f g0 = f g − f 0 g and

R R R R
Integration by parts: udv = uv − vdu.

1
sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 sin x cos x = 2 sin 2x.
1
sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x sin2 x = 2 − 21 cos 2x
1
cos 2x = 2 cos2 x − 1 cos2 x = 2 + 12 cos 2x
1 1
sin A sin B = 2 cos(A − B) − 2 cos(A + B)
1 1
cos A cos B = 2 cos(A − B) + 2 cos(A + B)
1 1
sin A cos B = 2 sin(A − B) + 2 sin(A + B)

Table 1: Trig formulae for Section 7.2

Expression Substitution dx/dθ Trig identity

√
a2 − x2 x = a sin θ a cos θ 1 − sin2 θ = cos2 θ
√
a2 + x2 x = a tan θ a sec2 θ 1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ
√
x2 − a2 x = a sec θ a sec θ tan θ sec2 θ − 1 = tan2 θ

Table 2: Trig substitutions for Section 7.3

sec2 x dx = tan x + C
R R
sec x dx = ln | sec x + tan x| + C
R R
tan x dx = ln | sec x| + C sec x tan x dx = sec x + C
tan2 x dx = tan x − x + C
R R
cot x dx = ln | sin x| + C

Table 3: Antiderivatives used in Section 7.3

Approximation methods Tn , Mn , Sn for f (x) on [a, b] with n subintervals.

∆x
Trapezoidal rule Tn = 2 [f (x0 ) + 2f (x1 ) + · · · + 2f (xn−1 ) + f (xn )].
xi−1 +xi
Midpoint rule Mn = ∆x[f (x̄1 ) + f (x̄2 ) + · · · + f (x̄n )] where x̄i = 2 .
K(b − a)3 K(b − a)3
|ET | ≤ and |EM | ≤ where K ≥ max |f 00 (x)|.
12n2 24n2 a≤x≤b
∆x
Simpson’s rule Sn = 3 [f (x0 ) + 4f (x1 ) + 2f (x2 ) + 4f (x3 ) + · · · + 2f (xn−2 ) + 4f (xn−1 ) + f (xn )].
K(b − a)5
|ES | ≤ where K ≥ max |f 0000 (x)|.
180n4 a≤x≤b