DEFINITE INTEGRALS

Properties of Definite Integrals :-

P-I 𝑏 𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝜋 𝜋
e. g ∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∫𝑎2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
P-II 𝑏 𝑎
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫−𝑏 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
P-III 𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
Where 𝑎 < 𝑐 < 𝑏
𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎
e. g ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
P-IV ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎
Proof: Taking RHS ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
Put 𝑎 – 𝑥 = 𝑡 when 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑡 = 𝑎
– 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = – 𝑑𝑡 when 𝑥 = 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑡 = 𝑎
0
∴ RHS = − ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑎
= ∫0 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 ……(by P–II)
𝑎
= ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ……(by P–I)
= LHS
𝑎 𝑎
∴ ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 proved

P-V 𝑏 𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
Proof: Do yourself by put 𝑎 + 𝑏 – 𝑥 = 𝑡
𝑎
P-VI 2𝑎 2 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = { 0
0 ; 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)
2𝑎 𝑎
Mainly ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
P-VII Even - function property
𝑎
𝑎 2 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) → even
∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = { 0
0 ; 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) → odd
If 𝑓(– 𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) then 𝑓(𝑥) is an even function
If 𝑓(– 𝑥) = – 𝑓(𝑥) then 𝑓(𝑥) is an odd function
π
Q.1) Evaluate I = ∫02
√sin x
𝑑𝑥.
√sin x + √cos x
π
Sol.1) 𝐼 = ∫02
√sin x
𝑑𝑥 ………(1)
√sin x + √cos x
 π
π √sin ( −x)
2 𝑎 𝑎
= ∫0 2
π π
dx ……… ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
√sin ( −x) + √cos ( −x)
2 2

𝜋
√𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝐼 = ∫02 𝑑𝑥 ………(2)
√𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + √𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥

Adding (1) & (2)

𝜋
√𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥+√𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
2 𝐼 = ∫02 𝑑𝑥
√𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥+√𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝜋
= ∫02 1 . 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
= (𝑥)02
𝜋
2𝐼=
2
𝜋
𝐼= ans.
4
𝜋
Q.2)
Evaluate 𝐼 = ∫02 sin(2𝑥) log(tan 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
Sol.2)
𝐼 = ∫02 sin(2𝑥) log(tan 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ………(1)
𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 𝑎 𝑎
𝐼 = ∫02 sin [2 ( − 𝑥)] . log [tan ( − 𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 ………[∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)]
2 2
𝜋
𝐼 = ∫02 sin(𝜋 − 2𝑥). log(cot 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋
𝐼 = ∫02 sin(2𝑥). log(cot 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 …….(2) [∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜋 − 2𝑥) = sin(2𝑥)]

Adding 𝑒𝑞. (1) & (2)

𝜋
2 𝐼 = ∫02 sin(2𝑥)[log(tan𝑥) + log(𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
2 𝐼 = ∫02 sin(2𝑥) log(tan 𝑥 . 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
2 𝐼 = ∫02 sin(2𝑥) . log(1) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
2 𝐼 = ∫02 0 𝑑𝑥 … … … {∵ log 1 = 0}
∴ 𝐼 = 0 ans……
𝜋
Q.3)
𝐼 = ∫04 log (1 + tan 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
Sol.3)
𝐼 = ∫04 log (1 + tan 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 …….(1)
𝜋
𝜋 𝑎 𝑎
𝐼 = ∫02 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( − 𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 …..[∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ]
4
𝜋
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
𝐼 = ∫04 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [1 + ] 𝑑𝑥 … . . {tan (𝐴 – 𝐵) 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎}
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
𝜋
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
𝐼 = ∫04 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ ] 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
 𝜋
2
𝐼 = ∫04 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 …..(2)
1+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥

𝐸𝑞. (1) + (2)

𝜋
2
2 𝐼 = ∫04 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 . ) 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝜋
2 𝐼 = ∫04 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (2) 𝑑𝑥
π
2 𝐼 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 (𝑥)40
𝜋
2 𝐼 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 [ − 0]
4
𝜋
∴ 𝐼 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 𝑎𝑛𝑠.
8
𝜋
Q.4)
𝐼 = ∫02 2log(cos 𝑥) − log(sin(2𝑥))𝑑𝑥
𝜋
Sol.4)
𝐼 = ∫02 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥))𝑑𝑥
𝜋
𝐼 = ∫02 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
𝐼 = ∫02 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥)
𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
𝐼 = ∫02 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥)
𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥
𝐼 = ∫02 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ ] 𝑑𝑥 … … (1)
2
𝜋 𝜋
cot( −𝑥) 𝑎 𝑎
2
𝐼 = ∫0 log [
2 ] 𝑑𝑥 ……[∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ]
2

𝜋
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
𝐼 = ∫02 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) ……(2)
2

𝐸𝑞. (1) + (2)

𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
2 𝐼 = ∫02 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( . ) 𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝜋
1
2 𝐼 = ∫02 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 … … {tan 𝑥 . cot 𝑥 = 1}
4
𝜋
2 𝐼 = ∫02 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔(4)𝑑𝑥
𝜋
2 𝐼 = ∫02 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 4 𝑑𝑥 … … {log 1 = 0}
𝜋
2 𝐼 = −𝑙𝑜𝑔 4 [𝑥 ]02
𝜋
2 𝐼 = −𝑙𝑜𝑔 4 [ ]
2
𝜋
𝐼 = − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 4 𝑎𝑛𝑠.
4
−𝜋
(or) 𝐼 = log(2)2
4
−𝜋
𝐼 = log 2 𝑎𝑛𝑠.
2
Q.5) 1 1
𝐼 = ∫0 log ( − 1) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

Sol.5) 1 1−𝑥
𝐼 = ∫0 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 …….(1)
𝑥
1 1−(1−𝑥) 𝑎 𝑎
= ∫0 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ ] 𝑑𝑥 ……..[∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ]
1−𝑥
1 𝑥
= ∫0 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ ] 𝑑𝑥 ……..(2)
1−𝑥

(1) + (2)
1 1−𝑥 𝑥
2 𝐼 = ∫0 log ( . ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 1−𝑥
1
= ∫0 log (1) 𝑑𝑥
2𝐼 = 0 … … . . {∵ log 1 = 0}
𝐼 = 0 ans.
3
Q.6) 5 √𝑥
𝐼 = ∫0 3 3 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 + √5 − 𝑥
3
Sol.6) 5 √𝑥
𝐼 = ∫0 3 3 𝑑𝑥 … … (1)
√𝑥 + √5 − 𝑥
3
5 √5−𝑥 𝑎 𝑎
𝐼 = ∫0 3 3 𝑑𝑥 … … [∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)]
√5−𝑥 + √5−(5−𝑥)
3
5 √5−𝑥
𝐼 = ∫0 3 3 𝑑𝑥 ……..(2)
√5−𝑥 + √𝑥

(1) + (2)
3
5 3√𝑥 + √5−𝑥
2 𝐼 = ∫0 3 3 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 + √5−𝑥
5
= ∫0 1. 𝑑𝑥

= (𝑥)50
2𝐼 = 5
5
𝐼 = ans.
2

Q.7) 2𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
Show that ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
Sol.7) 𝑅.H.S ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
Put 2𝑎 – 𝑥 = 𝑡 when 𝑥 = 0 ; 𝑡 = 2𝑎
– 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 = – 𝑑𝑡 when 𝑥 = 𝑎 ; 𝑡 = 𝑎
𝑎 𝑎
∴ 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0 2𝑎
𝑎 2𝑎 𝑏 𝑎
= ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 ..…..[∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥)]
𝑎 2𝑎 𝑏 𝑏
= ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 …….[∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡]
 2𝑎 𝑐 𝑏 𝑏
= ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 …….[∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ]

= 𝐿𝐻𝑆 Proved
Q.8) 1
Show that 𝐼 = ∫0 𝑥(1 − 𝑥)𝑛 𝑑𝑥

Sol.8) 1 𝑎 𝑎
𝐼 = ∫0 (1 − 𝑥)[1 − (1 − 𝑥)]𝑛 𝑑𝑥 …….[∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ]
1
𝐼 = ∫0 (1 − 𝑥)(𝑥)𝑛 𝑑𝑥
1
𝐼 = ∫0 𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑥𝑛 𝑥 𝑛+2
𝐼 = [ − ]
𝑛+1 𝑛+2 0
1 1
𝐼 = [ − ] − [0 − 0]
𝑛+1 𝑛+2
𝑛+2−𝑛−1
𝐼 =
(𝑛 + 1) (𝑛 + 2)
1
𝐼 = (𝑛+1) (𝑛+2)
ans.
𝜋
Q.9) sin2 𝑥
𝐼 = ∫02 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
𝜋
Sol.9) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
𝐼 = ∫02 𝑑𝑥 ………(1)
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝜋
𝜋 sin2 ( −𝑥)
2
𝐼 = ∫0 2
𝜋 𝜋 𝑑𝑥 …….(𝑃 − 𝐼𝑉)
sin ( − 𝑥) + cos ( − 𝑥)
2 2
𝜋
cos2 𝑥
𝐼 = ∫02 𝑑𝑥 ……..(2)
cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥

(1) + (2)
𝜋
1
2 𝐼 = ∫02 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥

(𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒: − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 & 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥)

𝜋
1
2 𝐼 = ∫02 1−tan2
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 tan 𝑥 2
𝑥 + 𝑥
1+ tan2 1+tan2
2 2
𝑥
𝜋 1+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 ( )
2
2 𝐼 = ∫0 2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 + 1− 𝑡𝑎𝑛2
2 2
𝑥
𝜋 sec2 ( )
2
2 𝐼 = ∫02 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 tan + 1− tan2 ( )
2 2

𝑥
Put tan ( ) = 𝑡 when 𝑥 = 0 ; tan (0) = 𝑡
2
𝑥 1
sec 2 ( ) . 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 𝑡 = 0
2 2
𝑥 𝜋 𝜋
Sec 2 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑑𝑡 when 𝑥 = ; tan ( ) = 𝑡 ,
2 2 4

𝑡 = 1
 1 𝑑𝑡
∴ 2 𝐼 = 2 ∫0
−𝑡 2 +2𝑡+1
1 1
𝐼 = − ∫0 𝑑𝑡
𝑡 2 −2𝑡−1
1 1
= − ∫0 (𝑡−1)2 −1−1
𝑑𝑡
1 1
= − ∫0 2 𝑑𝑡
(𝑡−1)2 −(√2)
1 1
= ∫0 2 𝑑𝑡
(√2) −(𝑡−1)2
1
1 √2+𝑡−1
= [𝑙𝑜𝑔 | |]
2√2 √2−𝑡+1 0

1 √2−0 √2−1
= [𝑙𝑜𝑔 | | − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 | |]
2√2 √2+0 √2+1
1 √2−1
= [𝑙𝑜𝑔(1) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )]
2√2 √2+1
−1 √2−1
𝐼 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) 𝑎𝑛𝑠.
2√2 √2+1

(𝑂𝑟)
−1 (√2−1)(√2−1)
𝐼 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ ] … … {𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑒}
2√2 (√2+1)(√2−1)
2
−1 (√2−1)
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ ]
2√2 2−1
2
= − 𝑙𝑜𝑔(√2 − 1)
2√2
−1
𝐼 = log(√2 − 1) ans.
√2
𝜋
Q.10) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
𝐼 = ∫02 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 .𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝜋
Sol.10) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
𝐼 = ∫02 𝑑𝑥 …….(1)
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 .𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝜋
𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ( −𝑥)
2
𝐼 = ∫02 𝜋 𝜋 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛( −𝑥).𝑐𝑜𝑠( −𝑥)
2 2
𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
𝐼 = ∫02 𝑑𝑥 ……..(2)
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥

(1) + (2)
𝜋
1
2 𝐼 = ∫02 𝑑𝑥 ………{𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + cos 2 𝑥 = 1}
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 .𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒: 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥

𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑁 & 𝐷 𝑏𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
𝜋
2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
2𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
𝜋
2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
2𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
Put 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑡 when 𝑥 = 0 ; 𝑡 = 0
𝜋
∴ sec 2 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 when 𝑥 = ; 𝑡 = ∞
2
∞ 𝑑𝑡
∴ 2 𝐼 = ∫0
𝑡 2 +𝑡+1

Perfect square
∞ 1
2 𝐼 = ∫0 1 2 1
𝑑𝑡
(𝑡+ ) − +1
2 4

∞ 𝑑𝑡
2 𝐼 = ∫0 2
1 2 √3
(𝑡+ ) + ( )
2 2

1 ∞
2 𝑡+
2𝐼 = [tan−1 ( √3
2
)]
√3
2 0
2 2𝑡+1 ∞
2𝐼 = [tan−1 ( )]
√3 √3 0
2 1
2𝐼 = [tan−1 (∞) − tan−1 ( )]
√3 √3
2 𝜋 𝜋
2𝐼 = [ − ]
√2 2 6
2 𝜋
2𝐼 = [ ]
√2 3
𝜋
𝐼 = ans.
3√3