) = x 2 + x + 1 .(HOTS)
12. If A = {1,5,7 } and B = {4,5 }, which of the following holds :(Give reason
in support of your answer)
(a) A X B = B X A (b) n (A X B) = n (B X A).

Extra Questions for self-practice:

x
1. Find the domain and range of f(x) =
1+ x

2. Find the domain and range of f(x) = x 2 − 5 x + 6 (HOTS)

3. Draw the graph of f(x) = x x

4. Define a relation which is reflexive and symmetric but not transitive.

5. Find the domain and range of f(x) = x 2 − 144 (HOTS)

6. If A = {1,2,3}, find A X A X A
7. Let A = {3, 4}, B = {1, 3}, C = {5, 6} Verify that:
A × (B ∩ C) = (A × B) ∩ (A × C) and A × (B ∪ C) = (A × B) ∪ (A × C)

8. If A = {2, 3, 7} B = {a, b, c} Find A × B and B × A.

9. Let A = (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10} Let R be the relation on A defined by {(a, b): a,
b ∈ A, b is exactly divisible by a}. Write R in roster form. Find domain & range
of R.
10. Find the domain and range of the following functions:
x 2 + 3x + 5
f ( x) =
f (=
x) 4− x ,
2
f=
( x) x +2,
2
f ( x) = | x | , x2 − 5x + 6