Formula Sheet:

Quotient Identities Reciprocal Identities

sin x 1
tan x= csc x=
cos x sin x

cos x 1
cot x= sec x=
sin x cos x
1
cot x=
tan x
Pythagorean Identities Even-Odd Identities
2 2
sin x +cos x=1 sin (−x )=−sin x
2
tan x +1=sec x
2 csc (−x )=−csc x
2
cot x +1=csc x
2 cos (−x )=cos x
sec (−x )=sec x
tan (−x )=−tan x
cot (−x )=−cot x
Sum and Difference Formulas Double-Angle Formulas
cos ( α±β )=cos α cos β∓sin α sin β sin ( 2 x )=2sin x cos x
2 2
sin ( α±β )=sin α cos β±sin β cos α cos ( 2 x )=cos x −sin x
tan α±tan β cos ( 2 x )=1−2 sin x
2
tan ( α±β )=
1∓tan α tan β 2
cos ( 2 x )=2 cos x−1
2 tan x
tan ( 2 x )=
1−tan 2 x
Half-Angle Formulas Product-to-Sum Formulas
x 1−cos x 1
sin() √ 2
=±
2
sin α sin β=
2
[ cos ( α−β )−cos ( α+ β ) ]
1
x 1+cos x cos α cos β= [ cos ( α −β ) +cos ( α + β ) ]
cos ( )=±
2 √ 2 1
2

x 1−cos x sin α cos β = [sin ( α + β )+ sin ( α −β ) ]

tan ( )=±
2 √ 1+cos x 2
Sum-to-Product Formulas Vector Formulas
α+ β α−β |z|= √ x 2 + y 2
( ) ( )
sin α + sin β =2sin
2
cos
2 Magnitude :
v
α −β α +β u=
sin α −sin β=2 sin (
2 ) ( 2 )
cos Unit Vector: ‖v‖
Dot Product:
æ a + b ö æa - b ö
cos a + cos b =2 cos ç cos
è 2 ÷ ø ç è 2 ÷
ø u . v=|u||v|cos θ

α+ β α−β Cross Product:

cos α −cos β=−2 sin ( ) (
2
sin
2 ) |u × v|=|u||v|sin θ
Differentiation Formulas Complex Numbers Formulas
De Moivre’s Theorem:
d n
( x )=n. x n−1
dx z n=r n [ cos ( nθ )+ j sin ( nθ ) ]

d
( c )=0
dx

d
( sin x )=cos x
dx

d
( cos x )=−sin x
dx

d
( tan x )=sec 2 x
dx

d x
( e ) =e x
dx

d 1
( ln x )=
dx x

d x
( a )=ax ln a
dx
Numerical Solution Formulas
Newton-Raphson
f (r1)
r 2 =r 1 −
f ' (r1 )