Class XI: Complex numbers and Quadratic Equations

Basic Concepts:

• A number of the form a + ib, where a and b are real numbers, is called a complex number, a is
called the real part and b is called the imaginary part of the complex number.
• Let z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id. Then (i) z1 + z2 = (a + c) + i (b + d) (ii) z1 z2 = (ac – bd) + i
(ad + bc) For any non-zero complex number z = a + ib (a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0), there exists the complex

a −b 1
number +i 2 , denoted by or z −1 called the multiplicative inverse of z
a +b
2 2
a + b2 z
such that :

• For any integer k, i4k = 1, i4k + 1 = i, i4k + 2 = – 1, i4k + 3 = – i

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• The conjugate of the complex number z = a + ib, denoted by z , is given by z = a – ib.

• The polar form of the complex number z = x + iy is r (cosθ + i sinθ), where r = x 2 + y2

x y
(the modulus of z) and cosθ = , sinθ = . (θ is known as the argument of z. The value of θ,
r r
such that – π < θ ≤ π, is called the principal argument of z.
• A polynomial equation of n degree has n roots.
• The solutions of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, c ∈ R, a ≠ 0,

− b ± i 4ac − b 2
b2 – 4ac < 0, are given by x=
2a

I Class Assignment:

 Very Short Answer Type Questions: (1 marks each)

Express each of the complex numbers in the form a + ib.

Find the multiplicative inverse of each of the complex numbers given below:

Find the modulus of the complex numbers given below:

Solve each of the following equations:

 Short Answer Type Questions: (4 marks each)

  Long Answer Type Questions: (6 marks each)

II Home assignment:

Express each of the complex numbers in the form a + ib.

Extra Questions for self-practice:

Q1. Express the following in the form (a + ib):

i) i15 – 3 i7 + 2i109 + i100 - i17 + 5 i3 .

ii) − 4 ( − 9 +3)+ − 49 (i3+ 3 ) - − 36 (2- − 121 ) + 5 i5

1 3
iii) ( + i) - (1-i)2 + i93 – 6 (5- − 4 ).
2 2

3 − − 25
iv)
− 49 + 4

Q2. Find the conjugate of the following:

1 7 − 9i
i) 7- i ii) (5+ 2i )2 iii)
2 2+i

Q3. Find the magnitude of following:

1
i) 12 i - 5 ii) iii) (3+2i)3
4i7

Q4. Find the multiplicative inverse of the following:

2 + 3i (i + 1)(i + 2)
i) (2-i)(3-i) ii) iii)
3 − 2i (i − 1)(i − 2)

Q5. Solve for x & y :

i) 3x + (2x-y)i = 6-3i

ii) 3+ I x2y = x2 + y + 4i

iii) x2 – 7x + 9y i = y2 i + 20i – 12.

Q6. Express in the polar form:

i) i ii) 3 sin45° + 3 cos45i ii) 2+2i

1+ i
Q7. If x + iy = , Prove that x2 + y2 = 1
1− i
Q8. If z = 1+i, evaluate z2 – 4 z + 13

Q9. If z1 = 2 + i , z2 = 2-3i , z3 = 4+5i , Evaluate:

i) Re ( z .z
1 2
) ii) Im ( z .z
2 3
)
z 3 z 1

Q10. Find the modulus and the argument of the following:

i) (2-i)2 ii) 1+ 3 i iii) 3 +i

Q11. Find the square roots of:

a) 1 − i

b) 2 − 3 i