Final Revision Note available in Help For AG App.

MATHEMATICS

RELATION AND FUNCTION

1. A function f: X  Y is one-one (or injective) if f(x1) = f(x2)  x1 = x2 x1, x2 X.

2. A function f: X  Y is onto (or surjective) if given any
y  Y,  x  X such that f(x) = y.
3. A function f: X  Y is one-one and onto (or bijective), if f is both one-one and onto
4. The composition of functions f: A  B and g: BC is the function gof : A  C given by
gof (x) = g(f(x))  x  A.
5. A function f: X  Y is invertible if  g: Y  X such that gof = 1X and fog = 1Y.
6. A function f : X  Y is invertible if and only if f is one-one and onto.

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION

1. sin () = sin  cos  cos sin

– = cos  cos  sin sin
2. cos (+)
tan tan
3. tan () =
1+– tan tan
A+B A–B
4. sin A + sin B = 2sin 2 cos 2
A+B A–B
5. sin A – sin B = 2 cos 2 sin 2
A+B A–B
6. cos A + cos B = 2cos 2 cos 2
A+B A–B
7. cos A – cos B = –2sin 2 sin 2
8. sin + sin( + ) + sin( + 2) + … to n terms
 n – 1   n
sin  +  2   sin  2 
      
= ; 2n
 
sin 2
 
9. cos + cos ( + ) + cos ( + 2) + … to n terms
 n – 1   n
cos  +  2   sin  2 
      
= ; 2n

sin 2
 
a b c
10. sine law: sinA = sinB = sinC = 2R
 Final Revision Note available in Help For AG App.
b2 + c2 – a2
11. cosine law: cosA = 2bc
B – C b – c  A
12. a. tan  2  = b + c cot  2 
     
C–A c–a B
b. tan 2 = c + a  cot 2
A–B a–b C
c. tan 2 = a + b . cot 2

A (s – b) (s – c)
13. a. sin  2  =
  bc
B (s – c) (s – a)
b. sin 2 = ca
C (s – a) (s – b)
c. sin 2 = ab
A s(s – a) B s(s – b)
14. cos 2 = bc , cos 2 = ca
C s(s – c)
cos 2 = ab
A (s – b) (s – c)
15. a. tan 2 = s(s – a)
B (s – c) (s – a)
b. tan 2 = s(s – b)
C (s – a) (s – b)
c. tan 2 = s(s – c)
1 1 1 abc
16.  = 2 ab sinC = 2 bc sin A = 2 ac sin B = 4R = rs
1
17.  = 4 2b2c2 + 2c2a2 + 2a2b2 – a4 – b4 – c4

18.  = s(s – a) (s – b) (s – c)
A B C
= (s – a) tan 2 = (s – b) tan 2 = (s – c) tan 2

A B C

19. r = 4R sin  2  . sin  2  . sin  2 
     
20. The ex-radii of a triangle
A B C 
a. r1 = 4R sin 2 . cos 2 . cos 2 = S – a
B C A 
b. r2 = 4R sin 2 . cos 2 . cos 2 = S – b
C A B 
c. r3 = 4R sin 2 . cos 2 . cos 2 = S – c
21. a. a = c cos B + b cos c
b. b = c cosA + a cosC
c. c = a cosB + b cosA
 Final Revision Note available in Help For AG App.
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
1. Domain and range of inverse trigonometric functions
Function Domain Range
y = sin–1x [–1, 1] –  
 2 2
y = cos–1x [–1, 1] [0, ]

y = tan–1x [–, ] –  

 2 2
y = cot–1x [–, ] [0, ]

y = sec–1x [–, –1]  [1, ) 0    

 2  2 
 
y = cosec–1x [–, –1]  [1, ) –2  0  2 
   
2. Some properties of inverse trigonometric functions:

sin–1x + cos–1x = 2 ; x  [–1, 1]

tan–1x + cot–1x = 2 ; x  R


sec–1x + cosec–1x = 2 ; x  (–, –1]  [1,)

sin (2x 1–x ) if – 2  x  2

–1 2 1 1

2sin x =  – sin (2x 1 –x ) if 2  x  1

–1 –1 1 2

– – sin (2x 1 – x ) if –1  x  – 12

–1 2

tan 
2x 
 1 – x 2x if – 1 < x < 1
–1
2

2 tan x =  + tan 1 – x  if x > 1

–1 –1
  2

–  + tan 1 – x  if x < –1

–12x
2

 x 
3. sin–1x = cos–1 1 – x2 = tan–1 2
 1–x 
1 – x2 –1 x  –11
= cot–1 = sec   = cosec
 1–x
x 2 x
4. sin–1x  sin–1y = sin–1 {x 1 – y2  y 1 – x2}
5. cos–1x  cos–1y = cos–1 {xy + – 1 – x2 1 – y2}
x  y
6. tan–1x  tan–1y = tan–1  where xy < 1
1  y
7. cos–1x = sin–1 1 – x2

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS & COMPLEX NUMBER

 Final Revision Note available in Help For AG App.
1. For the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0
i. If b = 0  roots are of equal magnitude but of opposite sign
ii. If c = 0  one root is zero other is –b/a
iii. If b = c = 0  both roots are zero.
iv. If a = c  roots are reciprocal to each other
a > 0 c < 0
v. if  Roots are of opposite signs.
a < 0 c > 0
a > 0 b > 0 c > 0
vi. if  both roots are negative
a < 0 b < 0 c < 0
a > 0 b < 0 c > 0
vii. if  both roots are positive
a < 0 b > 0 c < 0
viii. If sign of a = sign of b  sign of c  Greater root in magnitude is negative

2. If p + iq (p and q being real) is a root of the quadratic equation, where (R) = –1, then p – iq
is also a root of the quadratic equation.
3. In a quadratic equation with rational coefficient, imaginary roots occur in pairs i.e.if P + q
and conversely.
4. Every equation of nth degree (n  1) has exactly n roots and if the equation has more than n
roots, it is an identity.
5. The roots of the general quadratic equation
2
– b + b – 4ac
ax2 + bx + c = 0 are, =  (say),
2a
– b – b2 – 4ac
2a
–b
a. Sum of roots =  +  = a
c
b. Product of roots =  ×  = a
6. The quadratic equations a1x2 + b1x+ c1 = 0 and a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0 may have
a. one root common if (b1c2 – b2c1)
(a1b2 – a2b1) = (a2c1 – a1c2)2
a1 b1 c1
b. both root common if a = b = c
2 2 2
b1 c1 a1
c. reciprocal roots if b = a = c
2 2 2
7. For any non-zero complex number z = a + ib
(a  0), b  0), there exists the complex number
a –b 1 –1
a2 + b2 + i a2 + b2 , denoted by z or z called the multiplicative inverse of z such that
 a –b 
(a + ib) a2 + b2 + i a2 + b2 = 1 + i0 = 1
 
8. For any integer k, i = 1, i4k + 1 = i, i4k + 2 = –1, i4k + 3 = – i
4k

9. |z – z1| + |z – z2| = , represents an ellipse if

|z1 – z2| <, having the points z1 and z2 as its foci. And if.
 Final Revision Note available in Help For AG App.
|z1 – z2| =  , then z lies on a line segment connecting, z1 and z2.
10. Cube roots of unity
The three cube roots of unity are
1 1
1, 2 (–1 + –3), 2 (–1, – –3) or 1, , 2 which are the same as

2 2 4 4

1, cos  3  + isin  3  and cos  3  + isin  3 
       
11. De-moivre's theorem:
If n is an integer, positive or negative or zero then
[r (cos + isin)]n = rn [cos n + sin n]
12. If z = cos + isin, using De-Moivre's theorem
1 1
Zn + n = 2cos n; zn – n = 2sin n
z z
13. a. |z1 + z2|  |z1| + |z2|
b. |z1 – z2|  |z1| – |z2|
c. |z1 – z2|  |z1| + |z2|

PERMUTATIONS & COMBINATIONS

1. The number of permutations of n different things taken r at a time, where repetition is not
allowed, is denoted by nPr and is given by
n!
n
Pr = (n – r)! , where 0  r  n.
2. The number of permutations of n different things, taken r at a time, where repetition is
allowed, is nr.
3. The number of permutations of n objects taken all at a time, where, p1 objects are of first
kind, p2 objects are of the second kind, … PK objects are of the kth kind and rest, if any, are
n!
all different is p ! p ! … p !
1 2 k
4. The number of combinations of n different things taken r at a time, denoted by nCr, is given
n!
by nCr = r! (n – r)! , 0  r  n
5. i. nPr = r! × nCr
ii. If nCr = nCr1 then either r = r1 or r + r1 = n
iii. nCr + nCr–1 = n+1Cr
6. The number of combinations of n things take r at a time in which P particular things always
occur is n–pCr–p
7. The total number of combinations of n different things taken any number at a time is 2n – 1.

BINOMIAL THEOREM
1. The expansion of a binomial for any positive integral n is given by Binomial theorem, which
is
(a + x)n = nC0xn + nC1an–1x + nC2an–2x2 + …
+ nCn–1 a.xn–1 + nCnxn
 Final Revision Note available in Help For AG App.
a. The coefficients of the expansions are arranged in any array. This array is called Pascal's
triangle.
b. When the index is other than a positive integer such as negative integer or fraction, the
number of terms in the expansion of
n n
(1 + x) is infinite and the symbol Cr cannot be used to denote the coefficient of the
general term.
2. a. The general term of an expansion (a + x)n is tr+1 = nCran–r . xr = (r + 1)th term.
b. The total number of terms in the expansion of (a + x)n is n + 1.
n th
3. In the expansion (a + x)n, if n is even, then the middle term is the 2 + 1 term. If n is odd,
 
 n + 1 th  n + 1 th
then the middle terms are  2  and  2 + 1 terms
   
n n n n n n
4. Since Cr = Cr–1 so C0 = Cn, C1 = Cn–1and so on Thus, coefficients of the terms
equidistance from the beginning and the end in a binomial expansion are equal.
5. In the expansion of (1 + x)n, the sum of the coefficients of all the terms is 2n.
i.e. C0 + C1 + C2 + C3 + … + Cn = 2n

EXPONENTIAL & LOGARTHMIC SERIES

lim  1n
1. a. e =  1 + n  2.718
n  
lim  xn
b. ex =  1 + n
n  
2. For all real values of x;
x x2 x3 xr
a. ex = 1 + 1! + 2! + 3! + … + r! + …

–x x x2 x3
b. e = 1 – .! + 2! –3! + ………..
ex + e-x x2 x4
3. = 1 + 2! + 4! +…..
2
ex–e-x x3 x5
3! + 5! +…….
4. = x +
2
5. The expansion of loge (1 + x) is known as logarithmic series. The series loge (1 + x) is valid
for all real values of x and – 1 < x  1.
x2 x3 x4 x5
a. loge (1 + x) =x – 2 + 3 – 4 + 5 – ……
x2 x3 x4 x5
b. loge (1 – x) = – x – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 –…

SEQUENCE AND SERIES

1. The general term of the nth term of the A.P. is given by

n n n
Sn = 2 [2a + (n –1) d] = 2 (a + l) = 2 (a + tn)
2. a. The sum Sn of the first n terms of G.P. is given by
 Final Revision Note available in Help For AG App.
a(rn–1) a(1 – rn)
Sn = r–1 r > 1 or 1 –r , if r < 1
b. When |r| <1,n 
a
S = 1 –r
c. the general term or nth term of G.P. is given by tn = arn–1
3. A series whose each term is formed, by multiplying corresponding terms of an A.P. and a
G.P., is called ar Arithmetic-geometric series. Summation of n terms:
a dr(1 –rn-1) [a + (n –1)d] n
Sn = 1 –r + (1 –r)-2 – .r
1–r
4. Harmonical progression is defined as a series in which reciprocal of its terms are in A.P.
1 1 1
The standard form of a H.P. is a + a + d + a + 2d + …
1
5. nth term of H.P. = a + (n – 1)d
n(n + 1)
6. i. 1 + 2 + 3 + … To n terms = 2
ii. 2 + 4 + 6 + … To n terms = n(n + 1)
iii. 1 + 3 + 5 + … To n terms = n2
n(n + 1) (2n + 1)
iv. 12 + 22 + 32 + … to n2 = 6
n(n + 1)2
v. 12 + 22 + 32 + … to n3 =  6 
 
vi. A.M.  G.M.  H.M. For any two positive and unequal quantities
vii. (G.M.)2 = A.M. × H.M. For any two positive and unequal quantities.

STRAIGHT LINES
1. An acute angle (say ) between lines L1 and L2 with slopes m1 and m2 is given by tan =
 m1 – m2 
 1 + m m  , 1 + m1 m2  0
 1 2
y2 – y1
2. Equation of the line passing through the points (x1. y1) and (x2, y2) is given by y – y1 = x – x
2 1
(x – x1)
x y
3. Equation of a line making intercepts a and b on the x- and y-axis, respectively, is a + b = 1.
4. The perpendicular distance (d) of a line
Ax + By + C = 0 from a point (x1.y1) is given by
|Ax1 + By1 + C|
d=
A2 + B2
 Final Revision Note available in Help For AG App.
5. Distance between the parallel lines Ax + By + C 1 = 0 and Ax + By + C2 = 0, is given by d
|C1 – C2|
A2 + B2

CONIC SECTIONS
1. The equation of a circle with centre (h, k) and the radius is (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2.
2. Equation of tangent:
xx1 + yy1 + g(x + x1) + f(y + y1) + c = 0
3. The equation of the parabola with focus at (a, 0) a > 0 and directrix x = –a is y2 = 4ax.
4. Latus rectum of a parabola is a line segment perpendicular to the axis of the parabola,
through the focus and whose end points lie on the parabola.
5. Length of the latus rectumof the parabola
y2 = 4ax is 4a.
6. The parametric equation of the parabola is x = at2, y = 2at.
7. An ellipse is the set of all points in a plane, the sum of whose distances from two fixed points
in the plane is a constant.
8. The equations of an ellipse with foci on the
2 2
x y
x-axis is a2 + b2 = 1; its parametric equation is
x = a cos; y = b sin
x2 y2 2b2
9. Latus rectum of the ellipse a2 + b2 = 1 is a
10. The eccentricity of an ellipse is the ratio between the distances from the centre of the ellipse
to one of the foci and to one of the vertices of the ellipse.
11. A hyperbola is the set of all points in the plane is a constant.
12. The equation of a hyperbola with foci on the x-axis is
x2 y2 x2 y2
2 – 2 = 1 ; two asymptotes: 2 – 2 = 0
a b a b
x2 y2 2b2
13. Latus rectum of the hyperbola: a2 – b2 = 1 is a

THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

1. The coordinates of the point R which divides the line segment joining two points P(x 1,y1, z1)
and Q(x2, y2, z2) internally and externally in the ration m : n are given by
mx2 + nx1 my2 + ny1 mz2 + nz1
 m + n  m + n  m + n  and
 
mx2 – nx1 my2 – ny1 mz2 – nz1
 m – n  m – 1  m – 1 , respectively
 
2. The coordinates of the centroid of the triangle, whose vertices are:
(x1, y1, z1), (x2, y2, z2) and (x3, y3, z3) are
x1 + x2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3 z1 + z2 + z3
   
 3 3 3 
3. If l, m, n are the direction cosines and a, b, c are the direction ratios of a line then
 Final Revision Note available in Help For AG App.
a b c
l= , m= 2 2 2, n= 2 2 2
a 2 + b2 + c 2 a +b +c a +b +c
4. l1, m1, n1 and l2, m2, n2 are the direction cosines of two lines; and  is the acute angle between
the two lines; then cos  = |l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2|.
5. Equation of a line through a point (x1, y1, z1) and having direction cosines l, m, n is
x – x1 y – y1 z – z1
l = m = n
6. Shortest distance between
     
r = a1 + b1 and r = a2 + b2 is
   
(b1 × b2 . (a2 – a1))
   
 |b1 × b2| 

7. The equation of a plane through a point whose position vector is a and perpendicular to the
vector
   
N is ( r – a ) . N = 0
  
8. Vector equation of a plane that passes through the line of intersection of planes r (n1 + n2)
= d1 + d2, where  is any nonzero constant.
    
9. The distance of a point whose position vector is a from the plane r . n = d is |d – a . n|
10. Skew line: Two straight lines are said to be skew lines if they are neither parallel nor
intersecting.
(x2 – x1) (m1n2 – m2n1)
Shortest distant:
(m1n2 – m2n1)2

11. Equation of a sphere:

(x – a)2 + (y – b)2 + (z – c)2 = R2 where centre is (a, b, c) and radius is R
General form: a(x + y2 + z2) + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0
 u v w u2 v2 w2 d
Centre – a  a  – a  and
  a2 + a2 + a2 – a

DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

LIMIT
1. A function f(x) has the limit L as x approaches a if the limit from the left exists and the limit
from the right exists and both limit are
lim lim lim
L that is, + f(x) = – f(x) = f(x)
xa xa xa

lim lim
Let f(x) = l and g(x) = m. If l and m are finite then:
xa xa
lim
i. (f(x)  g(x)) = l m.
xa
lim
ii. f(x) . g(x) = l.m.
xa
 Final Revision Note available in Help For AG App.
lim f(x) l
iii. = , provided m  0.
xag(x) m
lim lim
iv. k f(x) = k f(x) = kl; where k is a constant.
xa xa
lim lim
v. [f(x) + k] = f(x) + k, where k is a constant.
xa xa
lim lim
vi. If f(x)  g(x), then f(x)  g(x).
xa xa
lim
2. |x| = a
xa
0 
3. When the functional value is of the form: 0 , , – , ° … it is said to be indeterminate

form
4. Limit in a case of Composite Function:
lim  lim 
f[g(x)] = f  g(x); provided is continuous at x.
xa xa 
lim sin x lim x lim sin–1x lim x
5. = = =
x0 x x0sinx x0 x x0sin–1x
= 1 (Where x is measured in radian)
lim  1x lim
6.  1 + x = (1 + x)1/x = e,
x  x0
lim  ax lim lim
 1 + x = (1 + x)a/x = = ea
x  x0 x

CONTINUITY OF FUNCTIONS

1. All Polynomials, Trigonometrical, exponential and Logarithmic functions are continuous in

their domain.
2. If f(x) is continuous and g(x) is discontinuous at
x = a then the product function  (x) = f(x)g(x) is not necessarily be discontinuous at
 
sin  x0
x = a. e.g. f(x) & g(x) =  x
 0 x=0
n
3. For any positive integer n and any continuous function f, [f(x)]n and f(x) are continuous.

When n is even, the inputs of in f(x) are restricted to inputs x for which f (x)  0.
n

4. If f(x) and g(x) are continuous, then so are:

f(x) + g(x), f(x) – g(x), and f(x) . g(x).
5. If f(x) and g(x) are continuous, so is g(x) / f(x), so long as the inputs x do not yield outputs
f(x) = 0.
6. A continuous function on a closed interval is bounded

DERIVATIVE AND APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVE

1. Some of the fundamental theorems on differentiation are given below.
 Final Revision Note available in Help For AG App.
d d
i. dx {c. f(x)} = c dx f(x); c being some real number.
d
ii. dx (u + v + w + … + ) =
du dv dw d
 dx where u, v, w …  are functions of x.
+ + + …
dx dx dx
d dv du
iii. dx (uv) = u dx + v dx
du dv
vdx – udx
d u
iv. dxv = where v(x)  0
  v2
dy dy du
v. If y = f(u) = g(x) then dx = du . dx
d 1 1 du
vi. dxu = – u2 dx where u(x)  0
 
d u du
vii. dx |u| = |u| dx
d d
viii. dx (f(x)) = f(x) dx log f(x) where f(x) > 0
d d
ix. dx (uv) = uvdx (v log u)
dy dy dx dx
x. dx = dt + dt where dt  0
2. Derivatives of some useful functions are listed below
d
i. dx (k) = 0; where k is a constant
d
ii. dx (xn) = nxn–1; x being real
d
iii. dx(x) = 1
d
iv. dx (ex) = ex
d
v. dx (ax) = ax logea where a > 0, a  1
d
vi. dx (emx) = memx
d 1
vii. dx (logex) = x , x > 0
d 1
xlogea , a > 0 a  1
viii. (log ax) =
dx
d d
ix. dx (sin x) = cos x i.e. dx (sin mx) = m cos mx
d
x. dx (cos x) = – sin x
 Final Revision Note available in Help For AG App.
d
xi. dx (tan x) = sec2 x
d
xii. dx (sec x) = sec x. tan x
d
dx (cosec x) = – cosec x . cot x
xiii.
d 2
dx (cot x) = – cosec x
xiv.
d 1
xv. dx (sin–1 x) = , |x| < 1
1 – x2
d –1 –1
xvi. dx (cos x) = 1 – x2 , |x| < 1
d 1
xvii. dx (tan–1 x) = 1 + x2 , x  R
d –1
xviii. dx (cosec–1 x) = , |x| > 1
|x| x2 – 1
d –1 1
xix. (sec x) = , |x| > 1
dx |x| x2 – 1
d –1
xx. dx (cot–1 x) = 1 + x2 , x  R
3. Derivatives of some important functions are listed here.
d x
i. dx (|x|) = |x| , x  0
d
ii. dx (sin2 x) = sin 2x
d
iii. dx log |sin x| = cot x
d  x
iv. dx log tan 2 = cosec x
 
d d
v. dx [elog f(x)] = dx f(x) = f' (x)
d
vi. dx [– log |cos x|] = tan x
d
vii. dx log |sec x + tan x| = sec x
d 2 2 1
viii. dx log {x + x + a } = x2 + a2
d –1 2x  2(1 – x2)
ix. dx sin 1 + x2 = |1 – x2| (1 + x2) , x  1
 
2
d 1 – x  2x
x. dx cos–11 + x2 = |x| (1 + x2) , x  0
 
d  2x  2
xi. dx tan–11 – x2 = 1 + x2 , x  1
 
d ex – e–x
xii. dx , (sinh x) = coshx where sinh x = 2 ,
 Final Revision Note available in Help For AG App.
ex – e–x ex – e–x
cosh x = 2 , tanh x = ex + e–x and
cosh2x – sinh2x = 1 etc.
d
xiii. dx (cosh x) = sinh x
d 2
xiv. dx (tanh x) = sech x
d
xv. dx (coth x) = – cosech2x
d
xvi. dx (cosech x) = sech x. tanh x
d
xvii. dx (cosech x) = – cosech x. cot x
d 1
xviii. dx (sinh–1 x) =
1 + x2
d –1 1
xix. (cosh x) = 2 ,x>1
dx x –1
d 1
xx. dx (tanh–1x) = – 1 – x2 , x < 1
d –1 1
xxi. (cosech x) = –
dx x 1 + x2
d 1
xxii. dx (sech–1x) = – ,x<1
x 1 – x2
d 1
xxiii. dx (coth–1x) = – x2 – 1 , x > 1

4. Interpretation of the Derivative: If y = f(x) then,

a. m = f' (a) is the slope of the tangent line to y = f(x) at x = a and the equation of the tangent
line at x = a is given by y = f(a) + f'(a) (x – a).
b. f' (a) is the instantaneous rate of change of f(x) at x = a.
c. If f(x) is the position of an object at time x then f' (a) is the velocity of the object at x = a.
5. Basic Properties and Formulas: If f(x) and g(x) are differentiable functions (the derivative
exists), c and n are any real numbers
1. (cf)' = cf'(x) 2. (f  g)' = f'(x)  g'(x)
 f ' f'g – fg'
3. (fg)' = f'g + fg' 4. g = g2
 
d d
5. dx (xn) = nxn–1 6. dx (f(g(x))) = f'(g(x))g'(x)
6. Increasing / Decreasing:
i. If f'(x) > 0 for all x in an interval I then f(x) is increasing on the interval I.
ii. If f'(x) < 0 for all x in an interval I then f(x) is decreasing on the interval I.
iii. If f'(x) = 0 for all x in an interval I then f(x) is constant on the interval I.
7. Concave Up/Concave Down:
i. If f''(x) > 0 for all x in an interval I then f(x) is concave up on the interval I.
 Final Revision Note available in Help For AG App.
ii. If f'' (x) < 0 for all x in an interval I then f(x) is concave down on the interval I.
8. 1st Derivative Test: If x = c is a critical point of f(x) then x = c is
1. a rel. max. of f(x) if f'(x) > 0 to the left of x = c and f'(x) < 0 to the right of x = c.
2. a rel. min. of f(x) if f'(x) < 0 to the left of x = c and f'(x) > 0 to the right of x = c.
3. not a relative extreme of f(x) if f' (x) is the same sign on both sides of x = c.
2nd Derivative Test: If x = c is a critical point of f(x) such that f'(c) = 0 then x = c
1. is a relative maximum of f(x) if f'' (c) < 0
2. is a relative minimum of f(x) if f'' (c) > 0
3. f(x) may have a relative maximum, relative minimum, or neither if f'' (c) = 0
9. Men value theorem: If f(x) is continuous on the closed interval [a, b] and differentiable on the
f(b) – f(a)
open interval (a, b) then there is a number a < c < b such that f'(c) = b – a
10. Rolle's theorem: If a function f(x) is continuous on the closed interval [a, b] and
differentiable in an interval (a, b) and also f(a) = f(b), then there exist at least one value c of x
in the interval (a, b) such that f'(c) = 0.
lim f(x) f '(a) f ''(a)
11. L'Hospital's rule: = =
xa(x) '(a) ''(a)
If f(a) = 0 or , (a) = 0 or , '(a) = 0 or 

INTEGRAL CALCULUS
xn+1
1. i. x dx = n + 1 + ; n + 1  0
n

ii. 1.dx = x + k

iii. 
1
x dx = log x + k


iv. 
f '(x) dx
 f(x) = log f(x) + k

v. ex dx = ex + k
1
vi. eax dx = a eax + k

vii.  cos x dx = sin x + k

viii.  sin x dx = – cos x + k
ix.  sec x dx = tanx + k
2

x.  cosec2x dx = – cotx + k
xi.  sec x tanx dx = sec x + k
xii. cosec x. cot x dx = – cosec x + k
 dx = – cos–1 x + k
xiii.  1 – x2

 dx = sin–1 x + k
xiv.  1 – x2


xv. 
dx –1
1 + x2 dx = tan x + K

 Final Revision Note available in Help For AG App.
1
xvi. ax dx = log a ax + k ; a > 0 at a  1

xvii. coshx dx = sinh x + k

xviii.  sinh x dx = cosh x + k
xix.  sech2x dx = tanh x + k
xx.  cosech2x dx = – coth x + k
 1 –1
xxi.  1 + x2 x = sinh x + k


xxii. 
1 –1
 x2 – 1 dx = cosh x + k

 Integration of some standard functions
i. log x dx = x log x – x + k
ii. tan x dx = log (sec x) + k
  x
iii. sec x dx = log tan 4 + 2 + k
  
= log (secx + tanx) + k
 x
iv. cosec x dx = log tan 2 + k
 
= log (cosec x – cotx) + k
v. cot x dx = log sin x + k = – log (cosec x) + k
a + x
vi. 
dx 1
a2 – x2 = 2a log x + a + k where x < a
2 2

 x – a
vii. 
dx 1
x2 – a2 = 2a log x + a + k where x > a
2 2

 dx = sin–1x + k
viii.  a2 – x2  a


ix. 
dx 2 2
 x2 – a2 = log (x + x – a + k

x
= cosh–1 a + k
 
1 –1x
x. 
dx
x2 + a2 = a tan  a + k


xi. 
dx 2 2
 x2 + a2 = log (x + x + a + k

x
= sinh–1 a
 
(acos bx + b sin bx)
xii. eax cos bx dx = eax a2 + b2 +k
a sin bx – b cos bx
xiii. eax sin bx dx = eax +k
a2 + b2
 Final Revision Note available in Help For AG App.

 dx 1 –1x
xiv. x x2 – a2 = a sec  a + k, x > a > 0

x a2 – x2 a2 –1x
xv.  a – x dx =
2 2
+ 2 sin a + k
2  
x x2 – a2 a2
xvi.  x2 – a2 dx = 2 – 2 log |x + x2 – a2 + k
2
x x2 + a2 a
xvii.  x2 + a2 dx = 2
– 2 2
2 log (x + x + a ) + k
xviii. tanh x dx = log cosh x + k
xix. coth x dx = log sinh x + k
xx.  sin–1 x dx = x sin–1x + 1 – x2 + k
1
xxi.  tan–1 x dx = x tan–1 x – 2 log (1 + x2) + k
2. Fundamental theorem of calculus:
Part I : If f(x) is continuous on [a, b] then
x
g(x) =  f(t) dt is also continuous on [a, b] and
a
dx
g'(x) = dx  f(t) dt = f(x).
a
b
Part II: f(x) is continuous on [a, b], F(x) is an anti-derivative of f(x) i.e. F(x) = f(x) dx then 
a
f(x) dx
= F(b) – F(a)
3. Integration by Substitution: The substitution
b g(b)
u = g(x) will convert  f(g(x)) g'(x) dx =  f(u) du
a g(a)
using du = g'(x) dx.

4. Integration by parts:
b b b
u dv = uv – vdu and  udv = uv |a –  vdu.
a a
Choose u and dv from integral and compute du by differentiating u and compute v using v =
dv

5. Integration by Partial fraction: If integrating 

P(x)
Q(x) dx where the degree of P(x) is smaller

than the degree of Q(x). Factor denominator as completely as possible and find the partial
fraction decomposition of the rational expression. Integrate the partial fraction decomposition
(P.F.D.).
6. Some properties of definite integral:
a. If an interval [a, b] (a < b), the function f(x) and (x) satisfy the condition f(x) (x), then
a b
 f(x) dx   (x) dx
b a
 Final Revision Note available in Help For AG App.
b. If ma and M are the smallest and greatest values of a function f(x) on an interval [a, b]
and a  b, then
a
m(b – a)   f(x) dx  M(b – a)
b
b c b
c.  f(x) dx =  f(x) dx +  f(x), where a < c < b
a a c
b b
d.  f(x) dx =  f(a + b – x) dx
a a
na b
e.  f(x) dx = n  f(a + b – x) dx, where a is the period of the function and n  I.
0 a
a
f.  f(x) dx
–a
  f(x)dx if f(x) is even function i.e. f(–x) = f(x)
a
0
0 if f(x) is odd function i.e. f(x) = –f(x)
 a
2a 2  f(x) dx if f(2a – x) = f(x)
g.  f(x) dx =  0
0
 0 if f(2a – x) = –f(x)
d g(x)
7. Leibnitz rule: dx  f(t) dt = g'(x) f(g(x)) – f'(x) F(f(x))
f(x)
8. If a series can be put in the form
1x=n–1  r  1r = n  r 
n r f   or  r  , then its limit as
= 0 n nr = 1 n
1
n  is  f(x) dx
0
 Final Revision Note available in Help For AG App.
APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRALS

b
1. Net area:  f(x) dx represents the area between the curve y = f(x), x-axis and two ordinates at
a
x = a and x = b(b > a) with area above x-axis positive and area below x-axis negative.
2. Area between curves:
y = f(x)  A =
b
 [upper function] – [lower function] dx and x = f(y)
a
d
 A =  [right function] – [left function] dy
c
b
3. If f(x) 0 for a  x  b and f is continuous on [a, b] then  f(x) dx  0
a

MATRICES
1. Order of a matrix: A matrix which has m rows and n columns is called a matrix of order m ×
n.
i = 1 2 ... m
A = [aij]m×n where
j = 1 2 ... n
Here aij denotes the element of ith row and jth column.
2. Properties of Scalar Multiplication: If A, B are Matrices of the same order and p, q are any
two scalars then –
i. p(A + B) = pA + pB
ii. (p + q)A = pA + qA
iii. p(qA) = (pqA) = q(pA)
iv. (–pA) = –(pA) = p(–A)
v. tr (kA) = k tr (A)
3. Multiplication of matrices: If A and B be any two matrices, then their product AB will be
defined only when number of column in A is equal to the number of rows in B. If A = [aij]m×n
and B = [bij]n×p then their product AB = C = [cij], will be matrix of order m × p, where (AB)ij
n
= cij =  air brj
x =1
4. Positive Integral Powers of a Matrix:
For any positive integers m, n
i. Am An = Am + n
ii. (Am)n = Amn = (An)m
iii. In = I.Im = I
iv. A° = In where A is a square matrices of order n.
5. Transpose of a matrix: The matrix obtained from a given matrix A by changing its rows into
columns or columns into rows is called transpose of matrix A and is denoted by AT or A'.
From the definition it is obvious that if order of A is m × n, then order of AT is n × m.
Properties of Transpose
 Final Revision Note available in Help For AG App.
i. (AT)T = A
ii. (A  B)T = AT BT
iii. (AB)T = BT AT
iv. (kA)T = k(A)T K is scalar
v. IT = 1
vi. tr (A) = tr (A)T
vii. (A1, A2, A3 … An–1 An)T = An An–1T … A3T A2T A1T
6. Inverse of matrix: If A and B are two matrices such that AB = I = BA then B is called the
inverse of A and it is denoted by A–1, thus
–1
A = B  AB = I = BA
adj.A
To find inverse matrix of given matrix A we use following formula A–1 = |A|
Thus A–1 exists  |A|  0
7. A square matrix A is said to be
i. sysmmetric if aij = – aji
ii. skew-symmetric if aij = – aji
8. The product of two non-zero matrices can be a zero matrices.
9. The product of any matrix with its transpose is symmetric

DETERMINANTS
1. To find value of third order determinant
a11 a12 a13
Let  =a21 a22 a23

a31 a32 a33
Be a third order determinant. To find its value we expand it by any row or column as the sum
of three determinants of order 2. If we expand it by first row then
a22 a23 a21 a23
 = a11a a33 – a12
a31 a33 + a13
32

a21 a22
a31 a32
2. Minor: The determinant that is left by cancelling the row and column intersecting at a
particular element is called minor of that element.
3. Cofactor: The cofactor of an element aij where M is monor of element aij.
4. Multiplication of two determinants:
Multiplication of two third order determinants is defined as follows:
a1 b1 c1 l1 m1 n1
a b2 c2 × l2 m2 n2
 2   
a3 b3 c3 l3 m3 n3
a1l1+b1l2+c2l3 a1m1+b1m2+c1m3 a1n1+b1n2+c1n3
= a2l1+b2l2+c2l3 a2m1+b2m2+c2m3 a2n1+b2n2+c2n3
a3l1+b3l2+c3l3 a3m1+b3m2+c3m3 a3n1+b3n2+c3n3
5. System of linear equation in three unknowns: Using Crammer's rule of determinant we get
x y z 1 1 2 3
= = = i.e. x =  y =  z =
1 2 3    
Case – I : If  0
 Final Revision Note available in Help For AG App.
1 2 3
Then x = y= z=
  
 The system is consistent and has unique solutions.
Case – II If  = 0 and
i. If at least one of 1 , 2 , 3 is not zero then the system of equations is inconsistent i.e. has
no solution.
ii. If d1 = d2 = d3 = 0 or 1, 2, 3 are all zero then the system is consistent and has infinitely
many solutions.
A
6. If for square matrix A and n,  2 and A. adj A is non-singular then (adj A)–1 = |A|
7. If A is non-singular, adj (adj A) = |A|n–2 A
8. If A is any square matrix of order n  2 then |adj A| = |A|n–1

VECTORS

1. Triangle law of vector addition of two vector Magnitude of R : R = A2 + B2 + 2AB cos
  
2. Components of vector: Consider a vector A : = A1 + A2 as shown.
y y

j → →
A2 A
O x → x
i O A1
k
z
y

→ →
A2 A
→ x
O A1 i

      
A1 = Ax i, A2 = Ay jA = Ax i + Ay j

The quantities Ax and Ay are called x- and y- components of the vector A. Ax is itself not a
 
vector but Ax i is a vector and so is Ay j. Ax = A cos and Ay = A sin
 
3. Scalar Product: A.B = AB cos (here  is the angle between the vectors)
   
4. Vector Product: C = A × B = AB sinn
5. Given vectors
        
x1 a + y1 b + z1 c, x2 a + y2 b + z2 c, x3 a + y3 b + z3 c
x1 y1 z1
where a, b, c are non-coplanar vectors, will be coplanar if and only if x2 y2 z2 = 0
  

x3 y3 z3
6. Scalar triple product:
           
a. If a = a1 i + a2 j + a3k, b = b1 i + b2 j + b3k, and c = c1 i + c2 j + c3k then
 Final Revision Note available in Help For AG App.
a1 a2 a3 
( a × b . c ) = [ a b c ] = b1 b2 b3
   

c1 c2 c3 
  
b. [a b c] = volume of the parallelepiped whose coterminous edges are formed by a , b, c .
     
c. a , b, c are coplanar if and only if [ a , b, c ] = 0
   
d. Four points A, B, C, D with position vectors a, b, c, d respectively are coplanar if and only
  
if [AB, AC, AD] = 0 i.e. if and only if
   
[ b – a c – a d – a] = 0
   1 
e. Volume of a tetrahedron with three coterminous edges a , b, c = 6 [ a b c ] | |
   1 [ 
f. Volume of prism on a triangular base with three coterminous edges a , b, c =
2
|
a b c] |
7. Lagrange's identity:
  
    a . c a . d
( a × b) ( c × d) =    =
b . c b d 
       
= ( a . b) ( b × d) – ( a × d) ( b × c )

8. Reciprocal system of vectors:

      
If a , b, c be any three non coplanar vectors so that [ a , b, c ]  0 then the three vectors a ' b

', c ' defined by the equations
     
 b×c  c×a  a×b
a ' =  , b' =  , c ' =  are called the reciprocal system of vectors to the given
[a b c] [a b c] [a b c]
  
vectors a , b, c
9. Application of vector in geometry:
     
a. Vector equation of a straight line passing through two points a and b is r = a + t( b – a )
      
b. Vector equation of a plane passing through the points a, b, c is r = (1 – s – t) a + s b + t c
         
or r .( b × c + c × a + a × b) = [ a , b, c ]
   
c. Vector equation of a plane passing through the point a and perpendicular to n is r . n = a

. n is given by
 
d. Perpendicular distance of a point P from a line passing through a and parallel to b is
given by
  
|( r – a × b)|
PM = 
| b|
  
   ( r – a ) . b 21/2
=  ( r – a )2 –    
  | b|  
 
e. Perpendicular distance of a point P from a plane passing through a and parallel to b and

c is given by
   
( r – a ) . (b × c )
PM =  
|b × c |
 Final Revision Note available in Help For AG App.
  
f. Perpendicular distance of a point P from a plane passing through the points, a , b and c is
given by/
       
( r – a ) ( b × c + c × a + a × b)
PM =      
| b × c + c × a + a × b|

PARABOLA
Eqn of Vertex Focus Length Eqn of
parabola of Latus directrix
rectum
y2=4ax (0, 0) (a, 0) 4|a| x + a =
0
x2 = 4ay (0, 0) (0, a) 4|a| y + a =
0
(y–k)2 = (h, k) (h + a,k) 4|a| x–h+a =
4a(x – 0
h)
(x–h)2 = (h, k) (h, k + 4|a| y–
4a(y – a) k+a=0
k)
 Parametric of y2 = 4ax is x = at2, y = 2at
 (at2, 2at) is any point on parabola y2 = 4ax
 With respect to parabola y2 = 4ax, a point (x1, y1) lies
 Outside the parabola if y12> 4ax1
 On the parabola y12 = 4ax1
 Inside the parabola if y12< 4ax1
 A line y = mx + c is a tangent to a parabola
a
y2 = 4ax if c = m
a
 A parabola y = mx + m is tangent to parabola
y2 = 4ax
 Equation of a tangent to a parabola y2 = 4ax at a point (x1, y1) yy1 = 2a(x + x1)
 a 2a
 The coordinates of point of contact of a tangent y = mx + c and parabola y2 = 4ax is m2  m 
 
 Equation of a normal to parabola y = 4ax at a point (x1, y1) is
2

y = mx – 2am – am3
Where m is slope of normal

ELLIPSE
 Standard equation of the ellipse is
x2 y2
a2 + b2 = 1 (a > b)
 Length of major axis = 2a
 Length of minor axis = 2b
 Centre = (0, 0)
 Final Revision Note available in Help For AG App.
b2
 Eccentricity (e) = 1 – a2< 1
 Foci = ( ae, 0)
2b2
 Length of latus rectum = a
a
 Equation of directrices: x = e
 Vertices: ( a, 0)
 Distance between foci = 2ae
2a
 Distance between directrices = e
 Parametric form:
x = a cos, y = b sin