KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGHTHAN

STUDY MATERIAL 2020-21

CLASS: - XI SUB: - MATHS
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CHAPTER 1 - SETS
 A well-defined collection of distinct objects is called a set.
 A set X is said to be a:
(i) Finite set if it contains finite number of elements.
(ii) Infinite set if it contains infinitely many elements.
(iii) Empty set or Null set if it does not contain any element.
(iv) Singleton set if it contains only one element.
(v) Universal set if every set under consideration is a subset of U.
 Two finite sets A and B are said to be:
(i) Equal sets if each and every element of A is a member of B and vice-versa.
(ii) Equivalent sets if number of elements of set A is equal to number of elements
of set B.
 A set X is said to be subset of set Y if every element of set X is an element of set Y.
(I) If X is a subset of Y, then it is expressed as X
(II) for any set X.
(III) If X and Y then X
(IV) X=Y if and only if X and Y
(V) X
(VI) If there are n elements in the set X, then it has subsets.
(VII) The set of all subsets of a set is called its power set.
 A set X is said to be a proper subset of Y ( X ⊂Y )if X is subset of Y and X is not equal
to Y.
 If there are n elements in the set X, then it has proper subsets
 If A and B are two sets then
(i) Union of two sets AUB = { }
(ii) Intersection of two set A B ={ }
(iii) If ∉ A and ∉ B then ∉ AUB
(iv) If ∉ A or ∉ B then ∉ A B
 Idempotent Law :If A is any set then
(i) AUA = A
(ii) A A=A
 Identity Law : If A is any set then
(i) A =A
(ii) A
 Commutative Law: If A and B are two sets then
(i) AUB= BUA
(ii) A B=B A
 Associative Law: If A,B, and C are three sets then
(i) (AUB)UC = AU(BUC)
(ii) (A B) C = A (B C)
 Distributive Law : If A,B, and C are three sets then
(i) A (B C) = (A B) (A C)
(ii) AU(B C) = (AUB) (AUC)
 If A and B are two finite sets then n(AUB) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A
 If A,B,C, are three finite sets then
n(AUB UC) =n(A) +n(B) +n(c) –[n(AUB) + n(BUC) + n(CUA] + n(A B C)
SECTION: I (PART: A)
Very short answer type Questions of one mark
Q1. Describe set A= {x:x is a prime number which is divisor of 60} in Roster form
Q2. Let A ={x: |x| , x } and B = {-1, 1} is A = B? Justify your answer
Q3. Describe set A = {3, 5, 9, 17, 33} in set-builder form
Q4. Let A ={x: +1 = 0, x } is A = ? Justify your answer
Q5. Describe set A= { in Roster form
Q6. Find the number of proper subset of set A = {a, b, c, d}
Q7. Write power set of set A= {p, q, r}
Q8. Describe set A = { } in set-builder form
Q9. If A = {x: x is an even natural number} and B = {x: x is prime number} find A
Q10.If A ={x: x and B ={x: find A
Q11. Describe set A= { in Roster form
Q12. List all proper subsets of set A = {a, b}
Q13. Let set A has 4 elements and set B has 6 elements. What can be the minimum number
of elements in AUB.
Q14. If set A = {1} .How many elements P[P{P(A)}] contains ?
Q15. Write {x: x -4 } as interval
Q16. Let A = {x: and B = .Is A = B Justify your answer
[ANSWER]
1. {2. 3, 5} 7. P (A) = { , {p}, {q}, {r},{p, q}, {p, r},{q, r},{p, q, r} }
2. A B 8. A = {x: x =
3. A = {x: x = 9. A = {2}
4. 10. A =
5.{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,} 11.{-4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
6. 15 12. , {a}, {b}
13. 4 14. 16 15. (-4, 6] 16. A = B
SECTION: II (CASE STUDY)
A group of students is preparing for Olympiad. Of them, 20 are good in
physics, 25 in mathematics and 30 in chemistry. 15 are good in both physics and
mathematics, 13 are good in mathematics and chemistry, 12 are good in chemistry and
physics and 8 are good in all three subjects.
17 (i) Total numbers of students
(a) 43 (b) 44 (c) 42 (d) 45
17(ii) Number of students who are good in Mathematics only
(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 4 (d) 6
17(iii) Number of students who are good in exactly two subjects
(a) 13 (b) 12 (c) 16 (d) 15
17(iv) Number of students who are good in at least two subjects
(a) 16 (b) 18 (c) 17 (d) 24
17(v) Number of students who are good in physics only
(a) 1 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 6
[ANSWER]
17(i) (a) 17(ii) (b) 17(iii) (c) 17(iv) (d) 17(v) (a)
SECTION: III (PART: B)
Questions of two marks
Q18. Let A = { and B = { } Find (A and
AUB
Q19. Using properties of sets, show that AU (A =A
Q20. Show that A B = A C need not imply B = C
Q21. In a group of 950 persons, 750 can speak Hindi and 460 can speak English. Find how
many can speak Hindi only?
Q22. Let A, B and C be three sets. If B , is it true that A ? If not, give an
example.
Q23. Let A = { and B = { . Is A justify your
answer
[ANSWER]
18. A = {1, 2} , AUB = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8} 21. 490
22. NO, Let A = {4} B = {{4},5}, C = {{4},5,6} 23. A
 SECTION: IV
Questions of three marks
Q24. If A = {3, 4, 8}, B = {3, 6, 9}, and C = {3, 12, 14}, then verify that: AU (B = (AUB)
(AUC)
Q25. Assume that P (A) = P (B). Prove that A = B
Q26. Two finite sets have m and n elements .The number of subsets of first set is 112 more
than that of the second set .Find the values of m and n
Q27. Let A and B be sets. If (A and AUX = BUX for some set X, Show that A
=B
Q28. Let A, B, and C be the sets such that AUB = AUC and (A show that B = C
[ANSWER] 26. m = 7 , n = 4
SECTION: V
Questions of five marks
Q29.In a survey of 200 students of a school, it was found that 120 study mathematics,90
study Physics and 70 study Chemistry,40 study Mathematics and Physics,30 study Physics
and Chemistry,50 study Mathematics and Chemistry and 20 none of these subjects. Find
the number of students who study all the three subjects. Also find the number of students
who study Mathematics only.
Q30. A college awarded 38 medals for honesty, 15 for punctuality and 20 for obedience. If
these medals were bagged by a total 58 students and only three students got medals for all
these values, how many students received medals for exactly two of the three values?
[ANSWER] 29. 20, 50 30. 9
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CHAPTER -2 (RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS)
ORDERED PAIR An ordered pair consists of two objects or elements in a given fixed order.
eg the position of a point in a two dimensional plane in Cartesian coordinates.

Cartesian Product of Sets

For given two nonempty sets A and B, the Cartesian product is the set of all ordered
pair from A to B.
Number of elements in the Cartesian product of two sets

RELATION
Relation from set A to set B is a subset of by describing a relation between first
element and second element of the ordered pair in . Denoted by
If Image of Preimage of
Domain
The set of all first elements of the ordered pairs in a relation R from a set A to a set B is
called the domain of the relation R.
Range
The set of all second elements of the ordered pairs in a relation R from a set A to a set B is
called the Range of the relation R.
Codomain
If there is a relation , the B is known as codomain of the Relation R.
FUNCTION
Function is a special type of Relation.
A relation is said to be a function if every element of A has unique image in B.
Denoted by Image of Preimage of
If is a function, such that Domain = A Codomain = B
Range
The set of all values of f (x) taken together is called the range of function.
Range =
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RELATION AND FUNCTION

RELATION FUNCTION

No restriction between elements of A & B Every Elements of A has unique image in B

elements of A may have many images in B elements of A have unique image in B
Some elements of A may have no image in Every elements of A must has image in B
B
SECTION -I
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 MARK EACH)
1 If A = {x B = {x } then find AXB.
2 Let A = {2, 3} B= {4,5} then find number of subsets of AXB .
3 Let A = {1,2,3,4,6} and Let R = {(a,b) : a,b then write range of R .
4 Let R be the relation on a finite set having n elements, then find number of relations on A .
5 If f(x) = and then find the value of .
6 f(x) = then find f(x) – f(x+1)
7 A function f defined by f(x) = 2x-3 then find f(-2)
8 If f(x) = g(x) = 3x+2 be two real functions then is equal to
9 Find the domain of the function f(x) = .
10 Find the domain of the function f(x) = .
11 If U is a universal set and A, B are its subsets. Where U= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.
A = {1,3,5}, B = {x : x is a prime number}, find A' × B'
12 Given A = {a, b, c}, B = {2, 3}. Find the number of relations from A to B.
13 If (x + 1, y – 2) = (3, 1), find the values of x and y.
14 If then find the value of
15 Let A and B be two sets such that ,then how many number of
functions are possible?
16 If
SECTION-II
CASE STUDY
17 Consider the two sets: A = {DL, MP, KA}, where DL, MP, KA represent Delhi, Madhya
Pradesh and Karnataka, respectively and B = {01, 02, 03} representing codes for the
license plates of vehicles issued by DL, MP and KA.
If the three states, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka were making codes for the
license plates of vehicles, with the restriction that the code begins with an element from set
A, which are the pairs available from these sets.
On the basis of above choose the most appropriate answer in following questions
(i) How many such pairs are possible?
(a) 6 (b) 3 (c) 9 (d) 12
(ii) Which Cartesian product represent license plate of vehicles?
(a) (b) (c) (d)
 (iii) How many subsets are there in above Cartesian product?
(a) 18 (b) 81 (c) 512 (d) 256
(iv) How many relations are possible from set A to B?
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(v) Is the code (DL, 01) be the same as the code (01, DL)?
(a) True (b) False
SECTION-III (2 MARKS QUESTIONS)
18 If A = {2, 4, 6, 9} and B = {4, 6, 18, 27, 54}, , find the set of ordered pairs such
that 'a' is factor of 'b' and a < b
19 Is the following relation a function? Justify your answer
R1 = {(2, 3), (1/2 , 0), (2, 7), (– 4, 6)}
20 Let ‘f’ be a function defined by f(x) = 5x 2 + 2, x R.
(i) Find the image of 3 under f.
(ii) Find f(3) × f(2)
(iii) Find x such that f(x) = 22
21
If find the value of

22 Let and let highest prime factor of n , find the

range of f.
23 Let be a linear function from Z into Z. Find f.
SECTION-IV (3 MARKS QUESTIONS)
24 Find the domain for which the functions
f (x) = 2 – 1 and g (x) = 1 – 3x are equal.
25 Find the domain of each of the following functions.
(i)
(ii) f (x) = [x] + x
26 Find the domain and range of the relation R given by

27 Given that A = {2, 4, 5, 6, 7}, B = {2, 3}. R is a relation from A to B defined by R = {(a, b) :
a A, b B and a is divisible by b} find
(i) R in the roster form
(ii) Domain of R
(iii) Range of R
28 If R be a relation on N defined by R={ ( ) : x is a prime number less than 15} Find
(i) R in the Roster form
(ii) Domain of R
(iii) Range of R
SECTION-V (5 MARKS QUESTIONS)
29 (i) Find the domain of the function f given by

(ii) Find the domain of the function f given by

30
The function f is defined by

Draw the graph of f(x)

Answers
SECTION -I
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 MARK EACH)
1. {(1,0), (1,1), (2,0),(2,1), (3,0), (3,1)}
2. 16
3. {1,2,3,4,6}
4.
5. 2
6.

7. -7
8.

9. [1,
10. R
11. {(2, 1) ,( 4, 1) , (2, 4) , (4, 4)}
12.
13.
14. 0
15.
16.
SECTION-II
CASE STUDY
17. (i) 9
(ii)
(iii) 512
(iv)
(v) False
SECTION-III (2 MARKS QUESTIONS)
18. {(2, 4), (2, 6), (2, 18), (2, 54), (6, 18), (6, 54,), (9, 18), (9, 27), (9, 54)}.

19. Since (2, 3) and (2, 7) R1

⇒R1 (2) = 3 and R1 (2) = 7
So R1 (2) does not have a unique image. Thus R1 is not a function

20. (i) f(3) = 47 (ii) f(3) × f(2) = 1034 (iii) x = 2, –2

21. 31
22. Range={3, 5, 7, 11, 13}
23.
SECTION-IV (3 MARKS QUESTIONS)
24.

25. (i)
(ii)
26.
27. (i) R = {(2, 2), (4, 2), (6, 2), (6, 3)}
(ii) Domain of R = {2, 4, 6}
(iii) Range of R = {2, 3}
28. (i)
(ii)
(iii)
SECTION-V (5 MARKS QUESTIONS)
29. (i)
(ii)
 30.

CHAPTER-3 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

SUMMARY OF CHAPTER
MEASUREMENT OF AN ANGLE:
DEGREE MEASURE: If the rotation of a ray from the initial side to terminal side is( ) th of a
revolution,the angle is said to have a measure of one degree ,written as .
= 60’ (sixty minutes) and 1’ = 60”(sixty seconds).
RADIAN MEASURE: Angle subtended at the centre by an arc of length 1 unit in a unit circle (circle
of radius 1 unit) is said to have a measure of 1 radian. If in a circle of radius r,an arc of length l
subtends an angle θ radian at the centre , we have θ= or = r θ.
RELATION BETWEEN DEGREE AND RADIAN:
2π radian= or π radian=
1 radian = = 16’ approximately.
Also radian = 0.01746 radian approximately.
SIGN OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

FIRST SECOND THIRD FOURTH

QUADRANT(0 QUADRANT(π/2<x QUADRANT(π<x<3 QUADRANT(3π/2<x
<x<π/2) <π) π/2) <2π)
Sinx positive positive negative negative
Cosx positive negative negative positive
Tanx positive negative positive negative
Cosecx positive positive negative negative
Secx positive negative negative positive
Cotx positive negative positive negative

VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS:

0 dig π/6 π/4 π/3 π/2 π 3π/2 2π
Sin 0 1/2 1/√2 √3/2 1 0 -1 0
Cos 1 √3/2 1/√2 1/2 0 -1 0 1
Tan 0 1/√3 1 √3 Not 0 Not 0
defind defined
The values of cosecx, secx and cotx are the reciprocal of the values sinx, cosx and tanx
respectively.
DOMAIN AND RANGE OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Functions Domain Range

sine R [ -1 , 1 ]

cos R [ -1 , 1 ]

tan R – {( 2n + 1 )π/ 2 : n ϵ Z} R

cot R – {nπ : n ϵ Z} R

sec R – {( 2n + 1) π / 2 : n ϵ Z } R – ( -1,1)

cosec R – { nπ : n ϵ Z } R – ( -1,1)

ALLIED OR RELATED ANGLES The angles nπ / 2 ± θ are called allied or related angles and θ
± n x 360o are called coterminal angles. For general reduction, we have the following rules. The
value of any trigonometric function for ( nπ /2 ± θ ) is numerically equal to
(a) The value of the same function if n is an even integer with algebraic sign of the function as
per the quadrant in which angle lies.
(b) Corresponding cofunction of θ if n is an odd integer with algebraic sign of the function for
the quadrant in which it lies. Here sine and cosine; tan and cot; sec and cosec are
cofunctions of each other.
Examples: sin(π/2 –x) = cosx, cos(π/2 –x)=sinx, sin(π-x)=sinx, sin(π+x)= -sinx,
cos(π- x)= - cosx, tan(π+x)= tanx, cos(π/2 +x)= -sinx, cos(2π-x)= cosx etc.
FUNCTIONS OF NEGATIVE ANGLES Let θ be any angle. Then
sin (-θ ) = - sin θ, cos (-θ ) = cos θ
tan (-θ ) = - tan θ, cot (-θ ) = -cot θ
sec (-θ ) = sec θ, cosec (-θ ) = -cosec θ
SOME FORMULAE REGARDING COMPOUND ANGLES
(i) sin ( A + B ) = sinAcosB + cosAsinB
(ii) sin ( A - B ) = sinAcosB - cosAsinB
(iii) cos(A+B) = cosAcosB – sinASinB
(iv) cos(A - B) = cosAcosB +sinASinB
(v) tan(A+B)=

(vi) tan(A-B)=

(vii) cot(A+B)=

(viii) cot(A-B)=
(ix) sin2A= 2sinAcosA = 2tanA /(1+tan2A) ,A≠ nπ+π/2 where n is an integer.
(x) cos 2A= cos2A – sin2A = 2cos2A – 1= 1- 2sin2A = (1- tan2A)/(1 +tan2A)
(xi) tan2A= 2tanA /(1-tan2A)
(xii) sin3A= 3sinA – 4sin3A
(xiii) cos3A= 4cos3A – 3cosA
(xiv) tan 3A= (3tanA – tan3A) / (1- 3tan2A)
(xv) cosx + cosy = 2cos cos
(xvi) cosx - cosy = - 2sin sin
(xvii) sinx +siny = 2sin cos
(xviii) sinx -siny = 2sin cos
(xix) 2cosxcosy= cos(x +y) +cos(x-y)
(xx) -2sinxsiny= cos(x +y) -cos(x-y)
(xxi) 2sinxcosy = sin(x+y) +sin(x-y)
(xxii) 2cosxsiny = sin(x+y) -sin(x-y)
(xxiii) sin2x - sin2y = sin(x+y).sin(x-y)
 TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS: Equations involving trigonometric functions of a variable are
called trigonometric equations. The solutions of a trigonometric equation for which 0 ≤x< 2π
are called principal solutions.
PARTA
SECTION A(1 MARKQUESTIONS)
1. Convert 5π/6 in degree measure.
2. Convert 40o20’ into radian measure.
3. If sinx= -4/5, x lies in third quadrant then find tanx.
4. Find the value of sin29π/6.
5. Find the value of sin75osec165o.
6. Find cot75o.
7. If sinA+sinB+sinC =3 then find cosA+cosB+cosC.
8. Find the principal solutions of the equation cosx= ½.
9. Find the principal solutions of the equation cotx = -√3.
10. Find the value of tan(-16π/3).
11. Find the radius of the circle in which a central angle of 90o intercepts an arc of length
22cm.(use π= 22/7).
12. The minute hand of a watch is 7 cm.How far does it tip move in 30 minutes?
13. Prove that (sin3x-sinx)sec2x=2sinx.
14. Find the greatest value of sinxcosx.
15. Find the value of (cot215o -1) /(cot215o +1).
16. Find the value of tan75o – tan30o –tan75otan30o.
17. Find the value of cos10o+cos110o+cos130o.
18. Find the value of (cot47ocot43o -1)/ (cot47o +cot43o).
19. If A+B+C= π,then what is cos(A+B) +cosC?
20. A wheel makes 36 revolutions in 6 minutes.How many radians does it turn in 1minute?
SECTION II
CASE STUDY QUESTIONS: Attempt any 4 sub parts from each question.
1. Consider sin(A+B)=1and sin(A-B)= ½ where A,B ϵ [0,π/2].Based on the above information
answer the following.
(i) What is the value of A?
(a) π/6 (b)π/3 (c) π/4 (d) π/8
(ii) What is the value of B?
(a) π/6 (b)π/3 (c) π/4 (d) π/8
(iii) What is the value of tan(A+2B)tan(2A+B)?
(a) -1 (b)0 (c) 1 (d) 2
(iv) What is the value of sin2A – sin2B ?
(a) 1/4 (b)1/2 (c) 1/3 (d) 1
(v) What is the value of cos2A ?
(a) -2 (b)-1/4 (c) -1/3 (d) -1/2
2. A circular wire of radius 3cm is cut and bent so as to lie along the circumference of a hoop
whose radius is 48cm. Based on the above information answer the following.
(i) What is the length of circular wire?
(a) 3π cm (b) 4π cm (c) 6π cm (d) none of these.
(ii) Angle subtended by the circular wire at the centre of hoop?
(a) π (b) π/4 (c) π/6 (d) none of these
(iii) Angle subtended by the circular wire at the centre of hoop in degree?
(a) 45o (b) 67.5o (c) 22.50 (d)none of these
(iv) If the radius of the hoop is halved then the angle subtended by the circular wire at the centre
of hoop in degree is :
(a) 45o (b) 67.5o (c) 22.50 (d)none of these
(v) If the radius of the circular wire is halved then the angle subtended by the circular wire at
the centre of hoop in radian is :
(a) π/8 (b) π/4 (c) π/16 (d) none of these
PARTB
SECTION III (2 marks Questions)
1. Convert 4 radians into degree measure?
2. If in two circles,arcs of same length subtend angles 45o and 60o at the centre ,find the ratio of
their radii.
3. Prove that cos29x - cos211x = sin20x.sin2x.
4. Prove that = tanx
5. Prove that cos4x= 1-8sin2xcos2x.
6. Find the Principal solutions of the equation secx = -2.
7. Prove that =

8. Evaluate : sin272o - sin260o [given cos36o= (√5 +1)/4 ]

9. Find the value of tan2 (π/3) +2cos2(π/4) +5cos2(π/2)+ 3sec2(π/6) .
10. Prove that sin2x+2sin4x+sin6x = 4cos2xsin4x.
SECTION IV (3 marks Questions)
1. In a circle of diameter 40 cm, the length of a chord is 20 cm.Find the length of minor arc of the
chord.
2. If cosx = - 5/13,xlies in second quadrant,find the values of other five trigonometric functions.
3. Prove that cotx cot2x –cot2x cot3x- cot3xcotx= 1
4. Prove that cos2x + cos2(x+ ) + cos2(x- ) = 3/2
5. Prove that (cosx-cosy)2+ (sinx- siny)2 = 4 sin2
6. Prove that ( + )tan2θ
7. Prove that tan4x = 4tanx(1- tan2x) / (1-6tan2x+tan4x)
8. Prove that = cot3x
SECTION V (5 marks Questions)
1. Find sin , cos and tan if cotx= 4/3,xlies in quadrant III.

2. Prove that sin3x+sin2x – sinx= 4sinx cos cos

3. Prove that cos6x = 32 cos6x – 48cos4x +18 cos2x -1
4. Prove that sin10osin30osin50osin70o =1/16
5. Find the value of the expression cos4(π/8) + cos4(3π/8)+ cos4(5π/8) + cos4(7π/8).
ANSWERS
PART A SECTIONI(1 MARK QUESTIONS)
1.150O 2.121π/540 radian 3. tanx= 4/3 4.1/2 5. -1 6.2-√3 7. 0
8.π/3,5π/3. 9.5π/6 and 11π/6. 10. -√3 11.14cm. 12.22 cm. 14.1/2
15.√3/2 16. 1 17. 0 18. 0 19. 0 20.12π
PART A SECTION II (case study questions)
1(i) b 1(ii)a 1(iii)c 1(iv)b 1(v)d
2(i)c 2(ii)d 2(iii)c 2(iv)a 2(v)c
PARTB SECTION III (2 marks Questions)
1. 229o5’29’’ 2. 4:3 6. 2π/3 , 4π/3 8. (√5 -1)/8 9. 8
SECTION IV (3 marks Questions)
1.20π/3 cm. 2. sinx= 12/13,cosecx= 13/12,tanx = -12/5,cotx= -5/12,secx= -13/5
SECTION V (5 marks Questions)
1. Sin(x/2)= 3/√10, cos(x/2)= -1/√10, tan(x/2)= -3 5. 3/2
CHAPTER 4
PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION DELETED FULL CHAPTER BY CBSE

CHAPTER 5 – COMPLEX NUMBERS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

Imaginary Numbers
The square root of a negative real number is called an imaginary number, e.g. √-2, √-5 etc.
The quantity √-1 is an imaginary unit and it is denoted by ‘i’ called Iota.
Integral Power of IOTA (i)
i = √-1, i2 = -1, i3 = -i, i4 = 1, So, i4n+1 = i, i4n+2 = -1, i4n+3 = -i, i4n = 1
Note:
For any two real numbers a and b, the result √a × √b : √ab is true only, when atleast one of the
given numbers i.e. either zero or positive. √-a × √-b ≠ √ab So, i2 = √-1 × √-1 ≠ 1
 ‘i’ is neither positive, zero nor negative.
  in + in+1 + in+2 + in+3 = 0
Complex Number
A number of the form x + iy, where x and y are real numbers, is called a complex number, x is
called real part and y is called imaginary part of the complex number i.e. Re(Z) = x and Im(Z) = y.
Purely Real and Purely Imaginary Complex Number
A complex number Z = x + iy is a purely real if its imaginary part is 0, i.e. Im(z) = 0 and purely
imaginary if its real part is 0 i.e. Re (z) = 0.
Equality of Complex Number
Two complex numbers z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2 are equal, iff x1 = x2 and y1 = y2 i.e. Re(z1) =
Re(z2) and Im(z1) = Im(z2)
Note: Order relation “greater than’’ and “less than” are not defined for complex number.
Algebra of Complex Numbers
Addition of complex numbers
Let z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2 be any two complex numbers, then their sum defined as
z1 + z2 = (x1 + iy1) + (x2 + iy2) = (x1 + x2) + i (y1 + y2)
Properties of Addition
 Commutative: z1 + z2 = z2 + z1
 Associative: z1 + (z2 + z3) = (z1 + z2) + z3
 Additive identity z + 0 = z = 0 + z
Here, 0 is additive identity.
Subtraction of complex numbers
Let z1 = (x1 + iy1) and z2 = (x2 + iy2) be any two complex numbers, then their difference is defined
as z1 – z2 = (x1 + iy1) – (x2 + iy2) = (x1 – x2) + i(y1 – y2)
Multiplication of complex numbers
Let z1 = (x1 + iy1) and z2 = (x2 + iy2) be any two complex numbers, then their multiplication is
defined as z1z2 = (x1 + iy1) (x2 + iy2) = (x1x2 – y1y2) + i (x1y2 + x2y1)
Properties of Multiplication
 Commutative: z1z2 = z2z1
 Associative: z1(z2z3) = (z1z2)z3
 Multiplicative identity: z . 1 = z = 1 . z Here, 1 is multiplicative identity of an element z.
 Multiplicative inverse: For every non-zero complex number z, there exists a complex
number z1 such that z . z1 = 1 = z1 . z
 Distributive law: z1(z2 + z3) = z1z2 + z1z3
Division of Complex Numbers
Let z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2 be any two complex numbers, then their division is defined as

Conjugate of Complex Number

Let z = x + iy, if ‘i’ is replaced by (-i), then said to be conjugate of the complex number z and it is
denoted by z¯, i.e. z¯ = x – iy
Properties of Conjugate

Modulus of a Complex Number

Let z = x + iy be a complex number. Then, the positive square root of the sum of square of real part
and square of imaginary part is called modulus (absolute values) of z and it is denoted by |z| i.e. |z|
= √(x2+y2)
It represents a distance of z from origin in the set of complex number c, the order relation is not
defined i.e. z1 > z2 or z1 < z2 has no meaning but |z1| > |z2| or |z1|<|z2| has got its meaning, since |z1|
and |z2| are real numbers.
Properties of Modulus of a Complex number

Very Short Answer Questions [Each carries 1 Mark]

1. If (1 + i) (1 + 2i) (1 + 3i) ....... (1 + ni) = a + ib then 2 × 5 × 10 × ....... × (1 + n2)
=. . . . . . . . . . .

2. If | z + 4 | < 3 then the maximum value of | z + 1| is .......... .

3. If a complex number is in third quadrant then its conjugate is in ... quadrant.
4. (1 + i)4 + (1 – i)4 = .......... .
5. Find the least positive integer n such that ( )n is a positive integer .
6. If a= 1+i , then find the value of a2
7. If a= cos α +i sin α, then find the value of
8. If z = x + iy, where x and y are real numbers and | x | + | y | < k | z | then k = ..........
9. Express i-39 in the form of a+ib
10. The complex number z which satisfies the condition | | =1 lies on ………….
11. Let x, y ∈ R, then x + iy is a non-real complex number if it statisfies what condition.

12. For what relation of a,b,c,d we have a + ib = c + id.

14. find the value of x

15

16. Find the value of (z + 3) ( + 3) .

Answer the question Q17 to Q21 from the following:
There are two boys Rahul and Rohit, they were playing a mathematical game. Rahul asked Rohit,
tell me a number such that when I do the square of the given number it will give a new number
which is equal to the subtraction of one from the additive inverse of the given number.
Q17. What equation Rohit will make to find the number?
Q18. Find the Real part of the given number
Q19. Find the modulus of the given number
Q20. If z= -1 +3i, find the conjugate of z
Q21. Find the solution of the equation.
PART A SOLUTIONS
1. a2 + b2 2. 0 3. Second 4. -8 5. 8 6. 2i 7. i cot α/2 8. 9. i
10. The x-axis 11. B 12. a2 + b2 = c2 + d2 13. D 14. 4n 15. 1
16. |Z+3|2 17. x2+x+1=0
PART B
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)

3 Find the real values of x and y for which the complex number -3+ix2 and x2 +y +4i are conjugate
of each other.
4. If z1 =2-i, z2 =-2+ i, find the value of Re(z1 z2)
5. Solve the equation: |z|= z+1+2i
6 Solve the equation 4x2 +1=0
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION (3 MARKS)

2. If (x+iy)1/3 =a+ib, x,y,a,b R.Show that + =4( a2 –b2 )

3 Find the non –zero integral solutions of |1-i|x =2x
4.
5. Solve 2x2 – (3+7i) x-(3-9i)=0

LONG ANSWER QUESTION ( 5 MARKS)

2. f x= -1+I then find the value of x4+ 4 x3+4x2+2 .

ANSWERS(PART B)
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS(2 marks)
1. ½+1/2i 2. + I 3. and y=±4
4. 5. -2i 6. i
Short Answer Question(3 marks)
5. + i
Long Answer Question (5 marks) 1. Use property 2. 6
CHAPTER 6-LINEAR INEQUALITIES
Inequation
A statement involving variables and the sign of inequality viz. >, <, ≥ or ≤ is called an inequation or
an inequality.
Numerical Inequalities
Inequalities which do not contain any variable is called numerical inequalities, e.g. 3 < 7, 2 ≥ -1,
etc. Literal Inequalities: Inequalities which contains variables are called literal inequalities e.g. x – y
> 0, x > 5, etc.
Linear Inequation of One Variable
Let a be non-zero real number and x be a variable. Then, inequalities of the form ax + b > 0, ax + b
< 0, ax + b ≥ 0 and ax + b ≤ 0 are known as linear inequalities in one variable.
Linear Inequation of Two Variables
Let a, b be non-zero real numbers and x, y be variables. Then, inequation of the form ax + by < c,
ax + by > c, ax + by ≤ c and ax + by ≥ c are known as linear inequalities in two variables x and y.
Solution of an Inequality
The value(s) of the variable(s) which makes the inequality a true statement is called its solutions.
The set of all solutions of an inequality is called the solution set of the inequality.
Solving Linear Inequations in One Variable
Same number may be added (or subtracted) to both sides of an inequation without changing the
sign of inequality.
Both sides of an inequation can be multiplied (or divided) by the same positive real number without
changing the sign of inequality. However, the sign of inequality is reversed when both sides of an
inequation are multiplied or divided by a negative number.
Representation of Solution of Linear Inequality in One Variable on a Number Line
To represent the solution of a linear inequality in one variable on a number line. We use the
following algorithm.
If the inequality involves ‘>’ or ‘<‘ we draw an open circle (O) on the number line, which indicates
that the number corresponding to the open circle is not included in the solution set.
If the inequality involves ‘≥’ or ‘≤’ we draw a dark circle (•) on the number line, which indicates the
number corresponding to the dark circle is included in the solution set.
Graphical Representation of the Solution of Linear Inequality in One or Two Variables
To represent the solution of linear inequality in one or two variables graphically in a plane, we use
the following algorithm.
If the inequality involves ‘<’ or ‘>’, we draw the graph of the line as dotted line to indicate that the
points on the line are not included from the solution sets.
If the inequality involves ‘≥’ or ‘≤’, we draw the graph of the line as a dark line to indicate the points
on the line is included from the solution sets.
Solution of a linear inequality in one variable can be represented on number line as well as in the
plane but the solution of a linear inequality in two variables of the type ax + by > c, ax + by ≥ c,ax +
by < c or ax + by ≤ c (a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0) can be represented in the plane only.
Two or more inequalities taken together comprise a system of inequalities and the solution of the
system of inequalities are the solution common to all the inequalities comprising the system.
SECTION A PART I
(Each question is of 1 mark)
1. Solve 5 x  24 when x  N .
2. Solve 3 x  11 when x   .
3. Solve 3  2 x  9 when x   .
1
4. Solve: 0 .
x4
x
5. Solve: 0   1.
5
x 1
6. Solve: 1
x2
Solve the following inequalities for real x
x
7. 2  3  x  
4 .
5
3x  2 4 x  3
8.  .
5 2
2x  3 3 x  2
9. 2 .
5 5
13  1
10.  x  4    x  6  .
25  3
Write the solutions in the form of intervals
11. 3  3 x  2  5 .
12. 2  2 x  3   10  6  x  2  .
13. Draw the graph of the solution x  y  4 .
14. Draw the graph of the solution x  y
15. Solve 3 x  5  x  1 . Show the solution on the number line.
16. Solve 5 x  3  3 x  5 . Show the solution on the number line.
PART II
Each part of question number 17 carry one mark.
17. While drilling a hole in the earth, it was found that the temperature (T °C) at x
km below the surface of the earth was given by T  30  25( x  3) , when
3  x  15 .
Using above information answer the following questions.
(i) The temperature at 5 km below the surface of the earth is
(a) 230C (b) 80C (c) 80C (d) 20C
(ii) At which depth will the temperature be 255C
(a) 12 km (b) 9 km (c) 14.4 km (d) 8.4 km
(iii) For 3  x  15 , what is the range of temperature?
(a) 180C  T  330C (b) 180C  T  480C
(c) 30C  T  330C (d) 30C  T  480C
(iv) Between which temperatures will the depths be 6m to 12m?
(a) 45 C to 195C (b) 105C to 195C
(c) 105C to 255C (d) 45 C to 255C
 (v) Between which depths will the temperature be between 200°C and
300°C?
(a) Between 9.2m and 13.2m (b) Between 3.8m and 7.8m
(c) Between 9.8m and 13.8m (d) Between 9.2m and 13.8m
PART B
SECTION III
(Each question carry 2 marks)
4x  3
18. Solve  6 and show the solution on the number line.
2x  5
2x  4
19. Solve  5 and show the solution on the number line.
x 1
20. Find the solution set of inequalities 2 x  1  3 and 3 x  1  5 and show the solution on
the number line.
21. Find the solution set of inequalities 11  5 x  4 and 4 x  13  11 and show the solution
on the number line.
x 1 6x 1
22. Find the solution set of inequalities  and  .
2x 1 4 4x 1 2
1
23. Find the solution of 3 x  2  .
2
SECTION IV
(Each question is of 3 marks)
24. Solve the following system of inequalities x  1  5 and x  2 .
25. Find all pairs of consecutive odd positive integers, both of which are smaller than 18, such
that their sum is more than 20.
26. The water acidity in a pool is considered normal when the average pH reading of three daily
measurements is between 7.2 and 7.8. If the first two pH readings are 7.48 and 7.85, find
the range of pH value for the third reading that will result in the acidity level being normal.
Solve the following system of inequalities graphically.
27. x  y  20, 3x  2 y  48 .
28. x  y  8, x  y  4, x  5 and y  5 .
SECTION V
(Each question is of 5 marks)
29. A solution of 9% acid is to be diluted by adding 3% acid solution to it. The resulting mixture
is to be more than 5% but less than 7% acid. If there is 460 liters of 9% acid solution, how
many liters of 3% solution will have to be added?
30. The longest side of a triangle is twice the shortest side and the third side is 2 cm longer
than the shortest side. If the perimeter of the triangle is more than 166 cm then find the
minimum length of the shortest side.
***********************
ANSWERS
SECTION A
PART I
1. 1, 2,3, 4 .
2. ....., 2, 1,0,1, 2,3 .
3. x  3 .
4. x  4 .
5. 5  x  0 .
6.  , 2  .
 10 
7.  , .
 11 
 11 
8.  ,  
4 
9.  1,  
10.  ,120
 5
11.  1, 
  3
1 
12.  ,  
5 
13.

14.

15.

16.

17. (i) (b) 80C

(ii) (a) 12m
(iii) (c) 30C  T  330C
(iv) (d) 45 C to 255C
(v) (c) Between 9.8m and 13.8m
PART B
SECTION III
 5   33 
18.  ,    , 
 2  8 
 19. 1  x  3
20. 2  x  2 .
21.  , 6 .
22. No solution.
1 5
23.  ,  .
2 6
SECTION III
  
24. 4, 2  2,6 . 
25. 11,13  , 13,15  and 15,17  .
26. Between 6.27 and 8.07.
27.

28.
SECTION V

29. More than 230 litres but less than 920 litres.
30. 41 cm.
************************************************************
Chapter7 - Permutations and combinations
Summary of the formulae
(i) Fundamental principal of counting – if an event can occur in m different ways, following
which another event can occur in n different ways, then the total number of occurrences
of the events in the given order is m. n.
(ii) P(n,r) = n!/(n-r)!
(iii) C(n,r) = n!/r!(n-r)!
(iv) The number of permutations of n objects, where p1 objects are of one kind, p2 are of
second kind , …. Pk are of kth kind and the rest, if any, are of different kind is n!/p1! .
p2!...p
Part – A
Section 1
Each of the following question is of 1 mark.
Q.1. Convert the following product into factorial 6.7.8.9.10
Q.2. Find x in the following
1/4! + 1/5! =x/6!
Q. 3. How many three-digit odd numbers are there?
Q.4. If P(n,4) =20 . P(n,2) find n
Q.5. In how many ways 4 women draw water from 4 taps, if no tap remains unused?
Q.6. In how many different ways, can the letters of following word be arranged- AGAIN ?
Q.7. Find the number of two-digit numbers by using the digits 4,6,9. The repetition of digits is
allowed.
Q.8. How many triangular can be formed by joining the vertices of a hexagon?
Q.9. If there are 12 persons in a party and if each two of them shake hands with each other,
how many handshakes happen in the party?
Q.10. In how many ways can a student choose 5 courses out of 9 courses if two courses are
compulsory for every student?
Q.11. If nC8 = nC6, find nC2
Q.12. Find the number of diagonals that can be drawn by joining the angular points of an octagon.
Q.13. show that 10P3 = 9P3 + 3.9P2
Q.14. In how many ways the letter DELHI can be arranged
Q.15. Evaluate: 51C49 by using nCr = nCn-r
Q.16. How many chords can be drawn through 20 points on a circle.
Section -2
Case Study- 4 marks
Q.17. A state cricket authority has to choose a team of 11 members, to do it so the authority ask
2 coaches of a government academy to select the team members that have experience as
 well as best performer in the last 15 matches. They can make up a team of 11 cricketers
amongst 15 possible candidates. In how many ways can the final eleven be selected from
15 cricket players if:

1. if there is no restriction
a. 1365 b. 2365 c. 1465 d. 1375
2. One of them must be included
a. 1002 b. 1003 c. 1001 d. 1004
3. One of them who is in bed form, must always be excluded
a. 480 b. 364 c. 1365 d. 640
4. Two of them being leg spinners, one and only one leg spinner must be included
a. 2C1 .13C10 b. 2C1 . 10C13 c. 1C2 .13C10 d. 2C10 .13C10

5. If there are 6 bowlers, 3 wicket keepers and 11 batsmen in all. The number of ways in
which a team of 4 bowlers, 2 wicket keepers and 5 batsmen can be chosen.
a) 6C4 . 3C4 . 11C5
b) 6C2 . 3C4 .11C5
c) 6C2 . 3C5 . 11C4
d) 6C4 . 3C2 .11C5
Part – B, Section -3
Each of the following question is of 2 marks:
Q.18 In a class room 6 seats are vacant on a bench. In how many ways can 3 students sit on
them.
Q.19 if (n+2)! = 60[ (n – 1)!], find n
Q.20 How many three letter words can be formed using a,b,c,d,e, if
i. Repetition is not allowed
ii. Repetition is allowed
Q.21 How many different parties of 8, consisting of 5 boys and 3 girls can be formed from 25
boys and 10 girls?
Q. 22 If n+1C3 = 2. nC2, find n.
Q.23 Prove that 2nCn = 2n(1,3.5…(2n-1) / n!
Section -4
Each of the following question is of 3 marks:

Q.24 If 56 Pr+6 = 54Pr+3 =30800:1, find r.

Q.25 Using n Cr + nCr-1 = n+1 Cr
Evaluate 10C4 + 10C5
Q.26 In how many ways can a team of 11 players be selected from 16 players?
How many of these will
i. Include 2 particular players
ii. Exclude 2 particular players
Q.27 Show that
8C + 8C + 8C + …8C = 28
0 1 2 8
Q,28 How many permutations can be made out of the letter of the word TRIANGLE ? How many
of these : (i) begin with T? (ii) end with E ?
Section - 5
Each of the following question is of 5 marks:
Q.29 How many different words can be formed from the letter GANESHPURI? in how many
these words:
i. Letter G always occupies the first place?
ii. The letter P and I respectively occupy first and last place?
 iii. The vowels are always together?
iv. The vowels always occupy even place?
Q.30 A committee of 5 members is to be formed out of 6 gents and 4 ladies. In how many
ways this can be done, when
i. At least two ladies are included?
ii. At most two ladies are included?
Answers
Q.NO Answers
Part A Section 1
1 10!/5!
2 x=36
3 9.10.5=450
4 n=7
5 4!
6 60
7 9
8 C(6,3)=20
9 C(12.2)=66
10 35
11 n=8+6=14,C(14,2)=91
12 C(8,2)=28.number of lines
Number of diagonals=28-8=20
13 -
14 5!=120
15 1275
16 C(20,2)=190
Part A Section 2
17 Case study-1-a,2-c,3-b,4-a,5-d
Part B Section 3
18 120
19 n=3
20 (i)5.4.3=60,(ii)5.5.5=125
21 C(25,5).C(10,3)=6375600
22 n=5
23 -
Part B Section 4
24 r=41
25 462
26 4386,2002,364
27 -
28 40320,5040,5040
Part B Section 5
29 10!,9!,8!,7!.4!,5!.6!
30 186,186
CHAPTER 8 – BINOMIAL THEOREM
DELETED FULL CHAPTER BY CBSE
****************************************************************************
CHAPTER 9- SEQUENCES AND SERIES
SUMMARY AT A GLANCE
Sequence
A succession of numbers arranged in a definite order according to a given certain rule is called
sequence. A sequence is either finite or infinite depending upon the number of terms in a
sequence.
Series
If a1, a2, a3,…… an is a sequence, then the expression a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 + … + an is called series.
Progression
A sequence whose terms follow certain patterns are more often called progression.
Finite Series: A series having finite number of terms is called finite series.
Infinite Series: A series having infinite number of terms is called infinite series.
Arithmetic Progression (AP)
A sequence in which the difference of two consecutive terms is constant, is called Arithmetic
Progression (AP).
Properties of Arithmetic Progression
I) nth Term of an AP If a is the first term, d is the common difference and l is the last term of an AP,
then (a) nth term is given by l = an = a + (n – 1)d
(b) nth term of an AP from the last term is a’n = l – (n – 1)d
(c) an + a’n = a + l
d) Common difference of an AP d = Tn – Tn-1, ∀n>1
(iii) If a constant is added or subtracted from each term of an AP, then the resulting sequence is an
AP with same common difference.
(iv) If each term of an AP is multiplied or divided by a non-zero constant k, then the resulting
sequence is also an AP, with common difference kd or d/k where d = common difference.
Consecutive Terms in AP
(a) Any three terms of an AP can be taken as a – d, a, a + d.
(b) Any four terms of an AP can be taken as a-3d,a- d, a + d, a + 3d.
(c) Any five terms of an AP can be taken as a-2d, a – d, a, a + d, a + 2d.
Sum of n Terms of an AP
(a) Sum of n terms of AP, is given by Sn = n/2[2a + (n – 1)d] = n/2[a + l]
(b) Tn = Sn – Sn-1
Arithmetic Mean
(a) If a, A and b are in AP, then A= (a + b)/2 is called the arithmetic mean of a and b.
(c) If a, A1 , A2 , A3 ,…,An, b are in AP, then A1, A2, A3,…, An are n arithmetic mean between a
and b, where

Geometric Progression (GP)

A sequence in which the ratio of two consecutive terms is constant is called GP. The constant ratio
is called common ratio (r). i.e.,( an+1)/an = r, ∀ n ≥ 1
Properties of Geometric Progression (GP)
(i) nth Term of a GP ,If a is the first term and r is the common ratio
(a) nth term of a GP from the beginning is an = arn-1
(b) nth term of a GP from the end is a’(n )= l/rn-1, l = last term
(c) If a is the first term and r is the common ratio of a GP, then the GP can be written as a, ar,
ar2,… , arn-1, …
(ii) If all the terms of GP be multiplied or divided by same non-zero constant, then the resulting
sequence is a GP with the same common ratio.
(iii) If a, b and c are three consecutive terms of a GP, then b2 = ac
Consecutive Terms in GP
(a) Three terms of a GP can be taken as a/r, a and ar.
(b) Four terms of a GP can be taken as a/r3, a/r, ar and ar3.
(c) Five terms of a GP can be taken as a/r2, a/r, ar and ar2.
Sum of n Terms of a GP
(a) Sum of n terms of a GP is given by
 (b)

Geometric Mean (GM)

(a) If a, G, b are in GP, then G is called the geometric mean of a and b and is given by G = √ab

b) If a, G1, G2, G3, , Gn, b are in GP, then G1, G2, G3,… , Gn, are in GM’s between a and b,
where

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

SAMPLE QUESTIONS
Section -I
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Q1. Find the 12th term of a G.P. whose 8th term is 192 and the common ratio is 2.
Q2. The 5th , 8th and 11th terms of a G.P. are p,q and s ,respectively. Show that q2=ps.
Q3. For what values of x, the numbers - , x,- are in G.P.?
Q4. Find the sum of first n natural numbers.
Q5. Find the sum of all odd numbers between 100 and 200.
Q6. Find the sum of all integers between 84 and 719, which are multiples of 5.
Q7. The sum of first 7 terms of an A.P. is 10 and that of next 7 terms is 17 .Find the progression.
Q8. Find the sum of n terms of the A.P. whose kth terms is 5k +1.
Q9. Find an A.P. in which the sum of any numbers of terms is always three times the squared
number of these terms
Q10. If the sum of n terms of an A.P. is 2n2+3n, then write its nth term.
Q11. If mth term of an A.P.is n and nth term is m,then write the pth term.
Q12. Which term of the G.P. 5,10,20,40,… is 5120.
Q13. The third term of a G.P. is 4.Find the product of its first five terms
Q14. In a G.P. the 3rd term is 24 and the 6th term is 192.Find the 10th term.
Q15. If a,b,c are in A.P. and a,b,d are in G.P.,then prove that a,a-b,d-c are in G.P.
Q16. Find the two numbers whose A.M.is 25 and G.M. is 20
ANSWERS SECTION 1
Q1. 3072 Q3. Q4. Q5. 7500 Q6. 50800 Q7. a=1 , d=1/7

Q8. (5n+7) Q9. . 3,9,15.21, Q10. 4n+1 Q11. m+n-p

Q12. 11th term. Q13. . 45 Q14. 3072 Q16. . 40,10
Section -II
CASE STUDY QUESTION-
Q17. Rohan and Sohan are playing cards. These cards are numbered from 1 to 100.
i) How many numbers between 1 and 100 are divisible by 2?
a) 48 b) 49 c) 50 d) 99
ii) How many numbers between 1 and 100 are divisible by 5?
a) 20 b) 19 c) 18 d) 10
iii) How many numbers between 1 and 100 are divisible by 2 or 5?
a) 68 b) 58 c) 59 d) 70
iv) Find the sum of all the numbers between 1 and 100, divisible by 2 and 5 both.
a) 500 b) 450 c) 1000 d) 1500
v) Find the sum of all the numbers between 1 and 100, divisible by 2 or 5.
a) 2950 b) 3000 c) 6500 d)7000

ANSWERS SECTION 2
Q17
i) b II) b iii) c iv) b v) a
Section -III
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Q 18. if the sum of n terms of an A.P. is pn+qn2, where p and q are constants, find the common
difference
Q19. The sum of first three terms of G.P. is 13/12 and their product is -1. Find the G.P.
Q 20. Find the sum of the series 5+55+555… to n terms
Q 21. How many terms of the series 2+6+18 …must be taken to make the sum equal to 728 ?
Q 22. Insert three arithmetic means between 3 and 19.
Q23. If there (2n+1) terms in A.P., then prove that the ratio of the sum of odd terms and the sum of
even terms is ( n+1 ) :n.
ANSWERS SECTION III
Q18. 2q Q19. 4/3, -1,3/4 Q20. 7/81{9n-1+1/10n} Q21. 6 Q22. 7, 11, 15
Section -IV
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Q 24. If a,b,c are in A.P. and x,y,z are G.P. , then show that xb-c.yc-a.za-b =1

Q 25. Find the value of n so th may be geometric mean between a and b.

Q26. The sum of the first p,q,r terms of an A.P. are a,b,c respectively. Show that

Q27. The interior angles of a polygon are in A.P. The smallest angle is 1200 and the common
difference is 50.Find the number of sides of the polygon.
Q28. If a,b,c are in A.P. b,c,d are in G.P. and are in A.P. ,prove that a,c,e are in G.P.

ANSWERS SECTION IV Q25. n= -1/2 Q27. 9

Section -V
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Q29. The sum of two numbers is 6 times their geometric mean, show that the numbers are in
the ratio (3+2√2):(3-2√2).
Q30. Let S be the sum ,P the product and R the sum of reciprocals of n terms in a G.P. Prove
that P2Rn=Sn.
 CHAPTER10 : STRAIGHT LINES
Summary
◆ Slope (m) of a non-vertical line passing through the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is given by

, x1 = x2

◆ If a line makes an angle α with the positive direction of x-axis, then the slope of the line is
given by m = tan α, α ≠ 90°. Slope of horizontal line is zero and slope of vertical line is undefined.
◆ An acute angle (say θ ) between lines L1 and L2 with slopes m1 and m2 is given by
, 1 + m1m2 ≠ 0.

◆ Two lines are parallel if and only if their slopes are equal i.e m1 = m2 .
◆ Two lines are perpendicular if and only if product of their slopes is –1 i.e m 1.m2 = -1.

◆ Three points A, B and C are collinear, if and only if slope of AB = slope of BC.
Various forms of the Equation of a Line :
◆ Equation of the horizontal line having distance a from the x-axis is either y = a or y = – a.
◆ Equation of the vertical line having distance b from the y-axis is either x = b or x = – b.
◆ The Point –slope form → Equation of the line passing through the point (x1, y1) and slope m
is given by y – y1 = m (x – x1).
◆ Two-point form → Equation of the line passing through the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is
given by y – y1 = m(x- x1) where

◆ Slope-intercept form → Equation of the line with slope m and y-intercept c is y = mx + c .

◆ If a line with slope m makes x-intercept d. Then equation of the line is y = m (x – d).
◆ Intercept-form →Equation of a line making x-intercept a and y-intercept b is

◆ Normal form →The equation of the line having normal distance from origin p and angle
between normal and the positive x-axis ω is given by x cos ω + y sin ω = p
◆ Any equation of the form Ax + By + C = 0, with A and B are not zero, simultaneously, is
called the general linear equation or general equation ofa line.
◆ The perpendicular distance (d) of a line Ax + By+ C = 0 from a point (x1, y1) is

◆ Distance between the parallel lines Ax + By + C1 = 0 and Ax + By + C2 = 0 is

PART A
SECTION I ( 01 MARK QUESTIONS)
Q1. Write the equation for the y-axis.
Q2. Find the equation of the line parallel to x-axis and passing through the point P(1,-3).
Q3. Find the length of perpendicular drawn from the origin on the line xcosθ + ysinθ = k .
Q4. Find the value of k if the lines x + (k-1)y + 1 = 0 and 2x + k2y – 1 = 0 are perpendicular to
each other.
Q5. Line through the points (–2, 6) and (4, 8) is perpendicular to the line through the points (8, 12)
and (x, 24). Find the value of x.
Q6. Find a point on the x-axis, which is equidistant from the points (7, 6) and (3, 4).
Q7. Find the slope of a line, which passes through the origin, and the mid-point of the line segment
joining the points P (0, – 4) and B (8, 0).
Q8. Find the slope of the line, which makes an angle of 45° with the positive direction of y-axis
measured anticlockwise.
Q9. Find the value of x for which the points (x, – 1), (2, 1) and (4, 5) are collinear.
Q10.Write the equation of the line intersecting the x-axis at a distance of 3 units to the left of origin with
slope –2.
Q11. Find the slope of the line parallel to the line 3x – 4y + 10 = 0.
Q12. Find the distance between the parallel lines 3x – 4y +7 = 0 and 3x – 4y + 5 = 0.
Q13. Find the slope of a line which cuts off intercepts of equal length on the axes.
Q14. Write the equation of the line passing through the points A(a,0) and B(0,b).
Q15. A line passes through (2,2) and is perpendicular to the line 3x + y = 3. Find its y-
intercept.
Q16. Write the equations of the diagonals of the square formed by the line x = 0, y = 0, x =
1 and y =1
SECTION II (CASE STUDY QUESTIONS)
Q1. Consider the following population and year graph as shown in figure,

Based on the above information answer the following:

i) The slope of the line AB is
a) 2 b) 1 c) ½ d) 1/3
ii) The equation of the line AB is
a) x + 2y = 1791 b) x-2y = 1801 c) x-2y = 1791 d) x-2y + 1801 = 0
iii) The population in the year 2010 is (in crores)
a) 104.5 b) 119.5 c) 109.5 d) None of these
iv) The equation of the line perpendicular to line AB and passing through (1995,97) is
a) 2x - y = 4087 b) 2x + y = 4087 c) 2x + y = 1801 d) None of these
v) In which year the population becomes 110 crores is
a) 2020 b) 2019 c) 2021 d) 2022
Q2. Three girls Rani, Mansi and Snehe are talking to each other and maintaining a social distance
for due to
COVID-19 . They are standing on a vertices of triangle.Whose coordinates are given in the
figure.

Based on the above information answer the following:

i) The equation of the line formed by Rani and Mansi is
a) 3x-y = 4 b) 3x + y = 4 c) x-3y = 4 d) x + 3y = 4.
ii) Slope of the line formed by Rani and Snehe
a) 2/3 b) -3/2 c) -2/3 d) 1/3
iii) The equation of Median of lines through Rani is
a) 5x+4y = 2 b) 5x-4y = 2 c) 4x-5y = 1 d) None of these
iv) The equation of altitude through Mansi is
a) 3x-2y =1 b) 2x +3y =5 c) x+2y = 3 d) None of these.
v) The equation of line passing through the Rani and parallel to line formed by Mansi and Snehe is
a) x-2y = 4 b) x +2y =6 c) x-2y = 6 d) 2x+y = 4
PART B
SECTION III( 02 MARKS QUESTIONS)
Q1. Find the value of p so that the three lines 3x + y – 2 = 0, px + 2 y – 3 = 0 and 2x – y – 3 = 0
may intersect at one point.
Q2. Find angles between the lines .
Q3. The perpendicular from the origin to the line y = mx + c meets it at the point (–1, 2).
Find the values of m and c.
Q4. In the triangle ABC with vertices A (2, 3), B (4, –1) and C (1, 2), find the equation and length of
altitude from the vertex A.
Q5. If p is the length of perpendicular from the origin to the line whose intercepts on the axes
are a and b, then show that .
Q6. Point R (h, k) divides a line segment between the axes in the ratio 1: 2. Find equation of the
line.
SECTION IV( 03 MARKS QUESTIONS)
Q1. Find the values of k for which the line (k–3) x – (4 – k2) y + k2 –7k + 6 = 0 is
(a) Parallel to the x-axis,
(b) Parallel to the y-axis,
(c) Passing through the origin.
Q2. Find the values of θ and p, if the equation x cos θ + y sinθ = p is the normal form of the line
x+y+2=0
Q3. Show that the equation of the line passing through the origin and making an angle θ
with the line y = mx + c is .
Q4. In what ratio, the line joining (–1, 1) and (5, 7) is divided by the line x + y = 4?
Q5. Find the coordinates of a point on the line x + y = -3 ,whose distance from the line x + 2y = -
2 is .
Q6. A ray of light through the point (1, 2) reflects on the x-axis at point A and the reflected
ray passes through the point (5, 3). Find the coordinates of A.
SECTION V( 05 MARKS QUESTIONS)
Q1. Find the image of the point (3, 8) with respect to the line x + 3y = 7 assuming the line to be a
plane mirror.
Q2. Find the equations of the lines, which cut-off intercepts on the axes whose sum and product
are 1 and – 6, respectively.
Q3. Find the equation of the line passing through the point(4,5) and equally inclined to the line
3x = 4y + 7 & 5y = 12x + 6 .

ANSWERS
PART-A
SECTION I
Q1. x = 0 Q2. y = -3 Q3. | k | Q4. k = -1 Q5. x = 4
Q6. (15/2 , 0 ) Q7. – ½ Q8. -1 Q9. x = 1 Q10. 2x + y + 6 = 0
Q11. ¾ Q12. 2 /5 Q13. Slope = -1 Q14. bx + ay = ab Q15. y-intercept = 4/3
Q16. y = x , y + x = 1
SECTION II
Q1 i) c ii) b iii) a iv) b v) c
Q2 i) b ii) c iii) a iv) a) v) c
PART-B
SECTION III
Q1. p = 5 Q2. 30o and 150o Q3. m = ½ and c = 5/2 Q4. y – x = 1 , Q6. 2kx + hy = 3hk
SECTION IV
Q1. a) 3 b) c) 6 or 1
Q2. Q4. 1: 2 Q5. ( 1 , -4) and (-9 , 6) Q6. (13/5 , 0 )
 SECTION V
Q1. (-1,-4) Q2. 2x – 3y = 6 , -3x + 2y = 6
Q3.
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Chapter 11 -Conic Section
Summary of Formulae
 The equation of a circle with radius r having centre (h, k) is given by (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2.
 Standard equation of ellipse

Forms of parabola y2= 4ax y2 = -4ax x2 = 4ay x2 = -4ay

Axis of parabola y=0 y=0 x=0 x=0

Directrix of parabola x = -a x=a y = -a y=a

Vertex (0, 0) (0, 0) (0, 0) (0, 0)

Focus (a, 0) (-a, 0) (0, a) (0, -a)

Length of latus rectum 4a 4a 4a 4a

 The equation of the ellipse with centre at origin and major axis along the x-axis is
x2/a2 + y2/b2 = 1
 Similarly, the equation of the ellipse with center at origin and major axis along the y-axis is
x2/b2 + y2/a2 = 1
 Relationship between a , b and c: a2 = b2 +c2 The eccentricity of ellipse, e = c/a
Since c ≤ a the eccentricity is always less than1 in the case of an ellipse
Form of the Ellipse x2/a2 + y2/b2 = 1 (a >b) x2/b2 + y2/a2 = 1 (a >b)
Centre (0,0) (0,0)
Vertices (±a, 0) (0, ±a)
Foci (±c, 0) (0, ±c)
Length of major Axis 2a 2a
Length of minor Axis 2b 2b
Length of Latus rectum 2b2/a 2b2/a

 Standard Equation of Hyperbola The equation of the hyperbola with centre at origin and
transverse axis along the x-axis is: x2/a2 - y2/b2 = 1
 Similarly, the equation of the hyperbola with center at origin and transverse axis along the
y-axis is: y2/a2 - x2/b2 = 1
 Relation between a ,b and c: b2 = c2 – a2
 Eccentricity, e = c/a Since c ≥ a, the eccentricity is always greater than 1 in the case of a
hyperbola.
Form of the Hyperbola x2/a2 - y2/b2 = 1 y2/a2 - x2/b2 = 1
Centre (0,0) (0,0)
Vertices (±a, 0) (0, ±a)
Foci (±c, 0) (0, ±c)
Length of transverse Axis 2a 2a
Length of Conjugate Axis 2b 2b
Length of Latus rectum 2b2/a 2b2/a
PART A
Section I 1MARK)
1. Find the equation of a circle with centre (-2,3) and radius 4
2. Find the radius of circle 2x2+2y2-x=0
3. Find he equation of the directrix of the Parabola x2 = -8y .
4. What is the sum of distances of any point on ellipse from foci of ellipse x 2/a2+y2/b2 =1
5. Find the eccentricity of Hyperbola x2 - y2 = a2
6. Find the length of latus rectum of Hyperbola 9y2 -4x2 =36
7. At what points of the parabola x² = 9y is the abscissa three times that of ordinate.
8. Check whether the point (-2.5,3.5) lie inside or outside of the circle x2 + y2 = 25
9. Find the equation of Parabola whose focus at (0,-3) and directrix is y=3
10. Find the coordinates of the vertices of ellipse x2/9 + y2/16 =1.
11. If a parabolic reflector is 20cm in diameter and 5 cm deep, find its focus.
12. Find the equation of the parabola with vertex at the origin, passing through the point (2, 3) and
symmetric with respect to Y-axis.
13. Find the equation of hyperbola with vertices (0, and foci (0, )
14. Find the value of p so that x + y +8x + 10y +p = 0 is the equation of a circle of radius 7 units.
2 2

15. The equation of two of diameters of a circle are x + y = 6 and x + 2y = 4. Then, find the centre
of the circle.
16. Find the equation of an Ellipse with ends of major axis (0, and ends of minor axis ( .
Section II
CASE STUDY (Each subpart one mark)
An arch is in the form of a semi ellipse. It is 8 m wide 2 m high at the centre. On the basis of above
information choose correct answer of any four of the following questions
(i) Equation of ellipse will be
(a) x2/16+ y2/4 =1 (b) x2/4+ y2/16 =1 (c) x2/64 + y2 /4 =1 (d) none of these
(ii) The height of the arch at appoint 1.5 m from one end is
(a) (√39)/2 (b) (√29)/4 (c) (√39)/4 (d) 39/4
(iii) The eccentricity of Ellipse will be
(a)(√3)/2 (b) (√2)/4 (c) 1/2 (d) 3/4
(iv) The length of latus rectum of ellipse will be
(a) 6 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 2
(v) Coordinates of Foci of ellipse is
(a) ( ) (b) ( √3, 0) (c) ( √3) (d) ( √2, 0)
PART B
Section III ( 2MARKS)
1. Find the coordinates of foci and eccentricity of the hyperbola 16y2 -9x2 =144
2. Find the equation of the hyperbola whose foci are ( ) and the transverse axis is of
length 8
3. Find the equation of a circle with centre (b,a) & touching X-axis
4. Find the equation of the circle having radius 3 units and which touches the y-axis at the origin
and lies in the 1st and 4thquadrant
5. Find the equation of a circle with area 154 square units and concentric with the circle x2 + y2 -
4x + 6y -3 = 0 .
6. If the parabola y2=4ax passes through the point (3,2) then find the coordinates of its focus and
length of latus rectum
Section IV (3 MARKS)
1. Find the equation of hyperbola whose length of latus rectum is 36 and foci are (0,
2. Find the area of the triangle formed by the lines joining the vertex of the parabola x2 =12y
to the ends of its latus rectum.
3. A man running in a race course notes that the sum of the distances of the two flag posts
from him is always 12 m & the distance between the flag posts is 10 m. find the equation of
the path traced by the man.
4. Find the equation of a circle passes through the origin and whose centre is the point of
intersection of the lines 2x-3y+4=0 and 3x+4y-5=0
5. If ecentricity is 1/5 and foci are ( ), find the equation of an ellipse
6. An equilateral triangle is inscribed in the parabola y2 =4ax, so that one angular point of
the triangle is at the vertex of the parabola. Find the length of each side of the triangle.
SECTION (V) (5 MARKS)
1.Find the length of major & minor axis, coordinates of vertices & the foci, the
eccentricity & length of latus rectum of the ellipse 16x2 + y2 =16.
2. Find the lengths of the axis, the coordinates of the vertices & the foci the eccentricity &
length of the lat us rectum of the hyperbola 25x2 -36 y2 =225.
3. Find the equation of the hyperbola whose foci are at (0, and which passes through
the points (2,3)
4. A rod of length 15cm rests in between two coordinate axes in such a way that the end pointA
lies on x-axis and end point B lies on y axis .A point P(x,y) taken on the rod in such a way that
AP=6cm. Show that locus of the point P is an ellipse.
5. Find the equation of the circle which passes through the points (2,-2), (3,4) and has its centre on
the line 2x+2y =7.
ANSWERS
(CONIC SECTIONS)
PARTA
Section I
1. x2 + y2 +4x - 6y -3 = 0
2. 1/4
3. Y=2
4. 2a
5.
6. 9
7. (0,0) and (3,1)
8. Inside
9. x2 =-12y
10. (0,
11. Focus is at mid point of the given diameter.
12. 3 x2 =4y
13. y2/9 - x2/16 =1
14. P =-8
15. (8,-2)
16. of x2/5 + y2 =1
Section II
CASE STUDY
(i) (a) x2/16+ y2/4 =1
(ii) (c) (√39)/4
(iii) (a)(√3)/2
(iv) (d) 2
(v) b) ( √3, 0)
PART B
Section III
1.Foci ( 5) e=5/3
2. x2/16 - y2/9=1
3. x2 + y2 -2bx – 2ay +b2 = 0
4. x2 - 6x + y2 = 0
5. x2 + y2 -4x + 6y -36= 0
6.(1/3,0) and 4/3
Section IV
1. y2/36- x2/108=1
2. 18 sq units
3. x2/36+ y2/11=1
4. ans 17x2 + 17y2 +2x -44y -= 0
5. x2/1225+ y2/1176=1
6. 8 a
Section V
1. Major axis +8, Minor axis=2, eccentricity= √15/4 ,Foci ( √5) Vertex ( 4)
latus rectum=1/2
2. Transverse ais =6 ,Conjugate axis= 5, e= /6 ,foci ( /2,0)
Latus rectum= 25/6
3. y2- x2=5
 4. x2/81+y2/36=1
5. x2+y2 -5x -2y -2 = 0

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CHAPTER- 12
INTRODUCTION TO THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
SUMMARY AND FORMULAE

Let us take three axes in such a way that they form a right handed system.

The plane passing through OX and OY, is called XY-plane ( or XOY plane or Z plane).
Similarly YZ and ZX planes.

1. RECTANGULAR AXES
Let X’OX, Y’OY and Z’OZ be the three mutually perpendicular straight lines
(i) The common point O is called Origin.
(ii) X’OX is called the X-axis.
(iii) Y’OY is called the Y-axis.
(iv) Z’OZ is called the Z-axis.
These three, taken together, are called Co-ordinate-axes or simply axes.

2. CO-ORDINATE PLANES
(i) XOY, the plane containing X and Y axes, is called XY-plane.
(ii) YOZ, the plane containing Y and Z axes, is called YZ-plane.
(iii) ZOX, the plane containing Z and X axes, is called ZX- plane.
These three, taken together, are called co-ordinate planes.
CONVENTION FOR SIGNS
(i) Distances measured upwards XY-plane are taken as +ve and downwards as –ve.
(ii) Distances measured in front of YZ-plane are taken as +ve and back of it as –ve.
(iii) Distances measured to the right of ZX-plane are taken as +ve and left of it as –ve.
The three co-ordinate planes divide the whole space into eight compartments, known as octants.
Octant→ I II III IV V VI VII VIII
Co-ordinates ↓ XOYZ X’OYZ X’OY’Z XOY’Z XOYZ’ X’OYZ’ X’OY’Z’ XOY’Z’
 x + - - + + - - +

y + + - - + + - -

z + + + + - - - -

DISTANCE FORMULA
The distance between the points and is given by:

The distance of the point ( x, y, z) from the origin is given by

SECTION FORMULA
(i) The co-ordinates of the point, which divides the line joining the points (x1, y1, z1) and
(x2, y2, z2) in the ratio m1 : m2 are:

(ii) The co-ordinates of the mid-point are:

CENTROID OF TRIANGLE
The co-ordinates of the centroid of the triangle having vertices ; and

are:
PART A
SECTION I
1. Write the co-ordinates of the feet of perpendicular from the point (a, b, c) on the co-ordinate
axes.
2. Find the perpendicular distances of the point P(a, b, c) from the co-ordinate axes.
3. Find the distance between the points A(-1, 3, -4) and B(1, -3, 4).
4. Find the locus of a point, which is equidistant from the point (-1, 2, 3) and (3, 2, 1).
5. Find ‘k’ so that the distance between the points (7, 1, -3) and (3, 2, 1)be 13 units.
6. Find the locus of a point, which moves so that its distance from (1, 2, 3) is four times its
distance from YZ-plane.
7. Find the co-ordinates of the point, which divides the join of (-2, 3, 5) and (1, -4, -6) in the
ratio; (i) 2 : 3 internally (ii) 2 : 3 externally.
8. Find the co-ordinates of the points, which trisect AB given that A is (4, 2, -6) and B is (10, -
16, 6).
9. Find the distance between the points and .
10. Find the co-ordinates of the mid-point of the join of the points A(3, 5, 7) and B(-3, -3, 1).
11. Find the points on the X-axis, which are at a distance of 2 units from the point (1, -2, 3).
12. Find the point on the Y-axis, which are at a distance of 5 units from the point (3, -2, 5).
13. Write the perpendicular distance of the point (x, y, z) from the three co-ordinate planes.
14. Using distance formula, show that the points A(-3, 2, 4); B((-1, 5, 9) and C(1, 8, 14) are
collinear.
15. Show that the points A(0, 1, 2); B(2, -1, 3) and C(1, -3, 1) are vertices of an isosceles
triangle.
16. Find the ratio in which yz plane divides the line segment formed by joining the points (-2, 4,
7) and (3, -5, 8).
SECTION II
CASE STUDY
The points A(3, 2, 0), B(5, 3, 2) and C(0, 2, 4) are the vertices of triangle ABC as given in
the figure :
 Based on the above information, answer the following:
1. The length of AB is:
(a) 3 unit
(b) 4 unit
(c) 5 unit
(d) none of these
2. The length of AC is:
(a) 4 unit
(b) 5 unit
(c) unit
(d) none of these
3. If AD is the angle bisector of , the D divides BC in:
(a) 1:2
(b) 2:3
(c) 3:4
(d) 4:5
4. The co-ordinates of point D are:
(a)

(b)
(c) (2, 3, 4)
(d) none of these
5. The length of angle bisector AD is:
(a)

(b)

(c)
(d) none of these
PART B
SECTION III
1. Find the co-ordinates of the point R, which divides the join of P (0, 0, 0) and Q (4, -1, -2) in
the ratio 1 : 2 externally and verify that P is the mid-point of RQ.
2. If A and B are the points (1, 2, 3) and (0, -1, 2) and P is a point such that AP2 –BP2 = 10.
Find the equation of locus of P.
3. The diagonals of a parallelogram meets in the point (1, -2, 3) and the ends of a side are (0,
0, 0) and (2, 4, -3). Find the remaining two vertices of the parallelogram.
4. Two vertices of a triangle are (4, -6, 3) and (2, -2, 1) and its centroid is ( , -1, 2). Find third
vertex.
5. The distance between the points (a, 0, 1) and (0, 1, 2) is . Find the value of A.
6. Find x so that the point (6, 5, -3) is at a distance of 13 unit from the point (x, -7, 0).
SECTION IV
1. Let A(2, 2, -3), B(5, 6, 9) and C(2, 7, 9) be the vertices of a triangle. The internal bisector of
the angle A meet BC at D. Find the co-ordinate of D.
2. If the origin is the centroid of a triangle ABC having vertices A(a, 1, 3), B(-2, b, -5) and C(4,
7, c), Find the values of a, b and c.
3. The vertices of a Parallelogram ABCD are A(1, 2, 3), B(-1, -2, -1) and C(2, 3, 2), find the
fourth vertex D.
4. Find the centroid of a triangle, the mid-point of whose sides are (1, 2, -3), (3, 0, 1) & (-1, 1, -
4).
5. Show that if , then the point (x, y, ) is at a distance 1 unit
from the origin.
SECTION V
1. Show that the three points A(2, 3, 4), B(-1, 2, -3) and C(4, 1, -10) are collinear and find the
ratio in which C divides AB.
2. The mid-point of the sides of a triangle are (1, 5, -1), (0, 4, -2) and (2, 3, 4). Find the
vertices of triangle and also find the centroid.

Answers
SECTION I
1. (a, 0, 0), (0, b, 0), (0, 0, c)
2.
3.
4. 2x – z = 0
5. 9, -15
6.

7. (i) (ii) (-8, 17, 27)

8. (6, -4, -2); (8, -10, 2)
9. 2
10. (0, 1, 4)
11.
12. (0, 2, 0) and (0, -6, 0)
13. x from YOZ; y from ZOX and z from XOY plane
16. 2:3
SECTION II
1. (a)
2. (b)
3. (d)
4. (a)
5. (b)
PART B
SECTION III
1. (-4, 1, 2)
2. 2x + 6y +2z + 1 = 0
3. (2, -4, 6) and (0, -8, 9)
4. (2, 5, 2)
5. 5 or -5
6. 2 or 10
SECTION IV
1. (
2. a = -2, b = -8, c = 2
3. (4, 7, 6)
4. (1, 1, -2)
SECTION V
1. 2 : 1 externally
2. (3, 4, 5), (-1, 6, -7), (1, 2, 3) Centroid (1, 4,
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 CHAPTER 13 : LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES
SUMMARY:
We say is the expected value of f at x=a given the values of f near x to the left
of a. this value is called the left hand limit of f at a.
is the expected value of f at x=a given the values of f near x to the right of a. this
value is called the right hand limit of f at a.
If the the left and right hand limits coincide , we call that common value as the limit of f(x) at x=a
and denote it by .
 Let f and g be two functions such that both and exists then :
(i) =
(ii) =
(iii) =

(iv) =

 For any positive integer ‘n’ : =n

 = 1, = 0.
DERIVATIVE:
Suppose f is a real valued function, the function defined by and is

denoted by f ‘ (x). f ‘ (x) = , The derivative is also called the first

principle of derivative. Sometimes f ‘ (x) is denoted by [f(x)] or [ if y = f(x)] or D[ f(x)].

 Let f and g be two functions such that their derivatives are defined in a common domain.
Then
(i) [ f(x) + g(x) ] = f(x) + g(x)
(ii) [ f(x) - g(x) ] = f(x) - g(x)
(iii) [ f(x) . g(x) ] = [ f(x)].g(x) + f(x). [ g(x)]

(iv) =

 = n.
= cosx = - sinx
= sec2x = - cosec2x
= secx.tanx = - cosecx.cotx

PART-A ( SECTION-I )

1- Find the derivative of with respect to x.

2- Find the derivative of x3 – 3 at x = 10.
3- Find the derivative of (5 secx + 7cosx) with respect to x.
4- Find , where f(x) = – 5.

5- Evaluate :
6- Find the derivative of (3 cotx + cosecx) with respect to x.
7- Find the derivative of (sinx.cosx) with respect to x.
8- Find the derivative of with respect to x.
9- Find the derivative of (tanx – secx) with respect to x.
 10- Evaluate :

11- Evaluate :
12- Find the derivative of (5 sinx – 7 secx) with respect to x.
13- Evaluate :

14- Find the derivative of [ x -4.(3 – 4 x -7] with respect to x.

15- Find the derivative of sinnx with respect to x.
16- Evaluate :

PART-A ( SECTION-II )

Case study:
The shape of a Sintex water tank of a house as shown in the figure.
Radius of its base of tank is ‘x’ m and its height is ‘2x’ m. if total surface area and volume of
tank is denoted by A and V then:

(i) What is the derivative of circumference of its base?

(a)
(ii) Find :
(a) 6 .
(iii) Find :
(a)
(iv) What is the derivative of total surface area of the tank at x = 3 ?
(a) 12
(v) Find the derivative of its volume at x = 2 :
(a) 6 (b) 12

PART-B ( SECTION-III )

1- Find the derivative of from first principle.

2- If the function f(x) satisfies = Evaluate :

3- Find the derivative of (x3 + x2 + 3).(x – 5) with respect to x.
4- Find , where f(x) =

5- Find the derivative of (sinx) from first principle.

6- For the function f(x) = …………..+ + x + 1. Prove that : f ‘(1) = 100 f ‘(0).

PART-B ( SECTION-IV)
 1- Find the derivative of from first principle.

2- Find the derivative of w.r.to x.

3- Find the derivative of cos(x +1) from first principle.

4- Suppose f(x) = and if

What are the possible values of a and b ?

5- Find the derivative of w.r.to x.
PART-B ( SECTION-V)

1- Find the derivative of (x cosx) from first principle.

2- If f(x) = for what integers m and n does both

and exist ?

ANSWERS
PART-A (SECTION-I)
1 -1/x2
2 300
3 5 secx tanx – 7 sinx
4 0
5 b
6 -3 cosec2x – cotx cosecx
7 Cos2x – sin2x or cos2x
8 -1/(1+sinx)
9 Sec2x – secx tanx
10 5
11 a/b
12 5 cosx – 7 secx tanx
13 1/
14 -12 x - 5 + 44 x – 12
15 n sinn – 1x. cosx
16 2
PART-A (SECTION-II)
(i) 2
(ii) 12 x
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
PART-B (SECTION-III)
1

2 2
3 4x3 – 12x2 – 10x + 3
4 Limit does not exist at x = 1.
5 cosx
6 Prove that f ‘(1) = 100 f ‘(0)
PART-B (SECTION-IV)
1
2 - - sinx
3 -Sin(x +1)
4 a=0, b=4.
5 {2x cosecx – x2 cotx cosecx
PART-B (SECTION-V)
1 Cosx – x sinx
2 For , m = n and for , m and n may have any
integral value.

CHAPTER 14 -MATHEMATICAL REASONING

DELETED FULL CHAPTER BY CBSE
*********************************************
CHAPTER 15-STATISTICS
CHAPTER SUMMARY
Measure of Dispersion
The dispersion is the measure of variations in the values of the variable. It measures the degree of
scatteredness of the observation in a distribution around the central value.
Range
The measure of dispersion which is easiest to understand and easiest to calculate is the range.
Range is defined as the difference between two extreme observations of the distribution.
Range of distribution = Largest observation – Smallest observation.
Mean Deviation
Mean deviation for ungrouped data
For n observations x1, x2, x3,…, xn, the mean deviation about their mean x¯ is given by

Mean deviation about their median M is given by

Mean deviation for discrete frequency distribution

Let the given data consist of discrete observations x1, x2, x3,……., xn occurring with frequencies f1,
f2, f3,……., fn respectively in case

Mean deviation about their Median M is given by

Mean deviation for continuous frequency distribution

where xi are the mid-points of the classes, x¯ and M are respectively, the mean and median of the
distribution.
Variance
Variance is the arithmetic mean of the square of the deviation about mean x¯.
Let x1, x2, ……xn be n observations with x¯ as the mean, then the variance denoted by σ2, is given
by
Standard deviation
If σ2 is the variance, then σ is called the standard deviation is given by

Standard deviation of a discrete frequency distribution is given by

Standard deviation of a continuous frequency distribution is given by

SECTION I (VSA TYPE QUESTIONS)

Q1. Write the variance of first n natural numbers.
Q2. If the sum of the squares of deviations for 10 observations taken from their means is 2.5 then
write the value of standard deviation.
Q3. If each observation of a raw data whose standard deviation is x multiplied by a then write the
SD of new set of observations.
Q4. Find the standard deviation of first 10 natural numbers.
Q5. Consider the first 10 positive integers .If we multiply each number by -1 and then add 1 to each
number, find the variance of the new numbers so obtained.
Q6. Find the mean deviation of the data 3,10,10,4,7,10,5 from the mean.
Q7. Find the standard deviation of the observations 6,5,9,13,12,8,10.
Q8. Find the mean deviation of the numbers 3,4,5,6,7 about the mean.
SECTION -III
Q9. Calulate the mean deviation about the median 22,24,30,27,29,31,25,28,41,42.
Q10. The mean and variance of 8 observations are 9 and 9.25 respectively. If six of the
observations are 6, 7,10,12,12 and 13 find the remaining two observations.
Q11. The mean and standard deviation of 100 observations were calculated as 40 and 5.1
respectively by a student who took by mistake 50 instead of 40 for one observations .What are the
correct mean and standard deviation.
SECTION -IV
Q12. Find the mean deviation about mean fir the following data
xi 5 7 9 11 13 15
fi 8 6 2 2 2 6
Q13. Find the mean deviation about median
xi 15 21 27 30
fi 3 5 6 7
Q14. For a group of 200 people the mean and SD wed to be 40 and 15 respectively. Later on it
was found that the score 43 was misread as 34. Find the correct mean and correct SD.
Q15. Calculate mean deviation about median of the following frequency distribution.
class 0-6 6-12 12-18 18-24 24-30
frequency 8 10 12 9 5
Q16 Calculate mean deviation about mean of the following frequency distribution.
class 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50
frequency 5 10 20 5 10
Q17. . Calculate mean and standard deviation of the following frequency distribution.
class 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90
frequency 3 6 13 15 14 5 4
Q18. Calculate standard deviation of the following frequency distribution.
x 3 8 13 18 23
f 7 10 15 10 6
SECTION -V
Q19. The mean and standard deviation of 20 observations are found to be 10 and 2 respectively.
On rechecking it was found that an observation 8 was incorrect. Calculate the correct mean and
standard deviation in each of the following cases
I) if wrong item is omitted.
Ii) if it is replaced by 12
Q20. The mean and standard deviation of 100 observations are found to be 20 and 3 respectively.
On rechecking it was found that 3 observations 21, 21, 18 were incorrect. Calculate the correct
mean and standard deviation if the wrong items were omitted.
ANSWERS
Q1. (n2-1)/12 Q2. 0.5 Q3. │ a│x Q4. 2.87 Q5.6.5
Q6. 2.57 Q7.√52/7 Q8. 1.2 Q9. 4.7 Q10. 6, 8
Q11. 39.9, 5 Q12. 2.72 Q13. 5.93 Q14. 40.045, 14.995 Q15. 6.318
Q16. 9 Q17. 55.33,14.94 Q18. 6.12 Q19. I) 10, 1.9697 ii) 10.2, 1.9899 Q20. 20, 3.035.

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CHAPTER 16 -PROBABILITY
GIST OF THE CHAPTER
1. Sample space: The set of all possible outcomes
2. Sample points: Elements of sample space
3. Event: A subset of the sample space
4. Impossible event : The empty set
5. Sure event: The whole sample space
6. Complementary event or ‘not event’ : The set A′ or S – A
7. Event A or B: The set A ∪ B
8. Event A and B: The set A ∩ B
9. Event A and not B: The set A – B
10. Mutually exclusive event: A and B are mutually exclusive if A ∩ B = φ
11. Exhaustive and mutually exclusive events: Events E1 , E2 ,..., En are mutually exclusive
and exhaustive if E1 ∪ E2 ∪ ...∪ En = S and Ei ∩ Ej = φ, for all i ≠ j
12. Probability: Number P (ωi ) associated with sample point ω i such that
(i) 0 ≤ P (ωi ) ≤ 1 ∑P(ωi) = 1 for all ωi ∈ S
(ii) (iii) P(A) = ∑P(ωi) for all ωi ∈A. The number P (ωi ) is called probability of the outcome ωi .
Equally likely outcomes: All outcomes with equal probability
(iii) Probability of an event: For a finite sample space with equally likely outcomes Probability of
an event (A)
(iv) P(A) (S) n n = , where n(A) = number of elements in the set A, n(S) = number of elements
in the set S.
(v) If A and B are any two events, then P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A and B)
(vi) equivalently, P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
(vii)If A and B are mutually exclusive, then P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B)
(viii) If A is any event, then P(not A) = 1 – P(A)
Section – 1(I MARK)
Describe the sample space for the indicated experiment 1 to 5
Q. 1. A coin is tossed three times.
Q 2. A die is thrown two times.
Q.3. A coin is tossed four times.
Q 4. A coin is tossed and a die is thrown.
Q5. A coin is tossed and then a die is rolled only in case a head is shown on the coin.
Q6. . The numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4 are written separately on four slips of paper. The slips are put in a
box and mixed thoroughly. A person draws two slips from the box, one after the other, without
replacement. Describe the sample space for the experiment.
Q.7. An experiment consists of rolling a die and then tossing a coin once if the number on the die is
even. If the number on the die is odd, the coin is tossed twice. Write the sample space for this
experiment.
Q.8. A box contains 1 red and 3 identical white balls. Two balls are drawn at random in succession
without replacement. Write the sample space for this experiment.
Q.9. If 3/4 is the probability of an event, what is the probability of the event ‘not A’?
Q 10. There are four men and six women on the city council. If one council member is selected for
a committee at random, how likely is it that it is a woman?
Q.11 A and B are two events such that P (A) = 0.54, P (B) = 0.69 and P (A ∩ B) = 0.35.
Find (i) P (A ∪ B) (ii) P (A´ ∩ B´) (iii) P (A ∩ B´) (iv) P (B ∩ A´)
Q.12. Three coins are tossed once. Find the probability of getting
(i) 3 heads (ii) at least 2 heads (iii) at most 2 heads (iv) 3 tails
SECTION - 2 (Case Study)
Q.1 If three coins are tossed, all possible outcomes are
{HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, TTH, HTT, THT, TTT},
if E1 , E2 , ..., En are n events of a sample space S and if E1 UE2 UE3….. U En = S , then E1 , E2 ,
...., En are called exhaustive events. Further, if Ei ∩ Ej = φ for i ≠ j i.e. events Ei and Ej are pairwise
disjoint and UEi=S , then events E1 , E2 , ..., En are called mutually exclusive and exhaustive
events, now answers the following
(i) Two events which are mutually exclusive.
(ii) Three events which are mutually exclusive and exhaustive.
(iii) Two events, which are not mutually exclusive.
(iv)Two events which are mutually exclusive but not exhaustive.
(v) Three events which are mutually exclusive but not exhaustive.
Q.2. Grandmother of Reena, Simi and Aryan has a bag, which contain 9 discs of different beautiful
colors, of which 4 are red, 3 are blue and 2 are yellow. The discs are similar in shape and size.
Children asked grandmother to give them discs and grandmother draws a disc at random from the
bag.
Calculate the probability that it will be (i) red, (ii) yellow, (iii) blue, (iv) not blue, (v) either red or
yellow.
SECTION – 3(2 MARKS)
Q.1 Check whether the following probabilities P(A) and P(B) are consistently defined
(i) P(A) = 0.5, P(B) = 0.7, P(A ∩ B) = 0.6
(ii) P(A) = 0.5, P(B) = 0.4, P(A ∪ B) = 0.8
Q.2 A die is rolled. Let E be the event “die shows 4” and F be the event “die shows even number”.
Are E and F mutually exclusive?
Q.3 One card is drawn from a well shuffled deck of 52 cards. If each outcome is equally likely,
calculate the probability that the card will be (i) a diamond (ii) a black card (i.e., a club or, a spade)
Q.4 Events E and F are such that P(not E or not F) = 0.25, State whether E and F are mutually
exclusive.
Q.5 A coin is tossed. If it shows head, we draw a ball from a bag consisting of 3 blue and 4 white
balls; if it shows tail we throw a die. Describe the sample space of this experiment.
Q6. Given P(A) = 5 3 and P(B) = 5 1 . Find P(A or B), if A and B are mutually exclusive events
SECTION – 4(3 MARKS)
Q. 1. A letter is chosen at random from the word ‘ASSASSINATION’. Find the probability that letter
is (i) a vowel (ii) a consonant (iii) Letter S
Q.2 . A and B are events such that P(A) = 0.42, P(B) = 0.48 and P(A and B) = 0.16. Determine (i)
P(not A), (ii) P(not B) and (iii) P(A or B)
Q.3. In Class XI of a school 40% of the students study Mathematics and 30% study Biology. 10%
of the class study both Mathematics and Biology. If a student is selected at random from the class,
find the probability that he will be studying Mathematics or Biology
Q.4 A die has two faces each with number ‘1’, three faces each with number ‘2’ and one face with
number ‘3’. If die is rolled once, determine (i) P(2) (ii) P(1 or 3) (iii) P(not 3)
Q.5. In a certain lottery 10,000 tickets are sold and ten equal prizes are awarded. What is the
probability of not getting a prize if you buy (a) one ticket (b) two tickets (c) 10 tickets.
SECTION – 5(5 MARKS)
Q1. In a class of 60 students, 30 opted for NCC, 32 opted for NSS and 24 opted for both NCC and
NSS. If one of these students is selected at random, find the probability that
(i) The student opted for NCC or NSS.
(ii) (ii) The student has opted neither NCC nor NSS.
(iii) (iii) The student has opted NSS but not NCC.
 Q.2 Out of 100 students, two sections of 40 and 60 are formed. If you and your friend are among
the 100 students, what is the probability that (a) you both enter the same section? (b) you both
enter the different sections?
Q.3 Three letters are dictated to three persons and an envelope is addressed to each of them, the
letters are inserted into the envelopes at random so that each envelope contains exactly one
letter. Find the probability that at least one letter is in its proper envelope.
ANSWERS
SECTION – 1
1. {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, TTH, HTT, THT, TTT}
2. {(x, y) : x, y = 1,2,3,4,5,6} or {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), ..., (1,6), (2,1), (2,2), ..., (2,6), ..., (6, 1), (6, 2), ...,
(6,6)}
3. {HHHH, HHHT, HHTH, HTHH, THHH, HHTT, HTHT, HTTH, THHT, THTH, TTHH, HTTT, THTT,
TTHT, TTTH, TTTT}
4. {H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6}
5. {H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, T}.
6. {(1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (2,1), (2,3), (2,4), (3,1), (3,2), (3,4), (4,1), (4,2), (4,3)}
7. {1HH, 1HT, 1TH, 1TT, 2H, 2T, 3HH, 3HT, 3TH, 3TT, 4H, 4T, 5HH, 5HT, 5TH, 5TT, 6H, 6T}
8. {RW, WR, WW}
9. ¼
10. 3 /5
11. 0.88
12. 0.12
13. 0.19
14. 0.34
15. 1/8
16. 1/2 17. 7/8 18.1/8
SECTION – 2
1. . (i) “Getting at least two heads”, and “getting at least two tails”
(ii) “Getting no heads”, “getting exactly one head” and “getting at least two heads”
(iii) “Getting at most two tails”, and “getting exactly two tails”
(iv) “Getting exactly one head” and “getting exactly two heads”
(v) “Getting exactly one tail”, “getting exactly two tails”, and getting exactly three tails”
Note There may be other events also as answer to the above question.
2. (i) 4/9 (ii) 2/ 9 (iii) 1 /3 (iv) 2/3 (v) 2/3
SECTION – 3
1. (i) No, because P(A∩B) must be less than or equal to P(A) and P(B), (ii) Yes
2. NO
3. 1/4 (ii)1/2
4. NO
5. S = { HB1 , HB2 , HB3 , HW1 , HW2 , HW3 , HW4 , T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6}.
6. 4/5.
SECTION – 4
1. (i) 6/13 (ii) 7/13 (iii) 4/13
7. (I) 0.58 (ii) 0.52 (iii) 0.74
8. 0.6
9. (i)1/2 (ii)1/2 (iii) 5/6
10. (i) 999/ 1000 (II) 9990C 2 /10000 C2 (III) 9990C 10 /10000 C10
SECTION – 5
1. (i) 19/30 (ii ) 11/30 ( iii ) 2/15 2. 17/33 (ii) 16/33 3. 2/3
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