TRIGONOMETRY

Trigonometry (from Greek trigonon, "triangle" and metron, "measure") is a branch of mathematics that studies relationships involving
lengths and angles of triangles.

Hipparchus was a Greek astronomer who lived between 190-120 B.C. He is considered the father of trigonometry.

The plane angle BOA is formed by two rays OB and OA. The point O is called the vertex B
and the half lines are called the sides of the angle.
More often, a plane angle is bought of as being generated by revolving a ray (in a plane)
from the initial position to a terminal position . Then is again the vertex, ⃗ is A
called the initial side, and ⃗ is called the terminal side. O
An angle generated is called positive if the direction of rotation is counterclockwise and
negative if the direction is clockwise.

Measurement of Angles
When an arc of a circle is in the interior of an angle of the circle and the arc joins the points of intersection
of the sides of the angle and the circle, the arc is said to subtend the angle.

A degree (°) is defined as the measure of the central angle subtended by an arc of a circle equal to 1/360
of the circumference of the circle.
A minute (′) is 1/60 of a degree; a second (") is 1/60 of a minute, or 1/3600 of a degree.
A radian ( ) is defined as the measure of the central angle subtended by an arc of a circle equal to the
radius of the circle.
A milliradian, often called a mil or mrad, is an SI derived unit for angular measurement which is defined as a thousandth of a radian
(0.001 radian).
A gradian ( ) is a unit of plane angle, and defined as a four hundredth (1/400) of a full circle.

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Trigonometric Functions of General Angle
Let be an angle (not quadrantal) in standard position and let
, be any point, distinct from the origin, on the terminal , ,
side of the angle. The six trigonometric functions of are
defined, in terms of the x-coordinate, y-coordinate, and r (the
distance from P from the origin), as follows:

sin

cos

tan

cot

sec

csc
,
As an immediate consequence of these definitions, we have the ,
so-called reciprocal relations:
$ $ $
csc sec cot
%&' ( )*% ( +,' (

Quadrant Sign of Functions I

Since r is always positive, the signs of the functions in the various quadrants depend on the KK K
signs of x and y. L sin L sin
When an angle is given, its trigonometric functions are uniquely determined. When, however, M cos L cos
the value of one function of an angle is given, the angle is not uniquely determined. For M tan L tan
$
example, if sin then 30°, 150°, 390°, 510°, … J
-
KKK KN
M sin M sin
M cos L cos
L tan M tan
 RIGHT TRIANGLES

Trigonometric Functions of an Acute Angle O

In dealing with any right triangle, it will be convenient to denote the vertices as A, B, and C with C
the vertex of the right angle; to denote the angles of the triangles as , O, and P, with P 90°;
and to denote the sides opposite the angles; as a, b, and c, respectively.
With respect to angle , will be called the opposite side and Q will be called the adjacent side;
with respect to angle O, Q will be called the opposite side and the adjacent side. Side will P
Q
always be called the hypotenuse.
V X V
sin cos tan
W W X
W W X
csc sec cot
V X V

Trigonometric Functions of Complementary Angles

The acute angles A and B of the right triangle ABC are complementary; that is, L O 90°.
sin O Q/ cos cot O /Q tan
cos O / sin sec O / csc
tan O Q/ cot csc O /Q sec
These relations associate the functions in pairs—sine and cosine, tangent and cotangent, secant and cosecant—each function of a pair
being called the cofunction of the other. Thus, any function of an acute angle is equal to the corresponding cofunction of the
complementary angle.

Angles of Depression and Elevation

An angle of depression is the angle from the horizontal down to the line of sight from the observer to an object below. The angle of
elevation is the angle from the horizontal up to the line of sight from the observer to an object above.

Selecting the Function in Problem Solving

In solving triangles, three knowns are only needed in order to solve other part of any triangles. O

PROBLEMS: 109 60
1. Find the values of the trigonometric functions of the angles of the right triangle shown.
2. The terminal side of angle in standard position passes through the point M5,2 .
Calculate the exact values of the six trigonometric functions for angle. P
91
3. A support wire is anchored 12 m up from the base of a flagpole, and the wire makes a 15°
angle with the ground. How long is the wire?
4. When the sun is 20° above the horizon, how long is the shadow cast by a building 50 m high?
5. A ladder leans against the side of a building with its foot 12 ft from the building. How far from the ground is the top of the
ladder and how long is the ladder if it makes an angle of 70° with the ground?
6. From the top of a lighthouse 120 m above the sea, the angle of depression of a boat is 15°. How far is the boat from the
lighthouse?
7. Find the height of a tree if the angle of elevation of its top changes from 20° to 40° as the observer advances 75 ft toward its
base.
8. Consider a satellite that orbits earth at an altitude of 750 miles. Earth has a radius of 3,950 miles. How far in any direction can
the satellite’s cameras see?
9. An observer from a third floor of a mall measures the angles of elevation and depression of a tall building to be 54° and 8.60°
respectively. What is the height of the building if his eye level is 10.2m above the ground which is on the same horizontal plane
as the mall and building.
10. A tower standing on level ground is 300m due north of point A and due west of point B, a distance 500m ft from A. If the angles
of elevation of the top of the tower as measured from A and B are 25° and 35°, respectively, find the height h of the tower.
11. The angle of elevation of the top of the tower A from the foot of tower B is twice the angle of elevation of the top of tower B
from the foot of tower A. At a point midway between the two towers, the angle of elevations of the top of the towers are
complementary. If the two towers are 120m apart, determine the height of Tower A and B.

SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
1. A man drives 500 m along a road which is inclined 20° to the horizontal. How high above his starting point is he? 4S@G
2. A tree broken over by the wind forms a right triangle with the ground. If the broken part makes an angle of 50° with the ground
and the top of the tree is now 20 ft from its base, how tall was the tree? TTU;
3. Two straight roads intersect to form an angle of 75°. Find the shortest distance from one road to a gas station on the other road
that is 1000 m from the intersection. >S>AG

PREPARED BY: ENGR. JAEUS M. SEGUNDO

 RIGHT TRIANGLES

4. Two buildings with flat roofs are 60 m apart. From the roof of the shorter building, 40 m in height, the angle of elevation to the
edge of the roof of the taller building is 40. How high is the taller building? [@G
5. A ladder with its foot in the street makes an angle of 30° with the street when its top rests on a building on one side of the
street and makes an angle of 40° with the street when its top rests on a building on the other side of the street. If the ladder is
50 ft long, how wide is the street? \A U;
6. Find the perimeter of an isosceles triangle whose base is 40 cm and whose base angle is 70°. 4TS ]G
7. From a window of a building which is 4.25m from the horizontal surface, the angle of depression to the foot of the building is
26.60° while the angle of elevation to the top of the building is 36.58°. Find the height of the building. 4@. TTG
8. From a point A, the angle of elevation of the top of the pole is measured to be 37.10°. Measured form the point B on the
opposite side by along the same straight line, the angle of elevation of its top is 35.90°. If points A and B are 124m apart, find
the height of the pole. FT. \?>G
9. Two points x and y are on opposite side of building which lies on the same straight line connecting them. Measurements were
made from those two points and records the angle of elevation of the top of the building and the following figures were
recorded as 16.50° and 26.50° respectively. Find the height of the building if the distance between x and y is 330m.
?4. >4[SG
10. A fisherman starts at the helm of his fishing boat and finds the angle of elevation to the top of a lighthouse to be 41°. If the
lighthouse is 50m high, what is the distance of the fishing boat from the shore? TS. T4\FG
11. A box has a dimensions (LxWxH) of 4mx2.5mx3m. Determine the diagonal of the box. T. T[@AG
12. The volume of a cube is 27cm3, determine the diagonal of the cube. _>√> Ga
13. The angle of elevation of the top point D of a tower from A is 25°. From another point B, the angle of elevation of the top of the
tower at D is 56°. Points A and B is 300m apart and are on the same horizontal planes as the foot C of the tower. The horizontal
angle subtended by A and B at the foot of tower C is 90°, find the height of tower in meters. 4>>. FFS4G
14. Cindy and Mindy, standing a mile apart, spot a hot-air balloon directly above a particular point on the ground somewhere
between them. The angle of elevation from Cindy to the balloon is 60 degrees; the angle of elevation from Mindy to the balloon
is 70 degrees. How high is the balloon? 4. @?A> G<
15. A wire is stretched form the top of a vertical pole standing on level ground. The wire reaches to a point on the ground 10 feet
from the foot of the pole, and makes an angle of 75° with the horizontal. Find the height of the pole and the length of the wire.
>S. >A4b C=D >\. ?>Sb 56Ec6];<769d
16. If a ladder 40 feet long is placed so as to reach a window 30 feet high, what angle does it make with level ground, and how far is
its foot from the base of the building? F\. T[@>° & A?. FT\ U;
17. A ladder 42 feet long is placed so that it will reach a window 30 feet high on one side of the street; if it is turned over, its foot
being held in position, it will reach a window 25 feet high on the other side of the street. How wide is the street from building to
building? ?>. 4F>
18. Find the inclination, of a road having a 2.5% grade (there is a vertical rise of 2.5m in a horizontal distance of 100m). 4. F>A°
19. To measure the height of a building, surveyor sets up a transit at a distance of 112.2 ft from the building. He finds the angle of
elevation of the top of the building to be 48°17’. If the telescope of the transit is 5 ft above the ground, how high is the
building? 4>@. \TSb
20. From the top of a tower 63.20 ft high, the angles of depression of two objects situated in the same horizontal line with the base
of the tower, and on the same side of the tower, are 31°16’ and 46°28’ respectively. Find the distance of the two objects.
FF. @>\′
21. A wheel, 3 feet in diameter, rolls up and incline of 15°. When the point of contact of the wheel with the incline is 4 ft from the
base of the incline, what is the height of the center of the wheel above the base of the incline? A. F\Fb
22. It is required to measure the height of a tower, CB which is inaccessible. From a point A, in the same horizontal plane with the
base C, a right-angle CAD is turned, and a line AD, 150 feet in length, is measured. At A, the angle of elevation if the top of the
tower is 32°, at D, the angle of elevation is 28°. Find the height of the tower. 4T4. \A\′
23. Two points in line with a tower, and in the same horizontal plane with its base, are 160 ft apart. From the point nearer the
tower, the angle of elevation of the top of the tower is A, from the other point the angle of elevation is B. If sin 3/5 and
cos O 12/13, what is the height of the tower? FA. \TS′
24. A wall extending east and west is 6 feet high. The sun has an altitude of 49°32’ (the rays of the sun make an angle of 49°32’ with
the horizontal) and is 47°20’ east of south. Find the width of the shadow of the wall on level ground. S. TTA′
25. A roof 20 by 30 feet, the latter being the horizontal dimension is inclined at an angle of 30° to the horizontal. Find the angle that
the diagonal of the roof makes with the horizontal. 4?. 4@A°

PREPARED BY: ENGR. JAEUS M. SEGUNDO