Math Reference Trigonometry & Analysis James Lamberg

if y = loga x then x = a y log a ( M ⋅ N ) = log a M + log a N log a (a x ) = x 1

a− N =
aN
cos2 x + sin2 x = 1  M log a ( M p ) = P ⋅ log a M
 
loga   = loga M − loga N
2tan  N sin(2 ) = 2sin ( ) ⋅ cos( ) x log b x = b
tan(2 ) =
1− tan 2 a log a x = x loga a = 1
 
M 
ln x  N  n M
loga x = a =  a 
Sx = [ x − (a + bi)] ⋅ [ x − ( a − bi )] = x 2 − 2ax + (a2 + b2 ) ln a

    1 − cos sin  
1 − cos 1 + cos
sin  = ± tan  = = cos  = ±
 2 2  2 sin 1 + cos  2 2

cos(2 ) = 2cos2 −1 cos(2 ) = cos2 − sin2 cos(2 ) = 1 − 2sin 2

+ − + −
cos − cos = 2 sin sin sin − sin = 2 cos sin
2 2 2 2

+ − + −
cos + cos = 2 cos cos sin + sin = 2 sin cos
2 2 2 2
sin( + ) = sin cos + cos sin sin( − ) = sin cos − cos sin ax 2 + bx + c = 0
−b ± b 2 − 4ac
cos( − ) = cos cos + sin sin cos( + ) = cos cos − sin sin x=
2a
π  π  π 
cos + x  = − sin x ∴ therefore
tan + x = − cot x sin ± x  = cos x
2  2  2  Q since
π  π 
cos − x  = sin x tan − x = cot x
 (
sin π + x ) = − sin x ¬ not
2 2 ∧ and
sin( π − x )
 
= sin x
( )
cos π ± x = − cos x (
tan π + x = tan x )  3π 
∨ or

cos
 3π


+ x = sin x (
tan π − x = − tan x ) sin
 2
± x = − cos x

 2   3π 
 3π  tan  + x  = − cot x p precedes C (fancy) compliment
 2
cos 
− x  = − sin x   f follows ⇒ implies
 2   3π 
tan − x  = cot x ≅ congruent to ⇔ double implication
⊆ subset  2  ∪ union ~ negation (or ¬)
⊇ superset Q . E . D : Quod Erat Demonstandum ∩ intersection d derive
⊂ proper subset "that which was to be proved" ∀ for every
∈ element of ∫
⊃ propor superset integrate
 x − x1 y2 − y1 
Mid = 2 ,
tan + tan  2 2  ∃ there exists x=a evaluate with x = a
tan( + ) =
1 − tan tan Dist = ( x − x ) + ( y − y )
2 2
∋ such that ∝ proportional to
2 1 2 1

tan − tan
tan( − )= 1 2
1 + tan tan A = r , sector area
2
Page 1
\Math Reference Trigonometry & Analysis James Lamberg
sin sin sin 1
= = Frequency = =
a b c period 2π

c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos 1
2 2 2
Phase Shift = K = bc sin
b = a + c − 2ac cos 2
a2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos period
Critical Points =
(
y = A ⋅ sin x - ) + K, > 0
2π
4
Period =
M − m
Amplitude = A =
2
   
Unit Circle
( )
0,0° = 1, 0 π ° 
,30 = 
3 1
, 
π ° 
,45 = 
2
,
2
(cos, sin ) 6  2 2 4  2 2 

     
π 1 3 2π 1 3 3π 2 2
3
° 
,60 =  , 
2 2 
π
2
( )
, 9 0° = 0,1
3
° 
,120 =  − ,
 2 2 
 4
° 
,135 =  −
 2
,
2 
   
5π 3 1 7π 3 1
6
° 
,150 =  −
 2
, 
2
°
(
π, 1 8 0 = −1,0 ) 6
° 
,210 = −
 2
,− 
2

     
5π °  2 2 4π °  1 3 5π °  1 3
,225 = − ,− ,240 = − , − ,300 =  ,−
4  2 2  3  2 2  3 2 2 

 
3π
4
(
, 2 7 0° = 0, −1 ) 11π ° 
,330 = 
3 1
,− 
6  2 2

Page 2
Math Reference Calculus James Lamberg

ab = a ⋅ b a2 = a a a a n = a n ¯ a ≤ a ≤ a a ≤ k iff ¯k ≤ a ≤ k
=
b b a + b ≤ a + b a ≥ k iff a ≤ -k of a ≥ k
if a < b & b < c, then a < c
1− cos x f ( x ) − f ( c)
if a < b & c < d, then a + c < b + d lim = 0 lim
x →o x x →c x−c
if a < b then a + k < b + k
sin x d n n−1 d d
if a < b & k > 0, then ak < bk lim = 1 x = nx C = 0 csc x = ¯csc x cot x
x→o x dx dx dx
if a < b & k < 0, then ak > bk 1 2 d u
d f ( t ) = gt + v t + s u = u' ⋅ ,u ≠ 0
tan x = sec2 x dx cot x =¯csc x
2
d d 0 0
sin x = cos x 2 dx u
dx dx v (t ) = f ' (t )
cos x =¯sin x ∫
d d (k )dx = kx + C a(t ) = v' (t ) = f " (t )
sec x = sec x tan x
dx dx
f (x ) increasing if f ' ( x ) > 0
( f ( x ) ⋅ g( x )) = f ( x )g' ( x ) + g( x ) f ' ( x ) f (x ) decreasing if f ' ( x ) < 0 ∆y ≈ dy = f ' ( x ) ⋅ dx
d
dx
d f ( x ) g( x ) f ' ( x ) − f ( x )g' ( x ) Profit = Revenue - C o s t= S o l d⋅ Price - C o s t
=
dx g( x ) (g( x )) Critical # when f ' ( x ) = 0 or f' (x) DNE
2

x n+1
IPs if f "( x ) = 0 and f "( x ) changes sign ∫ ( ) = +C
n
f ( b) − f (a) x dx
n+1
MVT, f ' (c ) = on [a,b ]
b−a
f (x ) concave down on (a,b )
d
dx ∫
(
f ( x )dx = f ( x ) )
if f' ( x ) is DEC ∀x in a,b , f "( x ) < 0 TrapRule
[ ]
b− a
( )
b

f (x ) concave up on ( a, b) ∫ f ( x )dx ≈ f ( a) + f (b) + 2( f ( x1) + f ( x2 ) + ... + f (x n ))

2n
if f' ( x ) is INC ∀x in [ a, b] , f " (x ) > 0
a

Euler' s Method ∫ ( f ' ( x ) ± g' ( x ))dx = f ( x ) ± g( x ) ∫ (0 )dx = C

Start @ x, y → f' ( x , y) → ∆x → ∆y = ∆x ⋅ f' (x,y ) (k ⋅ f ' ( x ))dx = kf ( x ) + C
∫
n

Use ∆y for change in next y

∑ c = cn i =1
∫ (csc(x ) cot( x ))dx = C − csc( x) n( n + 1)
( ) ( )
n
∫ ( ) = ( ) + ∫ ( ) = ( ) + ∑
2
cos x dx sin x C sec x dx tan x C i=
∫ (sec( x ) tan( x ))dx = sec( x ) + C 2 i =1

∫ ( sin( x ) )dx = C − cos ( x ) ∫ ( csc ( x ) )dx = C − 2

cot ( x )
n ( n + 1)
n(n + 1)( 2n + 1)
n 2 2

∑
n

∑ i = 3
= 2
a i
n
b−a
lim ∑ f (c ) ⋅ ∆x, x ≤ c ≤ x ,∆x = n ∫ f ( x)dx = 0 6i =1
4 i =1
i i− a i i
x→ ∞ i =1 a
a b b c b b b b

∫ f ( x )dx = − ∫ f ( x )dx ∫ f ( x )dx = ∫ f ( x)dx + ∫ f (x)dx ∫ f ( x) ± g( x )dx = ∫ f ( x)dx ± ∫ g( x )dx

b a a a c a a a

x
b b b

∫ k ⋅ f ( x )dx = k∫ f ( x )dx ∫ f ( x )dx = F(b ) − F(a ), F' ( x ) = f (x ) F' ( x ) = d  ∫ f (t ) = f ( x )
a a a dx  a 
a a a
Average Value of a
If f is even, ∫ f (x )dx = 2 ∫ f (x)dx b
If f is odd, ∫ f( x)dx = 0
1
b - a∫a
-a 0
Function : f ( x )dx -a

Page 1
Math Reference Calculus James Lamberg
ln (1) = 0 ln (a ⋅ b) = ln (a ) + ln (b) e πi + 1 = 0 ln (a) n = n ⋅ ln(a ) ln (e x ) = x
x
1
ln ( x ) = ∫ dt, x > 0
a e
ln   = ln (a ) − ln( b) ln (e) = ∫ 1 dt = 1 ∫ du = ln (u) + C e a ⋅ e b = e a + b
1
t 1
b t u
ea 1

( ) + C dx (e ) = 0
= e a− b d e
d d du
ln(u) = ln u = ∫ tan( x )dx = C − ln cos(x ) = l n s e cx
b
e
dx dx u
( ) sec( x )dx = ln sec( x ) + tan ( x ) + C e = lim 1 + 1 
∫
x
∫ cot( x)dx = l n s i nx
( ) + C = C − l n c s cx
x→∞  x
e u du = e u ⋅du ∫ csc ( x) dx = C − ln csc( x ) + cot( x )
1
g' (g( x )) dx ( )
d
f ( x ) = g( x ),g' (x ) =
−1

d du
f ( x ) = g( x ),( a,b) f , g' (b ) =
−1 1
log a ( x ) =
ln (x ) ( log (u ) ) =
f ' (a ) dx (a ) = ln (a) ⋅ a ⋅du
d ln (a ) ⋅ u
a
u u dx
ln (a)
ax Compounded n times a year
∫ ( ) ln(a ) + C dx (u ) = n ⋅u ⋅ du dx ( x ) = ( ln( x) + 1) ⋅ x
d n (n −1) d x
=
x x
a dx

n⋅t
r
A = P 1+
Compounded Continously y = arcsin( x ),iff sin( y) = x  n
A = P ⋅ e r⋅t y = arccos( x ),iff cos( y ) = x Newton' s Law of Cooling
 π π y = arctan( x ),iff tan( y) = x dT = k (To − Ts )
y = arcsin( x ),D :[-1,1], R : − ,
 2 2 dt
y = arccot( x ),iff cot( y) = x
y = arccos( x ), D: [-1,1],R : [0,π ] d 1
y = arcsec( x ),iff sec( y) = x dx (arcsin (u)) = ⋅ du
 π π 1− u 2
y = arctan( x ), D: (-∞,∞ ),R : − , y = arccsc ( x),iff csc( y ) = x d
 2 2 −1
(arc cot(u)) = ⋅ du
y = arccot( x ), D (:-∞, ∞), R : ( 0, π ) d −1 dx 1 + u2
(arccos (u)) = ⋅ du
y = arcsec( x ), D (: x ≥ 1), R : (0,π ) 1 − u2 d −1
dx
(arc csc(u)) = ⋅ du
−
2
dx u u 1
 π π d 1
y = arccsc ( x), D (: x ≥ 1),R : − ,  dx (arctan (u)) = 1 + u2 ⋅du
 2 2 cosh( 2x ) = cosh 2 x ⋅sinh 2 x
d 1 u
(arc sec(u)) = ⋅ du ∫ 2
du
2 =
1
arctan   + C sinh(2x ) = 2 sinh( x ) ⋅ cosh( x )
dx u u −1
2
a +u a a
cosh(2x ) − 1
ex − e− x du 1 u du  u sinh 2 x =
sinh( x ) = ∫ u u 2 − a 2 = a arcsec a + C ∫ a2 − u 2 = arcsin a  + C 2
2 cosh(2x ) + 1
e x + e −x cosh 2 x =
cosh( x ) = sinh( x + y ) = sinh( x ) ⋅ cosh( y) + cosh( x ) ⋅ sinh( y) 2
2
sinh( x − y ) = sinh( x ) ⋅ cosh( y) − cosh( x ) ⋅ sinh( y) cosh x − sinh x = 1
2 2

∫ cosh (u) ⋅ du = sinh(u) + C cosh( x + y ) = cosh( x ) ⋅cosh (y ) + sinh( x ) ⋅sinh( y ) tanh 2 x + sec h 2x = 1
∫ sinh(u ) ⋅du = cosh(u) + C cosh( x − y ) = cosh( x ) ⋅cosh (y ) − sinh( x ) ⋅sinh( y ) coth 2 x − csch 2x = 1
d
∫ sec h2u ⋅ du = tanh(u ) + C d
coth(u ) = − csc h u ⋅ du
2
dx
sinh(u ) = cosh(u) ⋅ du
dx
∫ ⋅ = − ( ) d
2
csc h u du C coth u d cosh (u) = sinh(u) ⋅ du
sec h(u) = −(sec h(u) ⋅tanh (u )) ⋅ du dx
∫ sec h(u) ⋅tanh(u) ⋅ du = C − sec h(u) d
dx
d
tanh(u ) = sech 2 u ⋅du
csc h(u) = −(csch(u ) ⋅ coth (u)) ⋅ du dx
∫ csc h(u) ⋅ coth(u ) ⋅ du = C − csc h(u) dx Page 2
Math Reference Calculus James Lamberg
(
arcsin h (x ) = ln x + x + 1 ,D : (−∞,∞)
2
) d
dx
arccos h(u) =
du
u2 − 1
arccos h( x ) = ln( x + x2 − 1),D : (1, ∞ ) d d du
arctan h(u) = arccoth(u ) =
dx dx 1− u 2
1  1+ x 
arctan h( x ) = ln ,D : (−1,1 ) 1  a + u
2  1− X  du
 
∫ a 2
− u 2 =
2a
ln
a − u  + C ∫ u ⋅ dv = uv − ∫ v ⋅ du
1 x +1
arccoth( x ) = ln ,D : (−∞,−1) ∪ (1,∞)
2  x − 1 d du
arcsin h(u ) =
 2 dx u +1
2

arcsec h ( x) = ln ,D : (0,1]

1+ 1− x

 x  du 1  a + a 2 ± u2 
1 2 
∫ u a2 ± u 2 = C − ln
a  u


 1+ x 
arccsc h ( x) = ln + ,D : (−∞,0) ∪ (0,∞ )
x x  Disk : Line ⊥ to axis

b
− du −du
∫
d d π f ( x )2 dx
arcsech(u ) = arccsc h(u) = of revoluition,
dx u 1−u 2
dx u 1+ u 2
a

∫
du
u ±a
2 2 (
= ln u + u 2 ± a 2 + C ) Area Between Two Curves Area of Revolved Surface :
b b

∫ f ( x ) − g( x )dx S = 2π ∫ r( x ) 1+ f' (( x )) dx
2
b

Washer : π ∫ f ( x ) − g( x ) dx, f ( x ) ≥ g( x )
2 2 a a
b b
a
Arc Length : s = ∫ 1 + f' ( x ) dx W = ∫ F ( x )dx
2
Shell : Line || to axis
b a a

of revolution,2π ∫ r( x )h( x )dx, Coulomb' s Law for Charges : k

Gas Pressure:F =  ,
 q ⋅q v
F = k ⋅  1 2 2 
a

r = radius, h= height d v = volume of gas

Hooke' s Law : F = k ⋅ d Law of Universal Gravitation : c
Force of Gravity : F =  2  ,
Force needed to strech a m ⋅m x
F = k ⋅  1 2 2  ,m1 and m 2 are masses
spring d distance from d x = distance from center of Earth
b
its natural length Weight = Volume⋅ Density
Fluid Force F = Pressure ⋅ Area ∫ (Cross Section Area ⋅ Distance)dy = Work
a
F = ⋅ Depth ⋅ Area Work = Force ⋅ Distance over which the force is applied
Fluid Pressure P = Weight Density ⋅ h, Force Exerted by a Fluid : Center of Mass( x,y ) :
h = depth below surface b b
F = w ∫ ( h( y) ⋅l ( y))dy m = ∫ ( f ( x ) − g( x ))dx
Force = Mass ⋅ Acceleration a a
Moment = m ⋅ x My
Theorem of Pappus : M
Moments & Center of Mass of x= ,y = x
V = 2π ⋅ r ⋅ A, m m
a Planar Lamina :
A = Area of Region R
 f ( x ) + g( x ) 
b
Mx = ∫
  ( f ( x ) − g( x))dx ∫ sin 2k +1 ( x ) cosn ( x )dx = ∫ (1 − cos2 ( x ))k cosn ( x )sin( x )dx
a
2

( x )dx = ∫ sin m ( x )(1− sin 2 ( x )) cos( x )dx

2 x +1 k
∫ sin ( x ) cos
b m
My = ∫ x ⋅ ( f ( x ) − g( x ))dx
a Page 3
Math Reference Calculus James Lamberg
π π

2 4 6  n − 1  1  3  5   n − 1  π 
2 2

∫ cos ( x )dx =  3   5   7 ... ,n is odd,n ≥ 3 ∫ cos ( x )dx =  2   4   6 ... , n is even, n ≥ 2

n n

0
n  0
n  2

∫ sec (x ) tan ( x )dx = ∫ (sec ( x )) tan (x ) sec (x )dx ∫ sec ( x ) tan ( x )dx = ∫ sec tan ( x ) sec( x ) tan( x )dx
k−1
2k n 2 n 2 m 2 k +1 m −1 2k

∫ tan (x )dx = ∫ tan ( x ) tan ( x)dx For Integrals Invloving a + u , For Integrals Invloving u - a ,
n n−2 2 2 2 2 2

For Integrals Invloving a 2 - u2 , u = atan( ), a 2 + u 2 = asec( ) u = asec( ), u2 - a2 = atan( )

u = asin( ), a 2 - u2 = acos( )
b b

∫ f ( x )dx = lim ∫ f ( x )dx

a→ − ∞
1 2 u
a arcsin  + u a2 − u 2  + C,a > 0
−∞ a
∫ a2 − u 2 du =
2 a  ∞ b

∫a f ( x )dx = lim
b→ ∞∫
f ( x )dx
1 2
(
∫ u − a du = 2 u u − a − a ln u + u − a + C,u > a > 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
) a

Indeterminate form, L' Hôpital' s Rule

2 1 2
(
∫ u + a du = 2 u u + a + a ln u + u + a + C,a > 0 lim f ( x ) = lim f' (x )
2 2 2 2 2
)
∞ c b x →c g( x ) x →c g' ( x )

∫ f ( x)dx = a→lim− ∞∫a f ( x )dx + lim

b→∞ ∫
f ( x )dx ∞
1
 1 ,if p > 1 Discontinuity at a on (a , b]
∫1 x
−∞
= −
c
Discontinuity at b on [a, b) p dx  p 1 b b
Diverges,if p ≤ 1
b c ∫a f ( x )dx = clim
→a + ∫
f ( x )dx
∫a f ( x )dx = clim
→b − ∫
f ( x )dx Discontinuity at c in (a, b) c

a b c b lim ( an ± bn ) = L ± K
(C ⋅ a n ) = C ⋅ L ∫a f ( x)dx = lim ∫ f ( x )dx + lim ∫ f ( x )dx n→∞
lim
n→∞ c →b − a c →a + c
 an  L
  = , bn ≠ 0,k ≠ 0
∞
( ⋅ ) = ⋅ lim  bn  K
nth - term test ∑ an ,Diverges if lim an ≠ 0 lim
a n bn L K n→∞
n→∞
n =1 n→ ∞
∞
∞
Telescoping, ∑ (bn − bn +1 ),Converges if lim b =L
Geometric ∑ arn ,Converges if r < 1,Diverges if r ≥ 1 n=1 n →∞
n

Sum is Sn = b1 − L
n=0

a
Sum is Sn =
1−r
,if it converges Absolute Convergence, ∑ a Converges n

∞
1 Conditional Convergence, ∑ a Converges,
p -series, ∑ , Diverges if p ≤ 1
p ,Converges ifp > 1
n

n=1 n
but ∑ a Divergesn

∞ Definition of Taylor Series

Alternating, ∑ (−1)n −1 an,Converges if 0 < a n + 1 ≤ an ,lim an = 0
n→∞ ∞
f n (c )
∑ ( x − c )n
n=1

Remainder Rn ≤ an+1 n=0 n!

∞ if lim a = 0, then lim an = 0
Root, ∑ an ,Converges if
n
lim n an < 1, Diverges if lim n an > 1 n→ ∞ n→∞
n=1 n→∞ n →∞ ∞
Power Series, f ( x ) = ∑ an ( x − c )n
Fails if lim = 1
n→∞ n =0

Radius is ∆x about c : c ± ∆x

Page 4
Math Reference Calculus James Lamberg
Integral (Constant, Positive, Decreasing), ∞

∞ ∞ Power Series, f ( x ) = ∑ an ( x − c )n
∑ a ,an n = f ( n) ≥ 0,Converges if ∫ f ( n)dn Converges ∞
n =0

f ' ( x ) = ∑ n⋅ an ( x − c )
n=1 1 n−1
∞ ∞

∫ f (n) dn Diverges, Remainder 0< R < ∫ f ( n)dn

n=1
Diverges if ∞
an ( x − c) n+1
n
1 n
∫ f ( x )dx =C + ∑
∞
an+1 an+1 n+1
Ratio, ∑ an ,Converges if
n= 0
lim < 1, Diverges if lim >1
n →∞ an an xn
+ ...Converges (-∞, ∞)
n→∞
e x = 1 + x + ... +
n=1

Fails if lim = 1
n→∞
n!

∞ ∞
Direct ( bn > 0 ), ∑ an , Limit ( bn > 0), ∑ an ,
n=1 n=1

Converges if 0≤ an ≤ bn , ∑ b n Converges, Converges if an

= L > 0, ∑ b n Converges,
lim
n→ ∞ b n
Diverges if , 0 ≤ bn ≤ an , ∑ bn Diverges
a
Diverges if , lim n = L > 0, ∑ b n Diverges
n→∞ bn

f (x ) = Pn ( x ) + Rn , Rn ( x ) = ( f ( x ) − Pn ( x )) dx
= cos ⋅ f ' ( ) − f ( )sin
d
f ' (c )(x − c) f' (c )( x − c ) f (c )( x − c )
2 n n
Pn (x ) = f (c ) + + + + Rn ( x ) dy
1! 2! n! = cos ⋅ f ( ) + f ' ( )sin
d
f ( z)( x − c)
n+1 n+1

Rn ( x ) = , z is between x and c dy cos ⋅ f ( ) + f ' ( ) sin

( x − 1)! =
dx cos ⋅ f ' ( ) − f ( ) sin
If f has n derivatives at x = c, then the polynomial
Position Function for a Projectile
f ' (c )(x − c) f' (c )( x − c ) 2
f (c )( x − c )
n n
Pn (x ) = f (c ) + + + + ... r (t ) = ( v cos )ti +  h + (v sin )t − 1 gt 2  j
1! 2! n! 0
 0
2 
This is the n - th Taylor polynomial for f at c g = gravitational constant
If c = 0, then the polynomial is called Maclaurin h = initial height
1
= 1 − (x − 1) + ... + (−1) ( x − 1) + ...Converges (0,2)
n n v 0 = initial velocity
x = angle of elevation
1 (2n)!x 2n+1
= 1 − x + ... + ( −1) x n + ...Converges ( -1,1) arcsin x = x + x + ... +
n 3

1+ x + ...Converges [-1,1]
2⋅3 (2 n n!) 2(2n + 1)
x3 (−1)n x 2n+1 Polar
sin x = x − + ... + + ...Converges (-∞,∞ ) x = r ⋅ cos , y = r ⋅sin
3! (2n + 1)!
y 2
( −1) n+1 ( x − 1) n tan = , x + y2 = r2
ln x = ( x − 1) + ... + + ...Converges (0,2) x
n
x2 (−1)n x 2n x3 (−1) n x 2n +1
cos x = 1 − + ... + + ...Converges (-∞,∞ ) arctan x = x − + ... + + ...Converges [-1,1]
2! (2n )! 3! 2n + 1

Page 5
Math Reference Calculus James Lamberg
Smooth Curve C, x = f ( t ), y = g( t ) v
(q1 − p1 ) + ( q2 − p2 ) Horizontal Tangent Lines
2 2
v = = Norm
 dy  d  dy  dy dy dx
dy  dt  d y dt  dx  dx
2
Velocity = r' (t ), Acceleration = r"(t ) = 0, = 0, ≠0
= & = , ≠0 dx d d
dx  dx  dx
2
dx dt Speed = r' (t ) Vertical Tangent Lines
 dt  dt
dy dx dy
Limaçon : r = a ± b ⋅ cos Unit Vector in the Direction of v = DNE, = 0, ≠0
v dx d d
if a > b,limaçon;if <a b,limaçon w/ loop; v v
u= v Angle between two Vector
if a = b, cardioid v v v
u ⋅v
cos = v v
Rose Curve : r = a⋅ cos(n ⋅ ),r = a ⋅sin( n⋅ )
∫ r( t)dt = (∫ f (t )dt )i + ( ∫ g(t )dt) j u ⋅ v
if n is odd, n petals; even, 2n petals
r (t ) = f (t )i + g(t ) j
Circles and Lemniscates
r1 (t ) ± r2 ( t ) = ( f1 (t )i + g1 (t ) j ) ± ( f2 (t )i + g2 (t ) j )
r = a ⋅ cos( ),r = a ⋅sin( )
r 2 = a 2 ⋅ sin(2 ),r 2 = a 2 ⋅ cos(2 ) lim ( r(t )) = lim ( f (t ))i + lim (g(t )) j
t→a t →a t→ a
POLAR Continuous at point t = a if
lim ( r(t )) exists and lim (r( t )) = r(a)
2
1
( f ( )) d
2∫
Area = t→a t →a
b
Arc = ∫ ( f ' (t )) + ( g' ( t )) dt
2 2

Arc = ∫ ( f ( )) + ( f' ( ))
2 2
d a
b

SurfaceX = 2π ∫ g( t ) ( f' (t)) + (g' (t )) dt

2 2

SurfaceX = 2π ∫ f ( ) sin ( f ( )) + ( f ' ( )) d

2 2
a
b
SurfaceY = 2π ∫ f (t ) ( f ' (t )) + ( g' (t )) dt
2 2

SurfaceY = 2π ∫ f ( ) cos ( f ( )) + ( f ' ( )) d

2 2
a
v v
u • v = u1 ⋅ v1 + u2 ⋅ v2 r' (t ) = f ' (t )i + g' (t ) j

Page 6
Math Reference Linear Algebra & Differential Equations James Lamberg
Square Matrix Diagonal Matrix Upper Triangular Lower Triangular
# Rows = # Cols Square with all entries not on Lower left triangle from Upper right triangle from
Matrix Elements the main diagonal being zero main diagonal is all zeros main diagonal is all zeros
Rows X Columns Transpose A : A t or A' Row Vector Column Vector Scalar
Identity Matrix : I Switch rows and columns A 1 × n Matrix A m × 1 Matrix A real number
Diagonal matrix with positions with eachother Dot Product
ones on main diagonal Angle Between Two Vectors Sum of elements in two or more matrices
Length (Norm) x• y multiplied by each corresponding element
cos (θ ) = I⋅ A = A = A⋅ I
v = v • v = v12 + v 22 + ...+ v n2 x ⋅ y
Gaussian Elimination
Matrix Multiplication How to solve a system
Multiply rows of A and columns of 1) Add a multiple of one equation ( ) ( )
A |b → Ω|c
~ ~

B to get an entry of the product C to another equation Using Elementary Row Ops
i th row of A ⋅ jth column of B = Cij 2) Multiply an equation by a non - Into Row Echelon Form
N zero scalar (constant)
C ij = ∑ Aik ⋅ Bkj Back Substitution
3) Switch the orger of the equations
k=1 Solving from row echelon form
Pivot Free Variables to row reduced echelon form
A one on the main diagonal # Columns without pivots Matrices define linear functions A −1 ⋅ A = I

()
used as a reference point for Basic Variables    
f x+y = f x + f  y
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 
solving a system of equations # Columns with pivots
and for determining the number
~
( ) ()
Superposition Principle of f c ⋅ x = c ⋅ f x
~ ~ ~
of equations in the system Homogenous Systems Every Linear Function -1 
f  y  = A −1 ⋅ y
Every Linear Equations is If x and y are solutions,
~ f :ℜ →ℜN M  ~ ~
~
given by a Matrix Multiplication ~

()
so is x + y Rank =# of Pivots
() () x → f x
~
f x =A x ~
~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ∃A−1 ⇔ det A ≠ 0
-1 -1
Composition = Matrix Multiplication Gauss - Jordan Method for A A is invertible ( A exists) iff
a b  ( A | I ) → Row Ops → ( I | A -1 ) A has N pivots ( rank A = N)
A =  
c d  Determinant of A a b c 
 
1  d −b a b  det d e f  = aej + bfg + cdh − ceg − afh − bdj
⋅  
−1
A =    
a ⋅ d − b ⋅ c  −c a  A =  c d  g h j 
det A = a ⋅ d − b ⋅ c Equilibrium
Solve Initial Value Problem Autonomous Differential Equations Stable → f ' ( x *) < 0
1) Solve the differential equation dx Unstable → f ' ( x *) > 0
= f ( x)
2) Plug in initial conditions dt Need More Info → f ' ( x *) = 0
Autonomous Ordinary Equilibrium Solutions Equilibrium Point
Differential Equations x(t ) = constant If lim x(t ) = x* then x *
t →∞
dx dx
= g( x ) =0 is an equilibrium point
dt dt Page 1
Math Reference Linear Algebra & Differential Equations James Lamberg
dx Uncoupled Linear Systems Sink : a < 0, b < 0 dx
= F (t, x, y ) ~
= A ⋅ x, x ( t0 ) = x
dt dx Source : a > 0, b > 0
= a⋅ x, x ( t0 ) = x 0 dt ~ ~ ~0

dy
= G(t, x, y ) dt Saddle : a < 0, b > 0 x (t ) = e ⋅ v
λ⋅ t
~ ~
dt dy
= b ⋅ y, y (t 0 ) = y 0 Crucial Equation  x' ( t)  a b  x
( ( ) ( ))
x t , y t parametrize the curve dt A⋅v = λ ⋅v   =   ⋅  
~ ~  y' ( t)  c d  y
λ is a scalar called an eigenvalue of Characteristic Equation
λ is an eigenvalue of A
the matrix A and v is the corresponding λ is an eigenvalue of A If 0~ ∉ V then V
~  v1 
eigenvector and is not equal to 0 iff det ( A − λ ⋅ I ) = 0 is not a subspace   is an eigenvector
v 2 
Eigenspace  
a b v1    v  Characteristic Polynomial  x   v1 
  ⋅   = λ ⋅  1     
All multiples of an eigenvector  c d   v 2   2
v  a − λ b    = e λ⋅ t
⋅
det 
=0  y  v 2 
Subspace w (Linearity)  c d − λ 
A set of vectors
1) If x and y are two vectors in w, (a − λ)( d − λ) − b⋅ c = 0
~ ~
v1 ...v k is linearly
Vectors span a plane (all linear combinations) dependent if there
then x +y is a vector in w
~ ~ Let A be an m × n matrix, the null are scalars c1 ...c k = 0
2) If x is a vector in w, then c ⋅ x is space (kernel) of A is the set of solutions to ~
~ ~
i⋅ π
a vector in w for any scalar c the homogenous system of linear equations e + 1= 0
A set of vectors v1 ...v k is a basis for a Dimension of v Homogenous Linear Systems of
subspace v C ℜ n if they span v and are The number of vectors First Order Differential Equations
 x ( t) 1
linearly independent in any basis of v dx = −i
~
= A ⋅ x, x ( t) = 
 
 i
Solving Systems dt ~ ~
 y ( t)
1) Compute eigenvalues & eigenvectors If A is real and λ = a +i ⋅ b is an eigenvalue, a −i⋅ b 1
2 =
then so is its complex conjugate λ = a - i ⋅ b a +b a+ i⋅b
2
2) Solve Equation (Real of Imaginary)
3) Find General Solutions Euler' s Formula
e (a +i⋅ b )⋅ t = e a⋅t ⋅ cos(b ⋅ t ) + e i⋅b⋅ t ⋅ sin(b ⋅ t )
4) Solve the Initial Conditions = cos( x ) + i ⋅ sin( x )
i⋅ x
e
Independent if det A ≠ 0
Classification of planar hyperbolic Spring Equation
equilibria for given eigenvalues
d 2x dx
Real and of opposite sign : Saddle Fext (t ) = m ⋅
2 +µ⋅ + k⋅ x
dt dt
Complex with negative real part : Spiral Sink m = mass, µ = friction, k = spring constant
Complex with positive real part : Spiral Source a b   a b
Real, unequal, and negative : Nodal Sink A =   tr  = a + d
c d  c d 
Real, unequal, and positive : Nodal Source
tr( A) ± tr( A) − 4 ⋅ det ( A)
2
Real, equal, negative, only one : Improper Nodal Sink λ=
Real, equal, positive, only one : Improper Nodal Source 2
Trace is the sum Spring Equation
Real, equal, negative, two : Focus Sink
Real, equal, positive, two : Focus Source of the diagonal Fext (t ) = 0, homogenous
elements of a matrix Fext (t ) ≠ 0, inhomogenous

Page 2
Math Reference Linear Algebra & Differential Equations James Lamberg
Second Order Scalar ODEs General Solution to Inhomogenous Spring (or RCL Circuit)
d 2x dx x(t) = x particular ( t) + c1 ⋅ x ind #1 ( t) + c 2 ⋅ x ind# 2 (t ) µ 2 > 4 ⋅ m ⋅ k, Overdamped
a⋅ 2 + b⋅ +c⋅x= d
dt dt If you are unable to µ 2 = 4 ⋅ m ⋅ k, Critically Damped
Spring (or RCL Circuit) µ 2 < 4 ⋅ m ⋅ k, Underdamped
solve the particular
µ 2 > 4 ⋅ m ⋅ k, x1 = e λ1 ⋅t , x 2 = e λ2 ⋅t solution, try For Spring, B = k m
µ 2 = 4 ⋅ m ⋅ k, x1 = e λ1 ⋅t , x 2 = t ⋅ e λ2 ⋅ t increasing the If ω ≈ B, Beats Occurs
µ < 4 ⋅ m ⋅ k, x1 = e cos(β ⋅ t), x2 = e sin(β ⋅ t) power of t
2 α⋅ t α⋅t
If ω = B, Resonance Occurs
Solving 2nd Order ODEs Quasi - Periodic Laplace Derivatives
1) Solve Homogenous Close to periodic
l( f ' (t )) = s ⋅ F (s) − f (0)
2) Find Particular Solution Laplace Transforms
∞
l( f " (t )) = s2 ⋅ F (s) − s ⋅ f (0) − f ' (0)
3) Find General Solution
F (s) = ∫ e− s⋅ t ⋅ f ( t) dt
4) Solve Initial Conditions 0 Dirac Delta Function
5) Combine for Solution Step Function  ∞ for t = c

Laplace Transforms 0 for 0 ≤ t < c  0 for t < c − δ
H C (t ) =  δC (t ) = 
1 1 for t ≥ c 1 2δ for c − δ < t < c + δ
f ( t) = 1, F (s) = 
s  0 for t > c + δ
n!
f ( t) = t n , F ( s) = n +1 Jacobian Matrix The fixed point z = 0 is called hyperbolic
s
() ( ) ( )
~ ~

f ( t) = e a⋅t , F (s) =
1 F x = F x + dF x ⋅ x− x if no eigenvalue of the jacobian has 0 as
s− a
~ ~ ~ ~0 ~0 ~ ~0

 ∂f ∂f  a real part (no 0 or purely imaginary)

f ( t) = cos(τ ⋅ t), F ( s) = 2
s  ( x 0 , y0 ) ( x , y )
s + τ 2 dF x =  ∂x ∂y 0 0  If you are near a hyperbolic fixed
∂g ∂g 
τ ( x 0 , y0 ) ( x 0 , y0 ) point, the phase portrait of the
~0

f ( t) = sin(τ ⋅ t ), F ( s) = 2  ∂x ∂y  nonlinear system is essentially the
s + τ2
e− c⋅ s same as its linearization
f ( t) = HC (t ), F (s) =
s
f ( t) = δC ( t), F ( s) = e − c⋅ s

Page 3
Math Reference Multivariable James Lamberg
∆z z = f ( x,b) y = b
f ( x, y ) = f (a,b) dz = lim ∆z
dz (x-curve)
lim = lim
( x,y ) →( a,b )
dx ∆x →0 ∆x dy ∆y →0 ∆y z = f ( a, y ) x = a (y-curve)
f ( x + h,y ) − f ( x, y ) ∂z ∂f ∂
f x ( x, y ) = lim
h→0 h = = f x ( x, y ) = f ( x,y ) = Dx [ f ( x, y )] = D1 [ f ( x, y )]
∂x ∂x ∂x
f ( x,y + k ) − f ( x,y ) ∂z ∂f ∂
f y ( x, y ) = lim = = f y ( x, y ) = f ( x,y ) = Dy [ f ( x, y )] = D2 [ f ( x,y )]
k →0 k ∂y ∂y ∂y
Plane Tangent to the surface z = f ( x,y ) at the Normal Vector to Tangent Plane
point P = ( a,b, f (a,b)) has the equation: ∂z ∂z
n = f x ( x 0 ,y 0 )i + f y ( x 0 ,y 0 ) j − k = , ,−1
z − f ( a,b) = f x (a,b)( x − a) + f y ( a,b)(y − b) ∂x ∂y
Conditions for Extrema for f (x , y)
∂f ∂  ∂f   ∂2 f  f xy (a,b) = f yx (a,b)
( f x )x = f xx = x = = f x (a,b) = 0 = f y ( a,b)
∂x ∂x  ∂x   ∂x 2 
∂f y ∂  ∂f   ∂2 f  df = f x ( x, y )∆x + f y ( x, y )∆y
(f )y
y
= f yy = = =
∂y ∂y  ∂y   ∂y 2  f ( x + ∆x, y + ∆y ) = f ( x, y ) + ∆f (exact)
∂z F ∂z F
= − x, = − y
∂x Fz ∂y
∂  ∂f   ∂2 f  f ( x + ∆x, y + ∆y ) ≈ f ( x,y ) + df (appoximation)
Fz
∂f
( f x )y = f xy = x = =
∂y ∂y  ∂x   ∂x∂y  f ( a + ∆x,b + ∆y ) ≈ f (a,b) + f x ( a,b)∆x + f y (a,b)∆y
∂f y ∂  ∂f   ∂2 f 
(f )y x = f yx = = =  ∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z
∂x ∂x  ∂y   ∂y∂x  dz = ∂x ∆x + ∂y ∆y = ∂x dx + ∂y dy dw =
∂w
dx +
∂w
dy +
∂w
dz
∂x ∂y ∂z
x = f ( x, y,z) = f ( g(u,v ),h (u,v ),k ( u,v )) w is a funtion of x1, x2 , . . . , mx and each is D f ( P ) = ∇f (P ) ⋅ u, u = v
u
∂w ∂w ∂x ∂w ∂y ∂w ∂z a funtion of the variables t 1 ,t 2 , . . . ,nt v
= + +
∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u ∂z ∂u ∂w ∂w ∂x1 ∂w ∂x 2 ∂w ∂x m
= + + ...+
∂w ∂w ∂x ∂w ∂y ∂w ∂z ∂ti ∂x1 ∂ti ∂x 2 ∂ti ∂x m ∂t i D1 f (r( t)) = ∇f ( r( t)) ⋅ r'(t)
= + +
∂v ∂x ∂v ∂y ∂v ∂z ∂v for each i, 1 ≤ i ≤ n
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∇f ( x,y,z) = f x ( x,y,z)i + f y ( x, y,z) j+ f z ( x, y,z)k
= cos , = sin , = −r sin , = r cos
∂r ∂r ∂ ∂ ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f
∂w ∂w ∂x ∂w ∂y ∂w ∂w ∇f = , , = i+ j+ k
= + = cos + sin ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂r ∂x ∂r ∂y ∂r ∂x ∂y
∂w ∂w ∂x ∂w ∂y ∂w ∂w ∆w ≈ ∇f ( P ) ⋅ v,v = PQ = ∆x,∆y,∆z
= + = −r sin + r cos
∂ ∂x ∂ ∂y ∂ ∂x ∂y Tangent Plane to a Surfave F (x, y,z) at P = (a,b,c)
∂w ∂w ∂w ∂w Fx (x,y,z)(x - )a+ Fy (x, y,z)( y - )b+ Fz(x,y,z)(z - )c= 0
2 2 2 2
= 2 cos2 + 2 cos sin + 2 sin 2
∂r 2
∂x ∂x∂y ∂y
Volume = V = ∫∫ f ( x,y )dA
A = f xx (a,b), B = f xy (a,b), C = f yy (a,b) R

∫∫ f ( x,y )dA =
∆ = D = AC − B 2 = f xx (a,b) f yy ( a,b) − [ f xy (a,b)]
2
R

d b
∫  ∫ f ( x, y )dy dx = ∫  ∫ f ( x,y )dx dy
b d
If ∆ > 0 and A > 0, then f has a local minimum at (a , b)
If ∆ > 0 and A < 0, then f has a local maximum at (a , b)
a c c a

If ∆ < 0, then f has a saddle point at(a , b)

If ∆ = 0, no information is known for f at point (a,b) Page 1
Math Reference Multivariable James Lamberg

LaGrange Multipliers x 2 + y 2 + z2 = a2 Sphere w/ Radius a

Constraint : g(x, y) = 0 x 2 y 2 z2
+ + = 1 Ellipsoid
Check Critical Points of F( x , y , ) = f ( x, y) − g( x, y ) a2 b2 c 2
 ∂f ∂f   ∂g ∂g  x2 y2 z2
, = , + − = 1 Hyperboloid, 1 Sheet, z - a x i s
 ∂x ∂y   ∂x ∂y  a2 b2 c 2
x 2 y2 z 2
 ∂f ∂g   ∂f ∂g  − 2 + 2 = 1 Hyperboloid, 1 Sheet, y - a x i s
− = 0, − =0 a 2
b c
 ∂x ∂x   ∂y ∂y  2 2
x y z2
Vertically Simple : ∫∫ R f (x , y) dA b − + + = 1 Hyperboloid, 1 Sheet, x - a x i s
A(y) = ∫ f ( x, y )dx 2
a 2 b 2 c2
b y 2( x ) x y 2 z2
V = ∫ ∫ f (x , y)dydx − − = 1 Hyperboloid, 2 Sheets, yz-plane
a
d a2 b 2 c 2
a y1 ( x) A(x) = ∫ f ( x, y )dy
x 2 y 2 z2
Horizontally Simple : ∫∫ R f (x , y)dA c − + − = 1 Hyperboloid, 2 Sheets, xz-plane
a2 b2 c 2
d x 2( y )
V = ∫ ∫ f (x , y)dxdy
x 2 y 2 z2
− 2 − 2 + 2 = 1 Hyperboloid, 2 Sheets, xy-plane
c x1 ( y) a b c
Polar : a ≤ r ≤ b, ≤ ≤ Volume Between Two Surfaces Centroid : ( x, y )
1
A = (a + b)( a − b)( − ) = r∆r∆
V= ∫∫ (z − zbottom )dA
∫∫
1
x ( x, y )dA
top
2
R
x= R
m
b mass = m = ∫∫ ( x,y )dA
V= ∫ ∫ f ( r cos ,r sin )rdrd R
y=
1
∫∫ y ( x, y )dA
a m R

Polar Moments of Inertia Kinetic Energy due to Rotation Radius of Gyration

Ix = ∫∫ R
y 2
( x, y )dA KE rot = ∫∫R
1 2 2 1
r dA = I0 2 ˆr =
I
2 2
Iy = ∫∫ R
x 2 ( x, y )dA
is angular speed
m
I is moment of inertia, m is mass around axis
Ix Iy Sphererical x = sin cos ,y = sin sin ,z = cos
xˆ = yˆ =
m m V= ∫∫∫ f (
U
sin cos , sin sin , cos ) 2
sin d d d
1
I0 = mrˆ KE = m( ˆr ) ∫∫∫ ( x, y,z)dV
2 2
Cylindrical x = r cos , y = r sin , z = z mass = m =
2
∫∫∫ f ( r cos
T
V= ,r sin ,z)rdzdrd Volume = V = ∫∫∫ dV
Centroid : (x, y, z) U
T
Parametric Moments of Inertia
∫∫∫T x ( x, y,z)dA
1
x= ∂r ∂x ∂y ∂z
m ru = = x u ,y u ,zu = i + j + k Ix = ∫∫∫T (y 2 + z2 ) ( x, y,z) dA
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u
y = ∫∫∫T y ( x, y,z)dA
1
∂r ∂x ∂y ∂z Iy = ∫∫∫T (x 2 + z2 ) ( x, y,z) dA
m rv = = x v , y v ,zv = i + j+ k
∂v ∂v ∂v ∂v Iz = ∫∫∫T ( x 2 + y 2 ) ( x, y,z) dA
z = ∫∫∫T z ( x, y,z)dA
1
m
Cylindrical Surface Area
Surface Area
 ∂f  ∂f 
2 2

 ∂f   ∂f  A = a( S) = ∫∫ r2 + r  +
2 2
drd
A = a( S) = ∫∫ R
1+ +
 ∂x   ∂y 
dxdy R  ∂r   ∂ 
Page 2
Math Reference Multivariable James Lamberg
Change of Variable x = f(u , v ,w) y = g(u , v , w
) z = hu
( , v ,w)
∫∫ F ( x, y )dxdy
R ∂x ∂x ∂x
x = f (u,v ) y = g(u , v) ∂u ∂v ∂w
∂( x,y,z) ∂y ∂y ∂y
u = h( x, y ) v = k(x , y) Jacobian: JT ( u,v ) = =
∂(u,v,w ) ∂u ∂v ∂w
f u (u,v ) f v (u,v ) ∂( x,y ) ∂z ∂z ∂z
Jacobian: JT ( u,v ) = =
gu ( u,v ) gv (u,v ) ∂( u,v ) ∂u ∂v ∂w

∫∫ F ( x, y )dxdy = ∫∫ F ( f (u,v ),g(u,v )) J ( u,v ) dudv ∫∫∫ F ( x,y,z)dxdydz = ∫∫∫ G( u,v,w ) ∂(x,y,z) dudvdw
T
∂(u,v,w )
R S
T S

∫∫R F ( x, y )dxdy = ∫∫ S G(u,v ) ∂((u,v )) dudv

∂ x, y
F ( x, y,z) = P ( x,y,z)i + Q( x,y,z)j + R ( x, y,z)k

Force Field ∇ (af + bg) = a∇f + b∇g Velocity Vector F ( x,y ) = xi + yj = x 2 + y 2 = r

v( x,y ) = (− yi + xj)
F ( x, y,z) = − 3 ∇ ( fg ) = f∇g + g∇f
kr
r
∫ f ( x, y,z) ds = lim
C
∆t →1
( )
f x (ti* ),y (t *i ),z(ti* ) ∆si
∂P ∂Q ∂R
k=G⋅M div F = ∇ ⋅F = + + ∇ × (aF + bG) = a(∇ ×F ) + b(∇ ×G ), mass = ∫ ( x,y,z)ds
∂x ∂y ∂z
∇ × ( fG ) = ( f )(∇ ×G) + (∇f ) × G C

x = ∫ x (x,y,z)ds
1
i j k
∂ ∂ ∂ ∇ ⋅ ( aF + bG ) = a∇ ⋅F + b∇ ⋅ G, mC
curl F = ∇ ×F =
∂x ∂y ∂z ∇ ⋅( fG ) = ( f )(∇ ⋅G) + (∇f ) ⋅ G
y = ∫ y (x,y,z)ds
1
P Q R ( x ,y,z ) mC
 ∂R ∂Q  ∂P ∂R   ∂Q ∂P  f ( x,y,z ) = ∫ F ⋅ Tds = ∫ F ⋅ Tds
z = ∫ z ( x,y,z)ds
1
curl F =  −  i +  −  j +  − k C ( x 0 ,y 0 z ) 0
 ∂y ∂z   ∂z ∂x   ∂x ∂y  mC
B
Centroid : ( x ,y ,z)
∫ f ( x, y,z ) ds =
b
∫ (f x( t) ,y ( t) ,z( t) ) ( ) ( ) ( )
x' ( t)
2
+ y' ( t )
2
+ z' ( t)
2
dt ∫ F ⋅ Tds = ∫ F ⋅ Tds
C A

∫ F ⋅ Tds = ∫ Fdr = Pdx + Qdy + Rdz

C a

∫ P ( x, y,z) dx +Q( x, y,z) dy + R ( x, y,z)dz = C C

C
b
Flux of a Vector
∫ f ( x, y,z) dx = ∫ f ( x (t ), y (t ),z(t )) ⋅ x' ( t) dt
b

∫ P ( x (t ), y (t),z(t )) ⋅ x' ( t)dt + C a Field across C

∫ f ( x (t ), y (t ),z(t )) ⋅ y' ( t) dt ∫ F ⋅ n ds
a
b
∫ f ( x, y,z) dy =
b

∫ Q( x (t ), y (t),z(t )) ⋅ y' ( t)dt + C a

C
a
dy dx
n= i−
b
∫ f ( x, y,z) dz = ∫ f ( x (t ), y (t ),z(t )) ⋅ z' (t )dt
j
b

∫ R( x ( t),y ( t),z( t)) ⋅ z' ( t)dt C a

ds ds
a
Moment of Inertia
Work ∫ f ( x, y,z) ds = ∫ f ( x, y,z) ds
b
−C C I= ∫ w ( x,y,z)ds
2

W = ∫ F ⋅ Tds ∫ Pdx + Qdy + Rdz = − ∫ Pdx + Qdy + Rdz C

a −C C w = w( x,y,z) = ⊥ distance
∫ ∇f ⋅ dr = ∫ f ( r(b)) − f (r(a)) = f ( B) − f ( A) from (x , y ,)zto axis
b
W = ∫ Fdr C C
a
b W = ∫ F ⋅ Tds = k ∫ w ⋅ Tds B
∫ F ⋅ dr = V ( A) − V ( B)
W = ∫ Pdx + Qdy + Rdz C C W =
w = velocity vector A
Page 3
a
Math Reference Multivariable James Lamberg

The Line Integral ∫ F ⋅ Tds is independent

The vector field F defined on region D is conservative
C
provided that there exists a scalar funtion f defined on
of path in the region D iff F = ∇f for some
D such that
funtion f defined on D
F = ∇f
B B
∫ F ⋅ Tds = ∫ ∇f ⋅ dr = f (B ) − f ( A) at each point of D, f is a potential funtion for F
A A

∫ Pdx = −∫ ∫ ∂P
Newton's First Law gives:
Continuous funtions P( x,y ) and Q( x,y ) have dA
F (r (t )) = mr"( t) = mv' (t ) ∂y
continuous 1st order partials in R = {(x , y) | C R

a < x < b, c < y < d Then the vector field dr = r' (t ) dt = v(t ) ∫ Qdy = +∫ ∫ ∂Q
∂x
dA
B C R
∫ F ⋅ dr = 12 m(v ) 1
F = Pi +Qj is conservative in R and has a − m (v A )
2 2
B ∂M ∂N
potential funtions f ( x, y ) on R irr at each point A 2 div F = ∇ ⋅F = +
∂x ∂y
1 1
of R m(v A ) + V ( A) = m(v B ) + V ( B)
2 2

∂P ∂Q 2 2
= ∫ F ⋅ nds = ∫ ∫ ∇ ⋅ FdA
∂y ∂x ∫ −ydx + xdy = −∫ ydx = ∫ xdy
1
A= C R
2 C C C
Green's Theorem
 
∫ F ⋅ nds = ∫ ∫  ∂M ∂N
∫ F ⋅ nds
1
 ∂P  {∇ ⋅ F }( x 0 , y0 ) = lim
∫ Pdx + Qdy = ∫ ∫  ∂Q −
∂x ∂y 
dA
C R
+
∂x ∂y 
dA r →0 πr2 Cr
C R

i j
z = h( x, y ) in xy -plane
∫ ∫ f ( x,y,z)dS = ∫ ∫ f (r( u ,v )) N( u ,v ) dudv
i i i i
k  ∂h  2  ∂h 
S D 2

∂r ∂r ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂r ∂r dS = 1+   +   dxdy
∂u = ∫ ∫D f (r ( ui,vi )) ∂u × ∂v dudv
N= × =  ∂x   ∂y 
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂u
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂v dS = N( ui,v i) dudv = ∂r × ∂r dudv Flux across S in
∂v ∂v
∂u ∂v the direction of n
n
A ≈ ∑ N(ui ,v i ) ∆u∆v N=
∂r ∂r ∂( y,z) ∂(z, x )
× = i+ j+
∂( x, y )
k
= ∫ ∫ F ⋅ ndS
i=1
∂u ∂v ∂( u,v ) ∂(u,v ) ∂(u,v ) S

∫ ∫ f ( x,y,z)dS
n
m ≈ ∑ f (r ( ui,vi )) N( ui ,v i ) ∆u∆v
i=1 S

n  ∂( y,z)  2  ∂(z,x )  2  ∂( x, y)  2
∑ R(r ( u ,v )) cos N(u ,v ) ∆u∆v = ∫ ∫ f ( x ( u,v ), y (u,v ),z( u,v ))   +   +   dudv
 ∂( u,v )   ∂(u,v )   ∂( u,v ) 
i i i i
i=1 S

≈ ∫ ∫ R(r ( u ,v )) N( u ,v ) dudv N
= (cos )i + (cos ) j + (cos )k
i i i i
D n=
N
 ∂h  2  ∂h  2

∫∫ f ( x,y,z)dS = ∫∫ f ( x, y,h( x,y )) 1+   +   dxdy

 ∂x   ∂y  ∂2 u ∂2 u ∂2 u 1 ∂u
S S + + = ⋅
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z2 k ∂t
∫ ∫ F ⋅ ndS
Divergence Theorem 1
{div F }(P ) = lim k =Thermal Diffusivity
∫ ∫ F ⋅ ndS = ∫ ∫ ∇ ⋅ FdV r→0 Vr
∫ F ⋅ TdS = ∫ ∫ (curlF ) ⋅ kdA
Sr
S T
S o u r c e{: div F}(P ) > 0
C R
F ⋅ n = P cos + Qcos + R cos S i n k {: div F}(P ) < 0 Page 4
Math Reference Multivariable James Lamberg

N ⋅ i 1 ∂( y,z)
∫ ∫ P (r (u,v )) ∂∂((u,v
y,z)
cos = n ⋅ i = =
N ∂( u,v)
∫ ∫ P( x,y,z)dydz = ∫ ∫ P( x,y,z) cos dS = dudv
N S S D )
N ⋅ i 1 ∂(z,x )
∫ ∫ Q(r ( u,v )) ∂∂(( z,x )
cos = n ⋅ j =
N
=
N ∂(u,v )
∫ ∫ Q( x,y,z)dydx = ∫ ∫ Q( x,y,z) cos dS =
u,v )
dudv
S S D

N ⋅ i 1 ∂( x, y)
∫ ∫ R( x, y,z)dxdy = ∫ ∫ R( x,y,z) cos dS = ∫ ∫ R(r ( u,v )) ∂((u,v )) dudv
∂ x, y
cos = n ⋅ k = =
N N ∂( u,v ) S S D

∫ ∫ Pdydz + Qdzdx + Rdxdy Gauss' Law for flux Heat -Flow Vector
S
= ∫ ∫ F ⋅ ndS = −4πGM q = −K∇u
= ∫ ∫ (P cos + Q cos + Rcos )dS S
K =Heat Conductivity
S Gauss' Law for electric fields
 ∂( x,y )  ∫ ∫ q ⋅ ndS = −∫ ∫ K∇u ⋅ ndS
∫ P ∂∂(( u,v
y,z) ∂(z,x )
= ∫ +Q +R
∂( u,v) 
dudv = ∫ ∫ E⋅ ndS =
Q S S
D  ) ∂(u,v )
∫ ∫ Pdydz = ∫ ∫ ∫ ∂P
S 0

∫ ∫ F ⋅ ndS = ∫ ∫ Pdydz + Qdzdx + Rdxdy ∫ ∫ (P cos dV

+ Q cos + Rcos )dS S ∂x
T
S S S
 ∂z ∂z ∂z  = ∫ ∫ (Pdydz + Qdzdx + Rdxdy) ∫ ∫ Qdzdx = ∫ ∫ ∫ ∂Q dV
= ∫ ∫ −P ∂x − Q + R dxdy
∂y ∂z  S S ∂y T

 ∂Q ∂R  ∫ ∫ Rdxdy = ∫ ∫ ∫ ∂R
D

S3 is SA between S1 and S 2 = ∫∫ ∫  ∂P + +

∂x ∂y ∂z 
 dV
S ∂z
dV
T
T

∫ ∫ Rdxdy = ∫ ∫ Rcos dS =0
s3 s3 ∫ ∫ ∫ ∇ ⋅ F dV = ∫ ∫ F ⋅ ndS ∫ ∫ F ⋅ ndS = ∫ ∫ F ⋅ ndS S Sa

∫ ∫ Rdxdy = ∫ ∫ R( x, y,z ( x, y)) dxdy

T S

s2 s2
2
= ∫ ∫ F ⋅ n dS − ∫ ∫ F ⋅ n dS
2 1 = ∫ ∫ − GMr r
⋅ dS
3
r r
∫ ∫ Rdxdy = − ∫ ∫ R ( x,y,z ( x, y )) dxdy
S2 S1 Sa
1

∫ ∫ 1dS GMr
s1 D Stokes' Theorem =−
a2
∫ Pdx = −∫ ∫  ∂y ∂y + ∂z ∂y dxdy C∫ F ⋅ TdS = ∫ ∫S (curlF ) ⋅ ndA = −4πGM
 ∂P ∂y ∂P ∂z  Sa

C D

 ∂R ∂Q  ∂P ∂R   ∂Q ∂P   ∂P ∂P 
    ∫ ∫
∫ Pdx + Qdy + Rdz = ∫ ∫  ∂y − ∂z dydz +  ∂z − ∂x dzdx +  ∂x − ∂y dxdy S  ∂z
 dzdy −
∂z
dxdy 

C S
 ∂P ∂z ∂P ∂y 
Γ(Cr ) ∫ ∫ − dxdy
2 ∫ F ⋅ Tds {(curlF ) ⋅ n}(P ) ≈
{(curlF ) ⋅ n}(P ) = lim
1 * = −
r→0 πr  ∂z ∂y ∂y ∂y 
πr 2 D
Cr

Γ(C ) = ∫ F ⋅ Tds ( x, y,z) = ∫ F ⋅ Tds ∫ ∫ ∫ div v dV = ∫ ∫ v⋅ ndS = 0 A vector field is irrotational iff
T S
C C1 It is conservative and
∂2
∂ ∂22
div(∇ )= + + =0 F = ∇ for some scalar
dx 2 dy 2 dz 2
∂2 u ∂2 u ∂2 u
+ + =0
dx 2 dy 2 dz2

Page 5
 Physics Reference Electricity & Magnetism James Lamberg
Electric Charge q1 ⋅ q2 e − ≈ 1.6 ×10−19 C A shell of uniform charge
F=
4π ⋅ 0 ⋅ r q = n ⋅ e, n= ±1,±2 , . . .
2
Charges with the same electrical attracts or repels a charged
sign repel each other, and charges 1 N ⋅ m 2 Point Charge particle that is outside the
k= ≈ 9 ×10 9
with opposite electrical sign attract 4π ⋅ 0 C E=k q shell as if all the shell's charge
2
Electric Fields Electric field lines extend r were concentrated at its center
Torque
F away from positive charge Electric Dipole A shell of uniform charge
E= t = p ×E
q0 and toward negative charge p = Dipole Moment exerts no electrostatic force
Charged Ring Charged Disk 2p 3(p ⋅ rˆ) − p on a charged particle that is
E=k 3 ≈
q⋅z   z 4π ⋅ 0 ⋅ z3 located inside the shell.
E= 3 2 E = 1− z 
4π ⋅ 0 ( z2 + R 2 ) 2 0  
z2 + R 2  Conducting Surface Line Of Charge Sheet Of Charge

Potential Energy Gauss' Law : 0 ⋅ Φ =Qenclosed E = E= E=

2π ⋅ ⋅ r 20
Flux = Φ =∫ E⋅ dA =
0 0
Of A Dipole Qenclosed
Electric Potential Electric Potential Electric Diplole
U = −p ⋅ E 0
∆U = q⋅ ∆W f
p ⋅ cos( )
Spherical Shell Spherical Shell Electric Potential V f − Vi = −∫ E ⋅ ds = V V = k
W r2
Field At r ≥ R Field At r < R qi ∆V = V f − Vi = −
n
V = k = k⋅∑
q i
q
V = k⋅ ∫
E=0 r dq V
q i=1 ri ES = −
E= W∞ E = − ∇V
4π ⋅ 0 ⋅ r 2
Parallel Plate Cylindrical Vi = − r s
q q1 ⋅ q2 Isolated Sphere
Capacitance Capacitor Capacitor U = W = k
Spherical r C = 4π ⋅ 0 ⋅ R
0⋅ A
Q L
C= C= C = 2π ⋅ 0 Capacitor
V d ln(b a) Parallel Series Current
a ⋅ b n
C = 4π ⋅ 0
n
Ceff = ∑ Ci =∑
Potential Energy Energy Density 1 1 dq
b − a i=
Q 2
1 2 i=1 C eff i=1 C i dt
U= = C ⋅V 2 u = Q = 1 ⋅ E 2 Dielectric
2C 2 2C 2 0 Resistance E = ⋅ J J = n ⋅ e ⋅ v drift
Current Density Current Density C = ⋅ C air
V
0 ⋅ ∫ k ⋅ E⋅ dA = Qenclosed
R = , Ohm's Law Conductivity Resistivity
i = ∫ J ⋅ dA i i
J = , Constant Resistance is a property of an object 1 E
A L = =
R= J
− 0 = 0 ⋅ (T − T0 ) Resistivity is a property of a material A
Parallel
Power, Rate Of Transfer Resistive Dissapation Resistivity Of A Conductor EMF i =
R n
∑
dW 1 1
Of Electrical Energy V 2 (Such As Metal)
= =
P = i2 ⋅ R = m dq Reff i=1 Ri
P = i⋅V R = 2
e ⋅ n⋅ EMF Power Series
Kirchoff's Loop Rule
Kirchoff's Junction Rule dq Pemf = i ⋅ n
The sum of the changes in
The sum of the currents entering i( t) =
dt
R eff = ∑ Ri
potential in a loops of a i=1
any junction must equal the sum Discharging A Capacitor
circuit must be zero
of the currents leaving that junction q(t ) = q ⋅ e −t R ⋅C
Charging A Capacitor 0

q(t ) = C ⋅ (1− e )
−t R ⋅C Charging A Capacitor q
i( t) = − 0 ⋅ e− t R ⋅C
VC = (1− e − t R ⋅C
) R⋅C
i(t ) = ⋅ e − t R ⋅C
R Page 1
 Physics Reference Electricity & Magnetism James Lamberg
Magnetic Fields, B Opposite magnetic poles attract Circular Charged Path Mass Spectrometer
FB = q⋅ v × B Like magnetic poles repel m ⋅ v2 2⋅ q ⋅V
q⋅v⋅ B = v=
Right Hand Rule, Positive Charge Hall Effect r m
Thumb Up, Pointer Pointing V = E ⋅ d Resonance Condition B ⋅ q⋅ x 2
2
m=
and Middle Finger Perpendicular B⋅i f = f osc 8V
n=
Thumb =Magnetic Force Direction V ⋅l⋅e 1 q ⋅ B Force On A Current Parallel currents
f= = =
Pointer =Velocity Direction 2π T 2π ⋅ m dFB = i ⋅ dL × B
attract and
Middle =Magnetic Field Direction Magnetic Dipole Moment Magnetic Potential Energy AntiParallel
Biot -Savart Law = N ⋅ i ⋅ A, Moment U( ) = − ⋅ B currents repel
Like "Leo Bazaar" t= ×B
Right Hand Rule
i ⋅ ds × r −7 T ⋅ m Long Straight Wire Torid
dB = 0 0 = 4π ×10 Grasp the element with thumb
0⋅i 0 ⋅ i ⋅ N turns
4π r3 A
B= B= pointing in the direction of the
Center Of Circular Arc 2π ⋅r 2π ⋅r
⋅i⋅ Ideal Solenoid current, fingers curl in the
B= 0 Force Between Two
4π ⋅ R n = turns per unit length Parallel Wires direction of the magnetic field
Current Carrying Coil B = 0 ⋅ i ⋅ n Ampére's Law Magnetic Flux
0 ⋅ i1 ⋅ i2
F=
B(z) = 0 3
⋅ A changing magnetic field 2π ⋅d
L
∫ B⋅ ds = 0 ⋅ ienclosed Φ B = ∫ B⋅ dA
2π ⋅ z produces an electric field Faraday's Law Coil Of N Turns Faraday's Law
Current Loop + Magnetic Field ⇒ Torque
∫
dΦ dΦ B dΦ B
=− B = −N ⋅ E⋅ ds = =
Torque + Magnetic Field ⇒ Current? YES dt dt dt
Inductance Solenoid Self Induced emf Rise Of Current (Inductor) Decay Of Current (Inductor)
N ⋅ ΦB L = 0 ⋅ n 2 ⋅ A ⋅ l di L L
L=
i L = −L
dt i = (1− e− t L ), L = i = e− t L = i0 ⋅ e −t L , L =
R R R R
Magnetic Energy Magnetic Energy Density Mutual Inductance Gauss' Law, Magnetic Fields
2
1
= 1 = −M 2 Φ B = ∫ B⋅ dA = 0
B di di
UB = L ⋅ i uB =
2
2 = −M
1
2 2 0 dt dt
Maxwell's Equations Spin Magnetic Dipole Moment Bohr Magneton
Gauss' Law For Electricity e e⋅ h J
s = − ⋅S B = − ≈ 9.27 ×10−24
m 4π ⋅ m T Speed Of Light
∫ E⋅ dA = e qenc
Potential Energy Potential Energy 1
0 c=
0⋅ 0
Gauss' Law For Magnetism U = − s ⋅ B ext = − s,z ⋅ B U = − orb ⋅ B ext = − orb,z ⋅ Bext
∫ B⋅ dA = 0 Orbital Magnetic Inside A Circular Capacitor Outside A Circular Capacitor
Dipole Moment ⋅i ⋅i
Faraday's Law B = 0 d2 r B= 0 d
e 2π ⋅R 2π ⋅r
orb = −
∫ E⋅ ds = −dΦ dt
B
2m
Lorb
Potential Potential LC Circuit
Displacement Current
Ampére -Maxwell Law q2 L⋅i 1
dΦ E UE = UB = LC =
i = 0 L⋅C
∫ B⋅ ds = 0 ⋅ 0 dΦ 2C 2
E
+ 0 ⋅ ienc d dt
dt
i = id , Capacitor
Page 2
 Physics Reference Electricity & Magnetism James Lamberg
LC Circuit Q2 RLC Circuit
⋅ cos 2 ( ⋅ t +  1 2
UE = ) =
2
−  
d 2q q 2C di Q
+ =0 L + i⋅R + = 0  2 LR 
LC
L
dt 2 C Q2 dt C
UB = ⋅ sin 2 ( ⋅ t + )
q(t ) = Q ⋅ cos( ⋅ t + ) 2C q(t ) = A ⋅ e −t 2 LR
⋅ cos( ⋅t −
L ) Q2 −t LR
LC
U= LR e=
i( t) = − ⋅ Q ⋅ sin( ⋅ t + ) Capacitive Reactance Impedance
R 2C
Phase Constant
RLC Circuit w/ AC 1 Z = ( X L − XC ) + R 2
2
XC = X − XC
di Q d ⋅C tan( ) = L
L + i ⋅ R + = B ⋅ sin( d ⋅ t) Inductive Reactance R
dt C Current Amplitude
XL = d ⋅ L Resonance rms current
i( t) = iB ⋅ sin( d ⋅ t − )
i= B
1 i
iB = Z Z Average Power
d = = irms =
L⋅C
B
2
Pav = irms ⋅ R
2
rms potential Average Power
V P = rms ⋅ irms ⋅ cos( ) Not "rms Power" Resistance Load at Generator
Vrms = , rms = B av
2 2 Transformer Current Average Power relates  N 2
Req =  1st  ⋅ R
Transformer Voltage N to the heating effect  N 2nd 
i2nd = i1st 1st
N N 2nd RMS Power, while it
V2nd = V1st 2nd
N1st can be calculated is worthless

Maxwell's Equations (Integral) Maxwell's Equations (Derviative)

∫ E⋅ dA = qenc ∇ •E =
0 0

∫ B⋅ dA = 0 ∇ •B = 0
B
∫ E⋅ ds = −dtd ∫ B⋅ dA ∇ ×E = −
t
1 E
∫ B⋅ ds = ∫ E ⋅ dA
1 d ∇ ×B = ⋅ J+ ⋅
0 ⋅ ienc + 0
c 2 dt
c 2 dt

Page 3
Math Reference Sequences & Series James Lamberg
P and Q is P ∧Q ¬Q ⇒ ¬P is contrapositive of P ⇒ Q N = Set of positive int egers
P or Q is P ∨Q and these are equivalent Z = Set of all i n tegers
not P is ¬P Q ⇒ P is converse of P ⇒ Q Q = Set of rational numbers
if P then Q is P ⇒ Q and these may not be equivalent R = Set of real numbers
P if and only if Q is P ⇔ Q The set A is finite if A = ∅ or for some n ∈ N, Mathematical Induction :
Existential Quantifier : A has exactly n members. 1) ∀n ∈ N, P or ve Base Case that
∀x : for all/every x The set A is infinite if A is not finite. P(1) is true
Universal Quantifier : Well Ordering Property of N : 2)Assume P ( n) and ∀n ∈ N,
∃x : there exists x Every nonempty subset of N has show P ( n) ⇒ P ( n +1)
∈: element of a smallest memeber
Pr inciple of Mathematical Induction Strong Induction
Let P (n ) be a mathematical statement, if 1) P (1) is true, and
a) P (1) is true, and 2) for each n ∈ N, if [each P (1),...,P ( n) is true],
b) for every n ∈ N then P ( n +1) is true, then P ( n) is true ∀n ∈ N
P( n) ⇒ P (n +1) is true, P is a necessary condition for Q : Q ⇒ P
¬( P ∧ Q) is ¬P ∨¬Q
then P ( n) is true for every n ∈ N P is a sufficient condition for Q : P ⇒ Q
¬( P ∨ Q) is ¬P ∧¬Q
The least upper bound, r, of A is the supremum Archimedean Property of N : ¬( P ⇒ Q) is P ∧ ¬Q
of and is denoted sup A, that is r =sup A if: N is not bounded above
a) r is an upper bound of A, and Completeness Axiom :Every nonempty
b) r ≤ r' for every upper bound r' of A subset of R which is bounded above has
The greatest lower bound, r, of A is the infimum a least upper bound
of and is denoted inf A, that is r =inf A if: For every positive real number x, there is
a) r is a lower bound of A, and 1
some positive i n teger n such that 0 < < x
b) r ≥ r' for every upper bound r' of A n
sup A exists if A has a least upper bound and For all real numbers x and y such that x < y,
inf A exists if A has a greatest lower bound there is a rational number r such that x < r < y
Bounds: Suppose A is a set of real numbers For all real numbers x and y such that x < y,
1) r ∈ R is an upper bound of A if no member there is an irrational number ir such that x < ir < y
of A is bigger than r : ∀x ∈ A[ x ≤ r] There is no rational number r such that r 2 = 2
2) r ∈ R is a lower bound of A if no member There is a real number x such that x2 = 2
of A is smaller than r : ∀x ∈ A [r ≤ x ] Let n ∈ N. For every real number y > 0,
3) A is bounded above if ∃r ∈ R which is an there is a real number x > 0 such that x n = y
upper bound of A Completeness Axiom Corollary :Every
A is bounded below if ∃r ∈ R which is a nonempty subset of R which is bounded
lower bound of A below has a greatest lower bound
A is bounded if if is bounded above and below

Page 1
Math Reference Sequences & Series James Lamberg
A sequence is a function whose domain is a Definition of a Limit : lim sn = L is
set of the form {n ∈ Z : n ≥ k}, where k ∈ Z Let L be a real number. n→∞

limsn = L is
If s is a sequence, sn is the value of the lim sn = L iff
n→∞ sn → L
∀ > 0 ∃n0 ∀n ≥ n0 [ sn − L < ]
sequence at arg ument n.
Given { an } and {bn } with domain D :
The sequence s converges to L if lim sn = L .
{ an + bn } is sn = an + bn ∀n ∈ D n →∞

{ an − bn } is sn = an − bn ∀n ∈ D The sequence s is convergent if there is some

L such that s converges to L.
{ an ⋅ bn } is sn = an ⋅ bn ∀n ∈ D
The sequence s is divergent if is is not convergent
 an  a
  is sn = n ∀n ∈ D,bn ≠ 0 If lim sn = L0 and sn = L1 , then L0 = L1
 bn  bn
The sequence { sn } is bounded if
{ c ⋅ an } is sn = c ⋅ an ∀n ∈ D
there is some r ∈ R such that sn ≤ r
If a sequence is convergent,
for all n in the domain of { sn }.
then it is bounded
Suppose l i msn = L1 , and lim tn = L2 , and c ∈ R. Suppose that for all sufficiently large n,
an ≤ bn ≤ c n
( n + tn ) = L1 + L2
a) l i ms
If lim an = L and limcn = L then limbn = L
b) lim (c ⋅ sn ) = c ⋅ L1
c) lim (sn ⋅ tn ) = L1 ⋅ L2 If lim sn = 0 , then l i msn = 0
s  L Suppose : l i man = L, and f is a function which
d) lim n  = 1 , L2 ≠ 0 and ∀n[ tn ≠ 0] is continuous at L, and for each n, an is in the
 tn  L2
domain of f . Then lim f ( an ) = f ( L)
f is continuous at x if for any > 0 there exists The set of reals R is the completion of the set
some > 0 so that if z - x < , then f ( z) - f ( x ) < of i n tegers Q. Or R = {sup A | A ⊆ Q}

Let sn = f ( n). If lim f ( x) = L, then lim sn = L Let {sn } be a sequence. lim sn = ∞ if :

x →∞
 1 ∀M∃n0 ∀n ≥ n0 [sn ≥ M ]
Let sn = f   . If lim+ f ( x ) = L, then l i msn = L
 n x →0 limsn = − ∞if :
The sequence {sn } is: ∀M∃n0 ∀n ≥ n0 [sn ≤ M ]
increa sing if for all n, sn ≤ sn+1 Suppose {sn } is monotonic. Then Re cursively Defined Sequence is
strictly increasin g if for all n, sn < sn+1 {sn } converges iff it is bounded. defined in terms of sn for each n.
decreasin g if for all n, sn ≥ sn +1 The sequence {sn } is a Cauchy sequence f is continuous and x ≥ a
strictly decreasin g if for all n, sn > sn+1 if for every > 0, there is some n such ∞
0 If ∫ f ( x) dx converges
monotonic if any of the above are true
that sm - sn < for all m, n ≤ n 0 a
∞
Cauchy sequences are bounded and converge then ∫ f (x )dx converges
∞ n a

∫ f ( x )dx = limsn = lim ∫ f ( x )dx Geometric Series : a and r are real ∞

If lim a i ≠ 0, then∑ a i is divergent
n →∞ ∞

∑ a ⋅ r , with r being the ratio

a a
i
i=1
i =0
Page 2
Math Reference Sequences & Series James Lamberg
Comparison Test Given a sequence { An } we form {Sn } by :
0 ≤ f ( x ) ≤ g( x ), x ≥ a n

∞ ∞ Sn = ∑ ai
i)If ∫ f (x )dx converges, then ∫ g( x )dx converges i=1

a a i) If {Sn } converges, we say the i n finite series :

∞ ∞
∫ f ( x )dx ≤ ∫ g( x )dx n n
and
a a
∑ a converges to ∑ a = limS , the value of the series
i i n
i=1 i=1
∞ ∞
ii)If ∫ f ( x )dx diverges, then ∫ g( x )dx diverges ii) If {Sn } diverges, we say the i n finite series :
a a n

∞ ∑ a diverges also.
i
i) Suppose ∑ a is convergent, for c ∈ R,
i
i=1
n
∑a
i=1
iii) If l i mSn = ∞ we say : = ∞ and
∞ ∞  i

∑ i ∑ ai 
c ⋅ a = c i=1

i=1 i=1 the series diverges to inf inity.

∞ ∞ n
ii) If ∑a i is convergent, and ∑ bi is convergent iv) If lim Sn = ∞ we say : ∑ a = − ∞and
i
i=1 i=1 i=1
∞ the series diverges to min us i n finity.
then ∑( ai + bi ) is convergent a n d :
i=1 i) If r< 1 then the geometric series
∞ ∞ ∞
∑ (a + b ) = ∑ a + ∑ b
∞

∑a ⋅ r i a
i i i i converges to
i=1 i=1 i=1
i= 0 1-r
Integral Test ii) If r≥ 1 and a ≠ 0 then
f is continuous and decrea sing on the i n terval [1, ∞) ∞

and f ( x ) ≥ 0 for x ≥ 1 ∑a ⋅ r i
diverges
i= 0
∞ ∞
For all n, 0 < a n
∑ f (n ) converges iff ∫ f ( n) converges. Ratio Test
∞
= L < 1 then ∑a n converges
n =1 1 a n+1
∞ ∞
If lim
∑ an is absolutely convergent if ∫ x1 dx converges if p > 1 an n=1
p ∞
= L > 1 or → ∞then ∑ a n diverges
n=1 1 a n+1
If lim
∞ and diverges if p ≤ 1 an
∑a is convergent ∞
n=1

For all n, 0 < a n

n
n=1
∞
∑ x1 p
converges if p > 1
Root Test
∞
So ∑ an is convergent If lim(a n ) n = L < 1 then ∑ a n converges
n=1 1

n=1
and diverges if p ≤ 1 n=1
∞
Comparison Test 0 ≤ an ≤ bn If lim(a n ) = L > 1 or → ∞ then ∑ a n diverges
1
n
{an } and {bn } are sequences n=1

∞ ∞ n − th term test for divergence

If ∑ bn converges then ∑ an converges ∞
n =1 n =1 If l i man ≠ 0, then ∑ an is divergent
∞ ∞
If ∑ an diverges then ∑ bn diverges
n =1

n =1 n =1

Page 3
Math Reference Sequences & Series James Lamberg
Limit - Comparison Test Alternating - Series Test The int erval of convergence
For all n, 0< an and 0 < bn For all n, an > 0 ∞
of the power series ∑a x n

{an } is a strictly decreasin g sequence

n
a
If lim n = L > 0, L ∈ ℜ n= 0
bn an → 0 is the set
∞ ∞
 
∑a converges then ∑ bn converges Then ∑ (−1) n+1 a is convergent
∞ ∞
n  x : ∑ an x n is convergent at x
n =1 n =1
n  n =0 
n =1
a
If lim n = 0 ∞
bn The power series ∑a x n
n
converges at the Differentiation and
∞ ∞ n= 0

∑b n converges then ∑ an converges ∞

real number x1 if ∑ an x1 converges and
n
Integration of power
n =1 n =1 series can be done
n= 0
an term by term
If lim →∞ ∞
bn diverges at x1 if ∑ an x1 n diverges
∞ ∞ n= 0

∑b diverges then ∑ an diverges ∞

∑a x
n n
n =1 n =1 If the power series n is :
∞ n =0

For a given power series ∑a x n

n
convergent only at x = 0 ,then the
, one of
n =0
radius of convergence is 0
the following is true :
Absolutely convergent at all x, then the
The power series converges only at x = 0
radius of convergence is ∞
The power series absolutely converges at all x
Converges absolutely at all x such that
There is a number r > 0 such that the power
x < r and diverges at all x such that x > r,
series converges absolutely at all x such that
then the radius of convergence is r
x < r and diverges at all x such that x > r
Abel' s Theorem Suppose that r > 0, and If f ( x ) = a0 + a1 x + ...+ an x n + ... for x < r
∞ ∞ xn
Suppose f ( x ) = ∑ an x f ( x ) = ∑ an x for x < r f ( x ) = f (0) + f ' (0) x + f ( n ) (0) + ...
n n
n!
n= 0 n= 0
Taylor's Theorem
for x < 1 f ( n ) (0)
Then for all n ≥ 0, an = Assume that f has continous derivatives
∞ n!
If ∑ an converges, then of order n +1 on [0 , x], then
n= 0
x

∫ f ( ) (t)( x − t )
1
R n ( x) =
∞ n +1 n
lim f ( x ) = ∑ an
dt
x →-1
n! 0
n= 0

Page 4
 Math Reference SAT IIC James Lamberg
Repeated Percent Increase Percent Change log b ( xy) = log b ( x ) + log b ( y )
30-60-90 Triangle
Final Amount = Original ⋅ (1+ rate ) Change x  
# changes
= x
Original 100 log b  y  = log b ( x ) − log b ( y )
1: 3 : 2
Repeated Percent Decrease 45-45-90 Triangle
Final Amount = Original ⋅ (1− rate) #changes log b ( x ) = n logb ( x )
n
1:1: 2
distance = rate ⋅ time
ln n = x ( x + y )2 = x 2 + 2xy + y 2 y = ax 2 + bx + c
Area of Square
TotalDistan ce
log e n = x ( x − y ) 2 = x 2 − 2xy + y 2 AverageSpeed = d2
= =
2
−b ± b − 4ac A s or A
2
TotalTime
x= 2
ex = n ( x + y )( x − y ) = x 2 − y 2 2a Triagle Area Domain : x − values
TriangleInternalAngles = 180°
A = bh
1 Range : y − values
Freds Theorem 2 Roots : f ( x ) = 0
2 II lines intersected make only 2 unique angles Equilateral Triagle Area
log b n = x
3rd triangle side between sum and difference of other two s2 3
A= bx = n
a2 + b2 = c 2 4
Sum Internal Polygon w/ n Sides Rect Solid Surface Area i1 = i Parabola y = a( x − h) 2 + k
SumAngles = ( n − 2)180° i 2 = −1
SA = 2lw + 2wh + 2lh Circle r 2 = ( x − h) + ( y − k )
2 2

y = mx + b i 3 = −i
Long Diagonal ( x − h ) + (y − k )
2 2

y − y1 = m( x − x1 ) a2 + b2 + c 2 = d 2 i =1
4 Ellipse 1=
a2 b2
d = ( x2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y 2 − y1 )2 Area of Trapezoid deg rees radians
= Hyperbola 1 =
(x − h )2 − ( y − k ) 2
 b1 + b2  360 2π a2 b2
 x 2 + x1 y 2 + y1 
midpt =  ,  A =  h
 2 2  2  Work Done=rate of work ⋅ time Arithmetic Series
Polar x-axis symmetry
opp adj opp sin an = a1 + ( n − 1)d
sin = =
hyp
cos=
hyp
t a n=
adj cos x = r cos y = r sin ∃ f ( x ) and − f ( x) ∀x
Arithmetic Sum
1 1 1 r 2
= x 2
+ y 2
Infinite Geometric a +a 
csc = sec = cot = Sum = n 1 n 
sin cos cos x a1  2 
tan = Sum = ,−1< r < 1
sin x + cos x = 1
2 2
y 1− r
sin sin sin Even : f ( x ) = f (−x ), y − axis Contrapositive
= =
a b c Odd : − f ( x ) = f (−x ),origin A → B ∴ ~ B →~ A
c = a + b − 2abcos
2 2 2
Geometric Series
Probabilty of Multiple Events
an = a1 r( n−1)
∑ ( xi − )
2
P( x n ) = P ( x1 ) ⋅ P ( x 2 ) ⋅ P ( x 3 ) ⋅ P ( x 4 )...
Standard Deviation = = Geometric Sum
N Group Problem
Total = Group1 + Group2 + Neither − Both Sum = a1 (1− r )
n
Find the mean of the set
Find difference between each value and mean 1− r
M e a n : Average of set elements
Square differences Cube V = s SA = 6s23
Median : Middle Value
Average results M o d e : Most Often LongDiagonal = s 3
Square root the average Cylinder V = πr2 h
Range : Highest- Lowest
Number of outcomes that are x
Probability( x) = SA = 2πr 2 + 2πrh
Total possible outcomes Page 1