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Percentile Classes
Trigonometry

MULTIPLE ANGLE [FORMULAE]

2 tan 
1. sin 2 = 2 sin  cos  =
1 + tan 2 
1 − tan 2 
2. cos 2  = cos2  – sin2  = 2 cos2  –1 = 1 – 2 sin2  =
1 + tan 2 
1 + cos 2 1 − cos 2
3. 1 + cos 2  = 2 cos2  , 1 – cos 2  = 2 sin2  or = cos2 , = sin 2 
2 2
2 tan  
4. tan 2  = where   ( 2n + 1 )
1 − tan 2  4
1 − cos  
5. = tan 2 , where   (2n + 1 ) 
1 + cos  2
6. sin 3  = 3 sin – 4 sin3 or sin3 = 1/4(3sin – sin3)
7. cos 3  = 4cos3  – 3cos  or cos3 =1/4(3cos + cos3)
3 tan  − tan 3  
8. tan 3 = (  n + )
1 − 3 tan  2 6
sin 2 n A
9. cos A cos 2A cos22 A ....cos 2n–1 A =
2 n sin A

* VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS OF SOME IMPORTANT ANGLES

3 −1 3 +1
1. sin 150 = = cos 750 2. cos 150 = = sin750
2 2 2 2
3. tan 150 = 2 – 3= cot 750 4. cot 150 = 2 + 3= tan 750
0 0
1
 2 − 2 
1
5. sin 22 1 = 6. cos 22 1 =  2 + 2 
2 2  2 2 
0 0
7. tan 22 1 = 2 –1 8. cot 22 1 = 2 +1
2 2
5 −1 10 + 2 5
9. sin 180 = = cos 720 10. cos 180 = = sin 720
4 4
10 − 2 5 5 +1
11.sin 360 = = cos 540 12. cos 360 = = sin 540
4 4

Example 1:
Show that 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 cos 8 = 2cos
Solution:
 2  8 
LHS = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 cos 8 1 + cos 8 = 2 cos  2 
  

= 2 + 2 + 2(2 cos 2 4) = 2 + 2 + 2 cos 4

= 2 + 2(1 + cos 4) = 2 + 2(cos 2 2)

= 2 + 2 cos 2 = 2(1 + cos 2) = 2(2 cos 2 )

= 2cos = RHS.

Example 2:
If a cos 2 = b sin  and c sin 2 = d cos , provided a + b  0, then
(a) a(2c2 – d 2) = bcd (b) a(2c2 + d 2) = bcd (c) a(c2 – 2d 2) = bcd (d) none
Solution:
c sin 2 = d cos 
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d
 c(2sin  cos ) = d cos   sin  = (as cos  = 0  a + b = 0)
2c
Put this value in a cos 2 = b sin 
 a(1– 2sin2) = b sin   a(1 – 2sin2) = b sin 
 2 
 a 1 − d 
 2c 2 
= b  d 
 = a(2c2 – d2)
   2c 
So the correct option is (a).

Example 3:
If  and  are solutions of sin2x + a sin x + b = 0 as well as that of cos2x + c cos x + d = 0,
then sin( + ) is equal to:
2
2bd + c2 b2 + d 2 2ac
(a) (b) a (c) (d)
2
b +d 2 2ac 2bd 2
a + c2
Solution:
Given, sin  + sin  = – a and cos  + cos  = –c
 2sin  +  cos  −  = – a and 2cos  +  cos  −  = –c
2 2 2 2
 tan  +  = a
2 c
+ a
2 tan 2 2
2a
sin( + ) = 2 = c = = 2c 2 = 2ac
2 + a2 c a +c 2
a + c2
1 + tan 1+
2 c2
So the correct option is (d).

Example 4:
2 cos  − 1 tan  / 2
If cos  = (0 <  <  < ), then is equal to :
2 − cos  tan  / 2
1
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d)
3
Solution:
2 cos  − 1 2 − cos  + 2 cos  − 1 1 + cos 
1 + cos  = 1 + = =
2 − cos  2 − cos  2 − cos 
2 cos 2 ( / 2)
 2cos2  =
2 1 + 2 sin 2 ( / 2)

 cos2  = cos 2 ( / 2)
……..(i)
2 1 + 2 sin 2 ( / 2)
cos 2 ( / 2)
 1 – cos2  = 1–
2 1 + 2 sin 2 ( / 2)
1 − sin 2 ( / 2) − cos 2 ( / 2) 3 sin 2 ( / 2)
= =
1 + 2 sin 2 ( / 2) 1 + 2 sin 2 ( / 2)
3 sin 2 ( / 2)
 sin2  = ……..(ii)
2 1 + 2 sin 2 ( / 2)
Divide equation (ii) by (i), we get
tan2  = 3tan2   tan(  / 2)
= 3
2 2 tan( / 2)
So the correct option is (c).

Example 5:
n
cos3x . sin 2x =  a m sin mx is an identity in x. Then –
m =1
3 1
(a) a3 = , a2 = 0 (b) n = 6, a1 =
8 2
1 3
(c) n = 5, a1 = (d)  am =
4 4

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Solution:
cos 3 x + 3 cos x
cos3x . sin2x = sin2x
4
= 1 (sin5x – sinx) + 3 ( sin3x + sinx ) = 1
sinx + 3 sin3x + 1
sin5x
8 8 4 8 8
 n = 5, a1 = 1 , a2 = 0, a3 = 3 , a4 = 0, a5 = 1
4 8 8
Ans: (a) (c) (d)

Example 6:

The value of cos cos 2 cos 3 cos 4 cos 5 cos 6 cos 7 is
15 15 15 15 15 15 15
1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
26 27 28
Solution:

cos cos 2 cos 3 cos 4 cos 5 cos 6 cos 7
15 15 15 15 15 15 15
= cos  cos 2 cos 4 cos   − 8  cos 3 cos 5 cos 6
15 15 15  15  15 15 15
 2 4 8   
= –  cos cos cos cos  cos cos cos
2
 15 15 15 15  5 3 5
1    2 4 8   5 + 1 1  5 − 1
cos  
 4   2  4 
=–  2 sin cos cos cos    
2 sin  / 15  15 15 15 15 15     
1  2 2 4 8  1
=–  2 sin cos cos cos  
2  2 sin  / 15  15 15 15 15  8
1  4 4 8  1  8 8 
= –  2 sin cos cos  = –  2 sin cos 
2  32 sin  / 15  15 15 15  2  64 sin  / 15  15 15 

sin   +  
1 16 1
= –  sin =–
128 sin  / 15 15 128 sin  / 15  15 
= +1/128 = 1/28 Ans: (c)

Example 7:
If  and  are different values of x satisfying
+
a cos x + b sin x = c, then tan  =
 2 
a c b a+b
(a) (b) (c) (d)
b b a c
Solution:
x x
1 − tan 2 2b tan
a cos x + b sin x = c  a 2 + 2 =c
2 x 2 x
1 + tan 1 + tan
2 2
 (a + c)tan2 x – 2b tan x
+ (c – a) = 0
2 2

This equation has roots tan and tan  .
2 2


 tan +tan  = 2b
and tan 
tan  = c−a
. Now,
2 2 a+c 2 2 c+a
   
 tan + tan 
tan   +   =  2 2  = b
 2 2  1 − tan  tan   a
 
 2 2
So the correct option is (c).

Example 8:
tan6  – 33 tan4  + 27 tan2  =
9 9 9

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
(a) tan (b) tan2  (c) tan 
(d) tan2 
3 3 6 6
Solution:
3 tan  − tan 3 
tan 3 =
1 − 3 tan 2 
 
3 tan − tan 3

 3= tan 3  = 9 9
9 2
1 − 3 tan
9
2 2
  2     3 
  3 1 − 3 tan 9  =  3 tan 9 − tan 9 
    
 tan6  – 33 tan4  + 27 tan2  = 3 = tan2 
9 9 9 3
So the correct option is (b).

Example 9:
If cos A = 3/4, then the value of
16cos2(A /2) – 32 sin(A/2) sin (5A/2) is
(a) –4 (b) –3 (c) 3 (d) 4
Solution:
The given expression is equal to
8(1 + cos A) – 16(cos 2A – cos 3A)
= 8(1 + cos A) – 16 [2cos2A – 1 – cos A(4cos2A – 3)]
 
= 8 1 + 3  – 16 2  9 3 9
− 1 −  4  − 3 
 4  16 4  16 
= 14 – (18 – 16 – 27 + 36) = 3
So the correct option is (c).

Example 10:
x = tany, cosy = tan z and cosz = tanx, prove that
sin x = siny = sinz = 2sin180.
Solution:
tan2x = tan2y = sec2y – 1 = cot2z – 1
cos 2 z tan 2 x
 1 + cos2x = cot2z = =
1 − cos 2 z 1 − tan 2 x
sin 2 x sin 2 x
 2 – sin2x = =
cos 2 x − sin 2 x 1 − 2 sin 2 x
 (2 – sin2x)(1 – 2sin x) = sin x2 2

 2sin4x – 6sin2x + 2 = 0  sin4x – 3sin2x + 1 = 0

 9+4 1
 sin2x = = ( 3  5)
2 2
1 1
then, (3 + 5) > 1, so, sin2x = (3 – 5) > 1,
2 2

sin x = 5 − 1 = 2 sin180
2
Similarly, siny = 2sin18 and sinz = 2sin180.
0

Example 11:
 (1 − a 2 ) 
If ar + 1 = 1
(1 + a r ) Prove that cos  0 
 = a0
2  a1a 2 a3 ....to  
 
Solution:
1
Let a0 = cos. Then ar + 1 = (1 + a r ) gives
2

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a1 = 1
(1 + a 0 ) =
1
(1 + cos ) = cos  , a2 = 1
(1 + a1 ) = 1 
1 + cos  = cos 
2 2 2 2 2 2 22
1 1   
a3 = 1 + cos 2  = cos 3 , etc.
(1 + a 2 ) =
2 2 2  2

 a1 a2 a3 ……….an = cos  cos 2 cos 3 ……... cos n

2 2 2 2
         
cos cos 2 cos 3 ......cos n 2 sin n cos cos 2 cos 3 ......cos n −1 2 sin n −1
2 2 2 2 2 = 2 2 2 2 2
=
 
2 sin n 2 sin n
2 2
{  2sin cos = sin2}
       
cos cos 2 ....cos n −2 sin n − 2 cos cos 2 ....cos n −3 sin n −3
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= =
 
2 2 sin n 2 3 sin n
2 2
= …………………………………
   
cos sin cos sin
= sin 
n − ( n −1) n − ( n −1)
= 2 2 2 2
  
2 n −1 sin 2 n −1 sin n 2 n . sin n
2n 2 2
sin  sin  sin 
 a1.a2, a3 …. to  = lim = lim =
n→ n  n →   sin  / 2 n  
2 . sin n  
2   / 2n 
 
(1 − a 0 2 ) 1 − cos 2 
 = =
a1a 2 a3 ....to  sin 

 (1 − a 2 ) 
 cos  0 
 = cos  = a0
 a1a 2 a3 ....to  
 

1 + cos  + cos
Q41. 2 =

sin  + sin
2

(a) cot
2
(b) cot 
(c) cot /4
(d) none of these

cos 3  − cos 3 sin 3  + sin 3

Q42. + =
cos  sin 
(a) 3
(b) 8
(c) 11
(d) None

Q43.cos2A (3 – 4cos2A)2 + sin2A (3 – 4sin2A)2 =

(a) cos 4A
(b) sin 4A
(c) 1
(d) none

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
sin 3 A − cos − A
2 
Q44. =
cos A + cos(  + 3 A)
(a) tan A
(b) cot A
(c) tan2A
(d) cot 2A

Q45.Which of the following is a rational number ?

(a) sin 150
(b) cos 150
(c) sin 150. cos 150
(d) sin 150.cos 750

Q46.If tan  = t, then tan 2 + sec 2 =

1+ t
(a)
1− t
1− t
(b)
1+ t
2t
(c)
1− t
2t
(d)
1+ t

sec 8 A − 1
Q47. =
sec 4 A − 1
tan 2 A
(a)
tan 8 A
tan 8 A
(b)
tan 2 A
cot 8 A
(c)
cot 2 A
(d) none

Q48.The value of 3 cosec 200 – sec 200 is equal to

(a) 2
(b) 4
sin 20 0
(c) 2.
sin 40 0
sin 20 0
(d) 4.
sin 40 0

 
Q49.The value of tan + 2 tan + 4 is equal to
16 8

(a) cot
8

(b) cot
16

(c) cot – 4
16
(d) none of these

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 2 4 8 16 32
Q50.The value of cos . cos .cos .cos .cos .cos is
65 65 65 65 8 65
1
(a)
32
1
(b)
64
1
(c) –
32
1
(d) –
64

Q51.The value of cos 120.cos240 .cos360.cos 480 .cos 720 . cos840 is

(a) 1/64
(b) 1/32
(c) 1/16
(d) 1/128

 3 5 7 9 11 13
Q51. sin sin sin sin sin sin sin =
14 14 14 14 14 14 14
1
(a)
64
1
(b)
32
1
(c) –
32
1
(d) –
64

Q53.If tan 200 tan 400 tan 600 tan 800 =

(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
3
(d)
2

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
Q54.If  = , then 2n cos  cos 2 cos 22  … cos 2n – 1  =
n
2 +1
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) –3
(d) –4

Q55.For a positive integer n, let

 
fn () =  tan  (1 + sec ) (1 + sec 2) (1 + sec 4) …… (1 + sec 2n ) then
 2

(a) f2   = 1
 16 
 
(b) f3   = 1
 32 
 
(c) f4   = 1
 64 
  
(d) f5   =1
 128 

, then 32sin   sin   =

3 A 5A
Q56. If cos A =
4  2  2
(a) 7
(b) 8
(c) 11
(d) None

1
Q57. If tan A = , then tan 3A =
2
(a) 9/2
(b) 11/2
(c) 7/2
(d) –1/2

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Q58.cos3  + cos3 (120o + ) + cos3 (240o + ) =

3
(a) cos 3
4
(b) cos 3
1
(c) cos 3
2
(d) None

Q59.cos 2 =
(a) 2 sin2 + 4cos ( + ) sin  sin  + cos 2( + )
(b) sin2 + 4cos ( + ) sin  sin  + cos 2( + )
(c) 2 sin2 + cos ( + ) sin  sin  + cos 2( + )
(d) 2 sin2 + 4cos ( + ) sin  sin  + cos ( + )

 
Q60.If tan and tan are the roots of the equation
2 2
8x –26x +15 = 0 then cos ( + ) is equal to
2

627
(a) –
725
627
(b)
725
(c) – 1
(d) none of these

sin 3x
Q61.If f (x) = , x  n , then the range of value of
sin x
f (x) for real values of x is
(a) [–1,3]
(b) ( –, –1]
(c) (3, +)
(d) [–1,3)

Q62.If a cos 2 + b sin 2 = c has a and b as its solution, then the value of tan  + tan  is
c+a
(a)
2b
2b
(b)
c+a
c−a
(c)
2b
b
(d)
c+a

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* THE ANGLES OF TRIANGLE AND RELATED IDENTITIES

0
If A+B+C = 180 , then the following identities are useful to remember.
1. sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C = 4 sin A sin B sin C
2. cos2A+ cos2B + cos2C = –1– 4 cosA cosB cosC.
A B C
3. sinA+ sinB + sinC = 4 cos cos cos
2 2 2
A B C
4. cosA + cosB + cos C = 1+ 4 sin sin sin
2 2 2
5. tanA + tanB + tan C = tanA tanB tan C
6. cotA cotB + cotB cotC + cot C cotA = 1
A B B C C A
7. tan tan + tan tan + tan tan = 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C A B C
8. cot + cot + cot = cot cot cot
2 2 2 2 2 2
9. Two useful identies
For all values of ,,
+ +  +
(i)cos  +cos  + cos  + cos ( + +  ) = 4 cos cos cos
2 2 2
+ +  +
(ii) sin  +sin  + sin  – sin ( + +  ) = 4 sin sin sin
2 2 2

EXAMPLE 1:
If A + B + C = , prove that
cosA + cosB + cosC = 1 + 4sin  A  sin  B  sin  C 
2 2 2
Solution
LHS = cosA + cosB + cosC
= 2cos  A + B  cos  A − B  + cosC = 2cos   − C  cos  A − B  + cosC
 2   2  2 2 2 2

= 2sin  C  cos  A − B  +1–2sin2  C  = 2sin  C  cos  A − B  –2sin2  C  +1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 A  C   
= 2sin  C  cos −
B
 − sin  +1 = 2sin  C  cos A − B  − sin  − A + B  +1
   2
2 2  2    
2 2 2   2 2 
  A B    A   B 
= 2sin  C  cos A − B
 − cos −  +1= 2sin  C   2 sin . sin  +1
2  2 2  2 2  2   2   2 

=1+ 4sin  A  sin  B  sin  C  = RHS

2 2 2

EXAMPLE 2:
If x + y + z = xyz
2y
Prove that 2 x 2 + + 2z
= 8 xyz
1− x 1− y 2
1− z 2
(1 − x )(1 − y 2 )(1 − z 2 )
2

Solution
Let x = tanA, y = tanB, z = tanC
Then x + y + z = xyz
tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA tanB tanC
tanA + tanB + tanC – tanA tanB tanC = 0
Dividing by [1 – tanA tanB – tanB tanC – tanC tanA] both the sides
tan A + tan B + tan C − tan A tan B tan C
 =0
1 − tan A tan B − tan B tan C − tan C tan A
 tan ( A + B + C) = 0
 A + B + C = n [ n  z ]
Now A + B + C = n
2A + 2B + 2C = 2n
 tan(2A + 2B + 2C) = tan2n
tan 2 A + tan 2 B + tan 2C − tan 2 A tan 2 B tan 2C
 =0
1 − tan 2 A tan 2 B − tan 2 B tan 2C − tan 2C tan 2 A

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 tan2A + tan2B + tan2C – tan2A tan2B tan2C = 0

 tan2A + tan2B + tan2C – tan2A tan2B tan2C
2 tan A 2 tan B 2 tan C 2 tan A 2 tan B 2 tan C
 + + = . .
1 − tan A 1 − tan B
2
1 − tan C
2
1 − tan A 1 − tan B 1 − tan 2 C
2 2 2

 2x 2 + 2 y 2 + 2 = 2x 2 . 2 y 2 . 2z 2 =
2z 8 xyz
1− x 1− y 1− z 1− x 1 − y 1 − z (1 − x )(1 − y 2 )(1 − z 2 )
2

3
63. If A + B + C = , then cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C =
2
(a) 1 – 4 cos A cos B cos C
(b) 4 sin A sin B sin C
(c) 1 + 2 cos A cos B cos C
(d) 1 – 4 sin A sin B sin C

64. In a ABC,  cot B cot C =

(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) none

1 1 1
65. In a ABC, cot A + cot B + cot C =
2 2 2
(a) 0
1 1 1
(b) cot A cot B cot C
2 2 2
(c) 1
(d) None of these

 3x − x 3 
66. If x + y + z = xyz, then  

 =

 1 − 3x 2 
 3x − x 3 
(a)  
 1 − 3x 2 
 3x − x 3 
(b)  

 1 − 3x 2 
1
(c)
3xyz
(d) 3xyz

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x+ y
67. If xy + yz + zx = 1, then   1 − xy  =
1
(a)
xyz
4
(b)
xyz
(c) xyz
(d) none

tan A + tan B + tan C

68. If A + B + C = 180, then =
tan A.tan B.tan C
(a) 0
(b) 2
(c) 1
(d) –1

69. If tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA. tanB. tanC then

(a) A,B,C must be angles of a triangle
(b) the sum of any two of A,B,C is equal to the third
(c) A +B + C must be an integral multiple of 
(d) none of these

70. If ABC are the angles of a triangle, then

sin2A + sin2B + sin2C –2 cos A cos B cos C =
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4

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Maximum and Minimum value of Expression

Expression Max. Min.

1. a cos + b sin + a2 + b2 – a2 + b2

2. a cos + b sin + c c + a2 + b2 c – a2 + b2
3. a2 tan2 + b2 cot2 – 2ab
4. a sin  + b cosec 
2 2 2 2
– 2ab
5. a cos  + b sec 
2 2 2 2
– 2ab
6. a sec + b tan (a > b ) – a 2 − b2
* To find the numerically greatest values of acos + bsin
Let a = rcos and b = r sin
So that r2 = a2 + b2 and tan  = b ;
a
Then a cos + b sin = r(cos cos + sin sin) = rcos( –)
Thus the expression is numerically greatest when Cos( – ) =  1 ;
that is, the greatest positive value = r = a 2 + b 2 ,
and the numerically greatest negative value = – r = – a 2 + b 2
hence, if c2 > a2 + b2,
the maximum value of acos + bsin + c is c + a 2 + b 2 ,
and the minimum value is c – a 2 + b 2 .
* The expression
a cos( + ) + b cos( + )
= (acos + bcos)cos – (asin + bsin)sin;
and therefore its numerically greatest values are equal to the positive
and negative square roots of (acos + bcos)2 + (asin + bsinj)2;
that is, are equal to  a 2 + b 2 + 2ab cos( − )
 
sin  + (n − 1) 
 2  n 
* sin + sin( + ) + cos ( + 2) + ….…....+ sin (+ (n –1))= sin  ,
  2
sin
2
Angles are in A.P common difference = 
* cos  + cos( + ) + cos ( + 2) + ........+ cos (+ (n –1))
 C. D 
sin n 
 2  [ Ist angle + last angle]
= .sin or cos
 C. D  2
sin 
 2 

EXAMPLE 3:
Prove that 5cos + 3cos   +   +3. lie between –4 and 10.
 3
Solution
The given expression is, 5cos + 3cos   +   +3
 3
0 0
=5cos +3[cos cos60 – sin sin60 ] + 3
1 3
 5cos + 3[ cos – sin ] + 3
2 2
1
 [13cos – 33 sin] + 3
2
Put 13 = r cos, 33 = r sin r = 169 + 27 = 14
1 14
 [ r cos( +  )] + 3  [ cos( +  )] + 3
2 2
 7cos( + ) + 3
Hence maximum and minimum values of
expression are (7 + 3) and (–7 + 3) i.e., 10 and –4 respectively.
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EXAMPLE 4:
sin 3
< 0 if  lies in
cos 2
(a) (13/48, 14/48) (b) (14/48, 18/48)
(c) (18/48, 23/48) (d) any of these interval
Solution
sin 3
< 0 if sin 3 > 0 and cos 2 < 0
cos 2
Or sin 3 < 0 and cos 2 > 0
i.e. if 3  (0, ) and 2  (/2, 3/2)
or 3  (, 2) and 2  (–/2, /2)
i.e. if   (0, /3) and   (/4, 3/4)
or   (/3, 2/3) and   (–/4, /4)
i.e. if   (/4, /3)
since (13/48, 14/48)  (/4, /3)
So the correct option is (a).

EXAMPLE 5:
The minimum value of 27 tan2 + 3cot2 is
(a) 9 (b) 18 (c) 27 (d) 30
Solution
AM  GM
27 tan 2  + 3 cot 2 
  27 tan 2 .3 cot 2 
2
 27 tan  + 3cot   18.
2 2

So the correct option is (b).

EXAMPLE 6:
1
Show that tan3 cot cannot lie between 3 and .
3
Solution
tan 3 3 − tan 2 
We have tan3 cot = = = n say;
tan  1 − 3 tan 2 
n−3 3−n
 tan2 = = .
3n − 1 1 − 3n
These two fractional values of tan  must be positive, and
2
1
therefore n must be greater than 3 or less .
3

EXAMPLE 7:
If a and b are positive quantities, of which a is the greater,
find the minimum value of asec – b tan.

Solution
Denote the expression by x, and put tan = t;
then x = a 1 + t 2 – bt;
 b2t 2 + 2bxt + x2 = a2( 1 + t2);
 t2(b2 – a2 ) + 2bxt + x2 – a2 = 0
In order that the values of t found from this equation may be real,
b2x2 > (b2 – a2)(x2 – a2) ;
 0 > a2(a2 – b2 – x2);
x2 > a2 – b2.
Thus the minimum value is a 2 − b 2 .

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* If the rth term of a series can be expressed as the difference of two quantities one of which
is the same function of r that the other is of r + 1, the sum of the series may be readily
found.

Let the series is u1 + u2 + u3 + …. + un

and its sum by S, and suppose that any term
ur = ur + 1 – ur ;
Then
S = (u2 – u1) + (u3 – u2) + (u4 – u3) + … + (un – un – 1) + (un + 1 – un)
= un + 1 – un

EXAMPLE 8:
Find the sum of the series
cosec + cosec2 + cosec4 + …..…+ cosec2n – 1

Solution
  
sin sin  − 
cosec = 1
= 2 =  2
sin   
sin sin  sin sin 
2 2

Hence cosec = – cot 
2
If we replace  by 2, we obtain
cosec2 = cot – cot2
similarly, cosec4 = cot2 – cot4,
………………………….
cosec2  = cot 2n – 1  – cot2n – 1
n–1

By addition, S = cot  – cot 2n – 1 

2

EXAMPLE 9:
Find the sum of the series
cos + cos3 + cos5 + ………+ cos(2n – 1)
Solution
Here the common difference of the angle is 2;
sin n  + (2n − 1)
S= cos = sin n cos n = sin 2n
.
sin  2 sin  2 sin 

EXAMPLE 10:
Find the sum of the series
tan–1 x
+ tan–1 x
+……… + tan–1 x
1 + 1. 2 . x
2
1 + 2 . 3. x 2
1 + n(n + 1) . x 2
Solution
We have tan–1 = tan–1( r + 1)x – tan–1rx;
x
1 + r (r + 1) . x 2

 S = tan ( n + 1)x – tan–1x

–1

EXAMPLE 11:
Find the sum of n terms of the series
1  1  1 
tan + tan + 2 tan 2 + 3 tan 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
Solution
We have tan = cot – 2cot 2

Replacing  by and dividing by 2, we obtain
2
tan  cot 
1 1
= – cot
2 2 2 2

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 
similarly, 1
2
tan 2
= 1
2
cot 2
– 1 cot  ;
2 2 2 2 2 2
………………………………..
1
n −1
tan n−1 = n1−1 cot n−1 – n1−2 cot n−2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 
by addition, S = cot – 2cot 2.
2 n −1 2 n −1

Q71. The value of cos10 – sin10 is

(a) positive
(b) negative
(c) 0
(d) 1

1
Q72.If a = then for all real x
5 cos x + 12 sin x
1
(a) the least positive value of a is
13
1
(b) the greatest negative value of a is –
13
1
(c) a 
13
1 1
(d) –  a
13 13

Q73.The maximum value of

   
1 + sin  +  + 2 cos −  for real values of  is
4  4 
(a) 3
(b) 5
(c) 4
(d) none of these

Q74.The least value cos2 – 6sin .cos +3sin2 + 2 is

(a) 4 + 10
(b) 4 – 10
(c) 0
(d) none of these

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1 1
Q75.If a sin 2 + b sin  cos + c cos2  – (a + c)  k ,then k2 is equal to
2 2
2 2
(a) b + (a – c)
(b) a2 + (b – c)2
(c) c2 + (a – b)2
(d) none

Q76. If A = cos2  + sin4 , then for all values of 

(a) 1  A  2
13
(b) A 1
16
3 13
(c)  A 
4 16
3
(d)  A  1
4

 
Q77. The maximum value of cos2  − x – cos2  + x =
3  3 
3
(a) –
2
1
(b)
2
3
(c)
2
3
(d)
2


Q78.If A + B = where A, B  R + then maximum value of sin A + sin B is equal to
2
(a) 1
(b) 3
(c) 2
(d) none of these

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
Q79.If A  0, B  0 , A + B = and y = tan A. tanB then
3
(a) the maximum value of y is 3
(b) the minimum value of y is 1/3
(c) the maximum value of y is 1/3
(d) the minimum value of y is 0

Q80.The maximum value of


(cos 1) (cos 2) (cos 3)… (cos n) under the restrictions 0  1, 2, …,n  and
2
(cot 1 ) ( cot 2) .. ..(cot n) = 1 is
1
(a)
n/2
2
1
(b)
2n
1
(c)
2n
(d) 1

Q81.If | cos  { sin  + sin 2  + sin 2  } |  k, then the value of k is

(a) 1 + cos 2 
(b) 1 + sin 2 
(c) 2 + sin 2 
(d) 2 + cos 2 

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Q82.If P= a 2 cos 2  + b 2 sin 2  + a 2 sin 2  + b 2 cos 2  , then,

P2 = a2 + b2 + 2 (a 2 + b 2 ) − 2 , where  =
(a) a2 cos 2 + b2 sin2
(b) a2 sin 2 + b2 cos2
1
(c) {(a2 + b2 )+ (a2 – b2) cos 2}
2
(d) none of these

 3 5 7 9
Q83. cos + cos + cos + cos + cos =
11 11 11 11 11
(a) 0
−1
(b)
2
1
(c)
2
(d) none of these

Q84.If x1, x2 , x3 ,......., xn are in A.P. whose common

difference is  , then the value of
sin (sec x1 sec x2 + sec x2 sec x3 +........+ sec xn–1 sec xn ) is
sin(n − 1)
(a)
cos x1 cos xn
sin n 
(b)
cos x1 cos xn
(c) sin (n –1)  cos x1 cos xn
(d) sin n  cos x1 cos xn.

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Q85.The minimum values of the expression

sin + sin + sin  , where , ,  e real numbers satisfying  +  +  = 
(a) positive
(b) zero
(c) negative
(d) –3

2x 2x
Q86.For all real x, 4 sin + 4 cos 
(a) 2
(b) 4
(c) 3
(d) none

Q87. If A, B, C are acute positive angles such that A + B + C = 

and cot A cot B cot C = K, then
1
(a) K 
3 3
1
(b) K 
3 3
1
(c) K <
9
1
(d) K >
3

Q88.If 0  a 3 , 0  b 3 and the equation x2 + 4+ 3 cos(ax + b) = 2x

has at least one solution then the value of a + b is
(a) 0
(b)  /2
(c) 
(d) none of these

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 
Q89. The number of points of intersection of 2y = 1 and y = cos x, – x is
2 2
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4

1
Q90.One root of the equation cos x – x + = 0 lies in the interval
2
 
(a) 0, 
 2
  
(b) − ,0
 2 
 
(c)  , 
2 
 3 
(d) , 
 2

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TRIGONOMETRICAL. EQUATION
FORMULA

sin  = →  = n ,
sin  = sin  →  = n + (–1)n 
sin  = – sin  →  = n – (–1)n 
sin2  = sin2 →  = n   ,
tan = 0 →  = n
tan= tan →  = n +  ,
tan = – tan →  = n – 
tan2 = tan2 →  = n  ,
cos = cos ,  = 2n  
cos = 0 →  = (2n+1)  ,
2
cos  = cos  →  = n  
2 2

cos = –cos → 2n  ( – )

cos  = – cos  →  = 2n  ( – )

(i) Sometimes to solve some equations we have to make the square of the equation and
determine its roots. Then we have to verify these roots from the original equation. For
example, the squaring x = 2, we get x2 = 4  x = 2, –2. But x = – 2 does not satisfy the
equation x = 2.
(ii) If the one value of x makes L.H.S = 0 and
R.H.S = 0 of the equation of L.H.S = R.H.S, then that value of x is one root of the equation.
But, if any values of x makes L.H.S = R.H.S =  of the equation, that value of x will not be
the root of the equation.
(iii) xy = xz  x(y – z ) = 0  x= 0 or y = z or both even if x  0
y z
=  y = z only when x  0
x x
ay = az  y = z only when a  0
x + y = x + z  y = z and
x – y = x – z  y = z.

(iv) When cos = 0, then sin = 1 or –1. Then we have to examine which value of sin satisfies
1
cos = 0,   = (n + ).
2
If sin = 1, then n is even and if sin = –1, then n is odd.
Similarly if sin = 0,  = n and cos = 1 or –1.
If cos = 1, n is even and if cos = –1, n is odd.

(v) To solve the equation a cos  b sin = c. let

a = r cos , b = r sin, where r a 2 + b 2 ,
b
 = tan– 1 . The given equation becomes
a
r .[ cos x cos   sin sin) ] = c
c c
 cos ( + ) = if    1.
r r
c
–1  1
a + b2
2

then solution of equation is possible.

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Q91. If sec 2  = 4 3 then the general value of  is


(a) 2n 
6

(b) n 
6

(c) 2n 
3

(d) n 
3

Q92. If 2sin  + tan  = 0, then the general values of  are


(a) 2n 
3
2
(b) n,2n 
3

(c) n,2n 
3
2
(d) n, n +
3

Q93. The set of value of x for which the expression

tan 3x − tan 2 x
= 1 is
1 + tan 3x tan 2 x
(a) 

(b)
4
  
(c) n + : n = 1,2,3...
 4 
  
(d) 2n + : n = 1,2,3...
 4 

Q94.If sin 2 = cos  , 0 <  <  ,then possible values  =

(a) 900,600, 300
(b) 900,1500 ,600
(c) 900,4501500
(d) 900,300, 1500

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Q95.If sec x cos 5x+ 1 = 0,where 0< x < 2  , then x =

 
(a) ,
5 4

(b)
5

(c)
4
(d) None

Q96.If sin2 = cos 3 and  is an acute angle then sin =

5 −1
(a)
4
− 5 −1
(b)
4
(c) 0
(d) None

Q97.If 2 cos 2x +3 sin x - 3 = 0, 0  x  180 , then, x =

0

O 0 0
(a) 30 ,90 ,150
O 0 0
(b) 60 ,120 ,180
O 0 0
(c) 0 ,30 ,150
O 0 0
(d) 45 ,90 ,135

Q98.The number of value of  in 0,2 satisfying the

equation 2sin2 = 4 + 3cos are
(a) 0
(b)1
(c) 2
(d)3

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Q99. If 3 cos  + sin  = 2 , then the most general

value of  is
n 
(a) n + ( −1)
4
n  
(b) ( −1) −
4 3
 
(c) n + −
4 3
n  
(d) n + ( −1) −
4 3

Q100. The number of solution of the given equation

sin x + cosx = 2
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) Infinite
(d) None of these

Q101.The number of solution of the given equation

tan  + sec  = 3 ,where 0    2 is
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 3

Q102.If 1+ sin x + sin 2 x + ..... to  = 4 + 3,0  x  ,

then x =
(a) 
6
(b) 
3
(c)  or 
3 6
(d)  or 2
3 6

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Q103.If tan (cot x ) = cot (tan x ), then the value of sin 2x

will be
(a) (2n +1) 
4
4
(b)
(2n + 1)
2n
(c)
3
3n
(d)
3

Q104.The equation k sin x + cos 2x = 2k –7 possesses a solution, if

(a) k > 6
(b) 2  k  6
(c) k> 2
(d) none of these

Q105.The general solution of the equation tan 3 x = tan 5x is

n
(a) x = , n Z
3
(b) x = n, n  Z
(c) x =(2n + 1) , n  Z
(d) none of these

ANSWERS
1. A 2. A 3. B 4. B 5. D 6. C 7. D 8. A 9. D 10. B
11. C 12. D 13. B 14. C 15. A 16. B 17. C 18. B,D 19. B 20. D
21. B 22. D 23. B 24. D 25. C 26. C 27. A 28. A,C 29. A,C 30. A
31. C 32. A 33. C 34. A 35. B 36. B 37. BC 38. C 39. B 40. A
41. A 42. A 43. C 44. D 45. C 46. A 47. B 48. B 49. B 50. B
51. A 52. A 53. C 54. A 55. ALL56. C 57. b 58. A 59. a 60. A
61. d 62. b 63. D 64. B 65. B 66. A 67. D 68. C 69. C 70. B
71. A 72. AB 73. C 74. B 75. A 76. D 77. C 78. C 79.CD 80. A
81. B 82. ABC83. C 84. A 85. A 86. B 87. B 88. C 89. b 90. A
91. B 92. B 93. A 94. D 95. D 96. A 97. A 98. A 99. D 100. D
101. C 102. D 103. B 104. B 105. B

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