11

PRECALCULUS
QUARTER 2 – MODULE 3
(WEEK 5 & 6)

IDENTIFYING IDENTITIES!
PART I.

Introduction
The Module discusses about trigonometric identities
through presenting several examples from basic to difficult
levels and at the same time an additional exercise for
students to work on. At the end of the lesson, a video link is
attached for students to watch for further understanding the
concept.
We hope that you will find this Learning Module helpful
and convenient to use. We encourage you to carefully study
this Module and solve the exercises yourselves with the
guidance of your teacher. Although great effort has been put
into this Module for technical correctness and precision, any
mistake found and reported to the Team is a gain for other
students. Thank you for your cooperation.

(Pre-Test)
Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which of the following is NOT an identity?
a) sin2 a+cos2 a = 1 c) 1 + cot2 a = csc2 a
b) sin a = tan a * cos a d) 1 - sec2 a = tan2 a
2. Which of the following is an identity?
a) sin (a) cos (a) = (1/2) sin(2 a) c) sin(-a) = sin a
b) sin a + cos a = 1 d) tan a = cos a /
sin a
3. Which of the following is NOT an identity?
a) tan(2 t) = 2 tan (t) c) sin(-t) = - sin(t)
b) sin a = 1 - cos a
2 2
d) sec(-t) = sec(t)
4. Which of the following is an identity?
a) sin2 u = 1 + cos2 u c) sin2 u = 1 - 1 /
sec2 u
b) cot u = sin u * cos u d) cos(-u) = - cos u
csc �−1
5. Where defined, = _________.
sin �−1
a) sin x b. − sin � c) csc � d. − csc �

2
 1
6. Simplify csc �
tan � + cot �
a. sin � b. sec � c. tan � d. cos �
( sin �−cos �)2
7. To which of the following is equal?
cos �
a. sec � b. sec � − 2 sin � c. sec � − 2 tan � d.
−2 sin �
1 1
8. Simplify cot � + =
sec � csc �
cot � 2cot �
a. c.
sec � csc � sec � +csc �
cot � cot � sec �+���� csc �
b. d.
sec � +csc � sec � csc �
9. Which of the following is equivalent to
sin (� + 30° + cos (� + 60°)
a. sin � b. cos � c. 3 ���� + cos � d. 3 cos �
10. Which of the following is equivalent to sin � + � +
sin ( � − �)?
a. sin 2� b.sin (�2 − �2 ) c. 2 sin � sin � d. 2 sin � cos �
I. Presentation/Discussion
In previous lessons, we have defined trigonometric
functions using the unit circle and also investigated the
graphs of the six trigonometric functions. This lesson builds
on the understanding of the different trigonometric functions
by discovery, deriving, and working with trigonometric
identities.
Let us recall the domain topic considering the following
expressions:
1. 2� + 1
2. �2 − 1
In the first expression, every real value of x when
substituted to the expression makes it defined in the set of
real numbers, that is, the value of the expression is real
when x is real.
In the second expression, not every real value of x makes
the expression defined in ℝ . For example, when x=0, the
expression becomes −1, which is not a real number.
�2 − 1 ∈ ℝ ⇔ �2 − 1 ≥ 0 ⇔ � ≤− 1 �� � ≥ 1
3
 Activity 1: Trying Hard!
Determine the equation as either identity or
conditional. Write your answer at the right column.

1.) �2 − 1 = 0
2.) (� + 7)2 = �2 + 49
3.) �2 − 1 = (� + 1)(� − 1)
4.) (� + 7)2 = �2 + 14� +
49
�2 −4
5.) = 2� − 1
�−2
�2 −4
6.) = �+2
�−2

A. IDENTITY AND CONDITIONAL EQUATIONS

An identity is an equation that is true for all valid

replacements of the variable.

Example:
1. �2 + �2 = 1 (Pythagorean Theorem)
2. � + 3� = 4� true for all x
�
3. =1 true for all x, x≠ 0
�

Conditional equation is a statement that is true on

condition that the variable is replaced with the correct value.
Example:
1. x + 5= 11 true if x=6
2. 3x = 15 true if x=5
3. �2 = 4� true if x=0 and x=4
B. FUNDAMENTAL TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
A trigonometric identity is an identity that involves trigonometric
functions of one or more variables. The equation in reciprocal,
4
quotient, and Pythagorean identities which follow each solution is
true for all values of � for which both sides are defined.
Reciprocal Identities
1 1
sin � = csc � =
csc � sin �
1 1
cos � = sec � =
sec � cos �
1 1
tan � = cot � =
cot � tan �

Quotient Identities
sin � cos �
tan � = cot � =
cos � sin �

Pythagorean Identities
���2 � + ���2 � = 1 ���2 � + 1 = ���2 � 1 + ���2 � = csc �
Even-Odd Identities
sin −x =− sin � cos −� = cos � tan −� =− tan �
Simplify the following:
tan � ����
1.)
sin �
Solution:
sin �
tan � ���� cos �
= cos �
=1 by quotient identity
sin � sin �
����
2.)
cot �
Solution:
���� ����
= ���� = sin � by quotient identity
cot �
sin �

3. ���2 � + ���2 ����2 �

Solution:
���2 � + ���2 ����2 � = ���2 � 1 + ���2 � Apply factoring
= ���2 ����2 � by Pythagorean Theorem
1
= ���2 � by reciprocal identity
���2 �
=1
5
 1+���2 �
4.
1+���2 �
Solution:
1+tan2 θ sec2 θ
= by Pythagorean Theorem
1+cot2 θ csc2 θ
1
���2 � ���2 �
1 =
���2 �
by reciprocal identities
���2 �

= tan2 θ by quotient identity

The reciprocal, quotient, Pythagorean, and even-odd
identities constitute what we call the fundamental
trigonometric identities.
3
5. If sin � =− and cos � > 0. Find cos �.
4
Solution: Using the identity ���2 � + ���2 � = 1 with cos>0, we
have
cos � = 1 − ���2 �
3 2
= 1− −
4
7
=
4
5
6. If sec � = and tan � < 0, use the identities to find the values
2
of the remaining trigonometric functions of �.
Solution: Note that � lies in Q-IV.
1 1 2
cos � = = 5 =
sec � 5
2

1 1 − 21
sin � =− 1 − ���2 � =− 1 − =− 1 − =
���2 � 5 2 5
2

1 −5 21
csc � = =−
sin � 21

6
 − 21
sin � 5 − 21
tan � = = 2
=
cos � 2
5

1 1 2 21
cot � = = =−
tan � − 21 21
2
C. SUM AND DIFFERENCE IDENTITIES
In previous lesson, we introduced the concept of
trigonometric identity, presented the fundamental identities.
In this lesson, we apply or evaluate the sum and difference
identities for cosine, sine, and tangent functions, establish
the cofunction identities.

Examples:
1. Find the exact values of each of the following expressions.
�
a. cos 75° b. cos c. sin 105° d. cos 15° e. tan 75°
12

7
Solutions:
a. Notice that 75° = 45° + 30°. Since we know the exact value
of sine and cosine at 45° ��� 30°, we use the Addition
Formula for Cosine to get cos 75° = cos (45° + 30°)
= cos 45° cos 30° − sin 45° sin 30°
2 3 2 1
= ∗ − ∗
2 2 2 2
2∗ 3− 2
=
4
6− 2
=
4
� � �
b. Since = − , the Subtraction Formula for Cosine to get
12 4 6
� � �
cos = ��� −
12 4 6
� � � �
= cos ∗ ��� + sin ∗ ���
4 6 4 6
2 3 2 1
= ∗ + ∗
2 2 2 2
2∗ 3+ 2
=
4
6+ 2
=
4
c. Since 105° is the sum of 60° and 45° which are two of the
special angles, we can apply the sum identity for the sin 105°.
sin 105° = sin (60° + 45°)
= sin 60° cos 45° + cos 60° sin 45°
3 2 1 2
= +
2 2 2 2
6 2
= +
4 4
6+ 2
=
4
d. We can utilized the special angle 60° and 45° for cos 15°.
cos 15° = cos 60° − 45°
= cos 60° cos 45° + sin 60° sin 45°

8
 1 2 3 2
= +
2 2 2 2
2 6
= +
4 4
2+ 6
=
4
e. We will represent 75° = 45 + 30° to evaluate tan 75°, since
45° and 30° are special angles.
tan 75° = tan 45° + 30°
tan 45°+tan 30°
=
1−tan 45° tan 30
3
1+
3
=
3
1−(1)
3

3+ 3
3
= 3− 3
3

3+ 3
=
3− 3
3+ 3 3+ 3
= ∙
3− 3 3+ 3
9+6 3+3
=
9−3

=2+ 3
tan 50°+tan 130°
2. Find the exact value of 1−tan 50° tan 130°
.
Solution:
Let � = 50° and � = 130°.
tan �+tan �
Applying the formula tan � + � = 1−tan � tan �, we get
tan 50° + tan 130°
= tan (50° + 130)
1 − tan 50° tan 130°
= tan 180°
=0
tan 50°+tan 130°
Thus, =0
1−tan 50° tan 130°

9
3. Evaluate sin 110° cos 80° − cos 110° sin 80°.
Let � = 110° and � = 80°. Applying the formula sin � − � =
sin � cos � − cos � sin �, we get
sin 110° cos 80° − cos 110° sin 80° = sin 110° − 80°
= sin 30°
1
=
2
1
Thus, sin 110° cos 80° − cos 110° sin 80° = .
2

D. DOUBLE-ANGLE AND HALF-ANGLE IDENTITIES

Trigonometric identities simplify the computations of
trigonometric expressions. In this lesson, we continue on
establishing more trigonometric identities. In particular, we
1
derive the formulas for � 2� and �( �) where f is the sine,
2
cosine, or tangent function.
Recall the sum identities for sine and cosine.

When A=B. these identities become

sin 2� = sin � cos � + cos � sin � = 2 sin � cos � and
cos 2� = cos � cos � − sin � sin � = ���2 � − ���2 �

10
The other double-identity for cosine has other forms. We use
Pythagorean identity ���2 � + ���2 � = 1

When � = �, we obtain
tan �+��� � 2 tan �
tan � + � = =
1−tan � ��� � 1−���2 �

11
Examples:
� �
1. Given ��� � = and < � < �, find ��� �� and ��� ��.
� �
Solution: We first find c�� � using the Pythagorean identity.
Since t lies in QII, we have
3 2 4
cos � =− 1 − ���2 � =− 1 − =− .
5 5

sin 2� = 2 sin � cos � cos 2� = 1 − 2 ���2 �

3 4 3 2
=2 − =1−2
5 5 5
24 7
=− =
25 25

2. If � = ��� �, express sin 2A, cos 2A, and tan 2A in terms

of x.
Solutions:
a. Let us find first sin A and cos A in terms of x. Since sec � =
± 1 + ���2 �, then, replacing tan A by x, and using the
reciprocal relation,
1 �
cos � = ± 2
. Also, sin � =± = tan � cos �
1+� 1+�2
Therefore,
1 1 2�
sin 2� = 2 sin � cos � = 2( ± ) =
1 + �2 1 + �2 1 + �2
1 �2 1−�2
b. cos 2� = ���2 � − ���2 � = 2 − =
1+� 1+�2 1+�2
2 tan � 2�
c. tan 2� = =
1−���2 � 1−�2
� �
3. Find the value of ��� �� and ��� ��.
Solution:
� 1−cos �
a. Use the half-angle identity for sine, that is, ��� = ,
2 2

� 3
� 1 � 1−��� 1− 2− 3
substituting the given: sin = ��� ∙ =
2
6
= 2
=
12 2 6 2 2

12
 � 3
� 1 � 1+��� 1+ 2+ 3
b. cos = �0� ∙ =
2
6
= 2
=
12 2 6 2 2

E. SITUATIONAL PROBLEMS INVOLVING

TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITITES
1. A baseball player hit the ball at an angle � to the
horizontal with an initial veocity of �� feet per second. If
air resistance is ignored, the horizontal distance �
travelled by the ball, the range, is given by � =
�
�� � ��� � ��� � .
��
1
a. Show that � = �0 2 sin 2�.
32
b. Find the angle � for which R is a maximum.
Solution:
a. Use the double angle formula to rewrite the given:
1 1 2sin � cos � 1
�= �0 2 sin � cos � = �0 2 = �0 2 sin 2�.
16 16 2 32
b. Since the largest value for sine function is 1, occuring
when � = 90°, then for maximum R, we must have 2 � = 90°,
or � = 45°.
2. You are kicking a football from gorund level with an initial
speed of 80 feet per second. Can you make the ball travel 200
feet?
Solution:
1 2
�= � sin 2�
32
1
200 = (80)2 sin 2�
32
1 = sin 2�
90° = 2�
45° = �
Therefore, you can make the football travel 200 feet if you
kick it at an ange of 45°.
13
Part II: ACTIVITIES
Activity 2: Let Me try!
Let us find out if you really understand the discussed
concept by answering these exercises.
5
1. Given sin � = in QII, and (6, -8) is on the terminal side of
13
�, find the exact value of sin � + � .
5
2. Given sin � = in QII, find the exact value of the following:
13
a. sin (2�) b. cos (2�) c. tan (2�)
3. Simplify the following expresssion:
���4 �−���4 � ���2 �−���2 � ����+cot � sin �
a. b. c.
sin � cos � sin � sin �
4. Apply half-angle formula to find
5�
a. cos 15° b. sin 15° c. cos
8
5. A ball is thrown following a projectile motion. It is known
that the horizontal distance (range) the ball can travel is
�0 2
given by � = sin 2�, where r is the range (in feet), �0 is the
�
initial speed (in ft/s), � is the angle of elevation the ball is
thrown, and g=32 ft/s2 is the acceleration due to gravity.
a. Express the new range in terms of the original range when
an angle � (0< � < 45°) is doubled.
b. If a ball travels a horizontal distance of 20 ft when kicked
at an angle of � with initial speed of 20 2 ft/s, find the
horizontal distance it can travel when you double �. Hint: use
result of item (a).
Activity 3: Try and Try!
Let me check your knowledge by filling the blanks with a
correct symbol/letter or terms in order to complete the
statement/s.
1. An equation is called an identity if it is valid for _________
values of the variable. The equation 2� = � + � is an algebraic
identity, and the equation ���2 � + ���2 � = _________ is a
trigonometric identity.
14
2. For any x it is true that cos (-x) has the same value as cos
x. We express this fact as the identity ___________.
3. If we know the values of the sine and cosine of A and B, we
can find the value of sin (A + B) by using the _____________
Formula for sine. State the formula:
sin (A + B)= ___________.
4. If we know the values of the sine and cosine A and B, we
can find the value of cos (A-B) by using the ____________
Formula for Cosine. State the formula:
Cos (A-B) = _____________.
5. If we know the values of sin x and cos x, we can find the
value of sin 2x by using the _______________ Formula for Sine.
State the formula: sin 2x = ____________.
�
6. If we know the value of cos x and the quadrant in which
2
�
lies, we can find the value of sin( ) by using the _____________
2
�
Formula for Sine. State the formula: sin( ) = ___________
2

DISCOVERY∎ DISCUSSION∎ WRITING

1
1. Use the formula � = �2 sin 2� to explain why the
32
projection angle that maximizes the distance a projectile
traves is � = 45° when ℎ0 = 0. Please refer to the problem and
figure.

Online connect! For additional knowledge and information

about the topics please visit the links/url indicated below.

www.mcdougallittell.com
www.stewartmath.com
Double Angle Identities & Formulas: https;//m.youtube.com/watch?v=SE5SBTgrwH8
Half- Angle Identities-Formulas: https;//m.youtube.com/watch?v=bNoJC7R2c0l

15
Part III. SUMMATIVE EVALUATION
Choose the letter of the correct answer.
cos 2�
1. Which of the following is NOT equal to ?
cos �
a. cos � − ���� ���� c. 2 cos � − sin �
2 sin �
b. sec � − d. sec � − 2���2 ���� �
cot �
4 3�
2. If cos � = and ≤ � ≤ 2�, then tan 2� = ______.
5 2
24 7 24 7
a. − b. − c. − d.
25 24 7 25
1−cos � 3
3. If = , then � = ___.
sin � 3
a. 15° b. 30° c. 45° d. 60°
� �
4. ��� + cot = 2 2
1
a. cot � b. −2 csc � c. 2 cot � d. 2 csc �
2
5. Which of the following is NOT equivalent to sin 40°?
a. 1 − ���2 40° c. 2 sin 20° cos 20°
1+cos 80° 1−cos 80°
b. d.
2 2
�
6. If 2 sin 2� = 3 ���2� and 0 ≤ 2� ≤ 2, then x= ___.
a. 0.25 b. 0.39 c. 0.49 d. 0.52
7. If 4 sin � + 3 = 0 on 0 ≤ � ≤ 2�, then x= ___.
a. 5.43 b. 0.848 c. 3.990 or 5.435 d. 0.848 or 5.435
8. Solve the equation sin 15� + cos 15� = 0. What is the sum
of the three smallest positive solutions?
7� � � 21�
a. b. c. d.
20 20 3 4
9. For all positive angles less than 360°, if csc 2� + 30° =
cos 3� − 15° , the sum of x and y is
a. 5° b. 30° c. 95° d. 185°
10. Given that cos 35° = �, express sin 2015° in terms
of �. Please see figure at the right.
1−�2
a. 1+�2
b. 1 − �2
c. 1 + �2
d. − 1 − �2

16
KeyAnswers
Pretest
1. D
2. A
3. A
4. C
5. D
6. B
7. B
8. D
9. B
10.C
Activity 1: Trying Hard!
1. Conditional
2. Conditional
3. Identity
4. Identity
5. Conditional
6. Identity
Activity 2: Let Me try!
1. 63/65
1201 119 120
2. a. − b. c. −
169 169 119
3. a. sin � + cos � b. csc � c. 2 sin �
2+ 3 2− 3 2− 2
4. a. b. c.
2 2 4
2� �0 4 −�2 �2
5. a. b. 24
�0 2

Activity 3: Try and Try!

1. all, 1
2. even-odd
3. Addition, sin (A + B)= sin A cos B + cos A sin B
4. Subtraction, cos (A- B)= cos A cos B + sin A sin B
5. Double-Angle, sin 2A=2sinA cos A
� 1−cos �
6. Half-Angle, sin =±
2 2

17
Summative Evaluation
1. D
2.
3. D
4.
5. B
6.
7. C
8.
9. D
10.

References
Camilon, M.G.,et.al. 2017. Precalculus for Senior High School. Quezon City: Educational Resources
Publication.
Carl Stitz, Ph.D. , Jeff Zeager, Ph.D.,
July 4, 2013 Lakeland Community College Lorain County Community College
Precalculus Corrected Edition

Dan's Pre-algebra Review

November 30, 2012

Fajardo, Ira A., Marquez, Romel L., Ringor, Rebecca S., and Gerardo, Elsa F., PhD.
Analytic Geometry (Worktext) 2003 edition

Khan, Sal. 2001. Intro to Conic Sections. Accessed July 8, 2020.

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/precalculus/x9e81a4f98389efdf:conics/x9e81a4f98
389efdf:conics-intro/v/introduction-to-conic-sections.
Precalculus Philippine Edition
2016 JO-ES Publishing House Inc
Sirug, W. S.,. 2016. Pre-Calculus forSenior High School STEM Specialized Subject. Manila City:
Mindshapers Corporation., Inc.
Stewart, J., et.al. 2010. Prcalculus -Mathematics for Calculus.
Tolentino, M.A.,et.al. 2016. Precalculus Learner's Material. Quezon City.
Vilanueva, T, et.al. 2017. Pre-calculus Analysis and Applications. Valenzuela City: Tru-Copy
Publishing House, Inc.
(n.d.). Retrieve September 28, 2020 , from https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=SE5SBTgrwH8

(n.d.). Retrieve September 28, 2020, from https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=bNoJC7R2c0l

(n.d.). Retrieve September 28, 2020, from www.mcdougallittell.com

(n.d.). Retrieve September 28, 2020, from www.stewartmath.com

18