Professional Documents
Culture Documents
f (x) = sin x
3
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
If we sketch the graph of the function f (x) = sin x and use
the interpretation of f (x) as the slope of the tangent to the
sine curve in order to sketch the graph of f , then it looks as
if the graph of f may be the same as the cosine curve.
(See Figure 1).
Figure 1
4
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
Let’s try to confirm our guess that if f (x) = sin x, then
f (x) = cos x. From the definition of a derivative, we have
5
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
and
6
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
The limit of (sin h)/h is not so obvious. We made the guess,
on the basis of numerical and graphical evidence, that
7
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
We now use a geometric argument to prove Equation 2.
Assume first that lies between 0 and /2. Figure 2(a)
shows a sector of a circle with center O, central angle ,
and radius 1.
8
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
From the diagram we see that
9
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
Thus
= arc AB < | AE | + | EB |
< | AE | + | ED |
= | AD | = | OA | tan
= tan
Therefore we have
so
10
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
We know that lim 0 1 = 1 and lim 0 cos = 1, so by the
Squeeze Theorem, we have
(by Equation 2)
12
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
13
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
So we have proved the formula for the derivative of the sine
function:
14
Example 1
Differentiate y = x2 sin x.
Solution:
Using the Product Rule and Formula 4, we have
15
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
Using the same methods as in the proof of Formula 4, one
can prove that
16
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
17
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
18
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
We collect all the differentiation formulas for trigonometric
functions in the following table. Remember that they are
valid only when x is measured in radians.
19
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
20
Example 3
An object at the end of a vertical spring is stretched 4 cm
beyond its rest position and released at time t = 0. (See
Figure 5 and note that the downward direction is positive.)
Its position at time t is
s = f (t) = 4 cos t
21
Example 3 – Solution
The velocity and acceleration are
22
Example 3 – Solution cont’d
Figure 6
24