Appendix A Mathematical formulae (1/5)

APPENDIX A MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE

Version 3.1. Jan 99. A.5. corrected equation for trapezium inertia.
Version 3.2. May 2000. A.5. corrected equation for trapezium inertia.

A.1 Trigonometric functions

eix e ix eix + e ix
sin x = cos x =
2i 2
sin ( A B ) = sin A cos B cos A sin B cos( A B ) = cos A cos B sin A sin B
tan A tan B
tan ( A B ) =
1 tan A tan B A+ B AB
sin A sin B = 2 cos sin
A+B AB 2 2
sin A + sin B = 2 sin cos
2 2 A+ B AB
cos A cos B = 2 sin sin
A+B AB 2 2
cos A + cos B = 2 cos cos
cos A cos B = [cos( A + B ) + cos( A B )]
2 2 1

sin A sin B = [cos( A B ) cos( A + B )]

1 2
2
sin A cos B = [sin ( A + B ) + sin ( A B )] [1 + cos 2 x]
1 1
cos 2 x =
2 2
sin 2 x = [1 cos 2 x] cos3 x = [3 cos x + cos 3x ]
1 1
2 4
sin 3 x = [3 sin x sin 3x]
1
4

A.2 Hyperbolic functions

e x + e x ex ex
cosh x = sinh x =
2 2
cosh ix = cos x cos ix = cosh x
sinh ix = i sin x sin ix = i sinh x
cosh 2 x sinh 2 x = 1
cosh ( x y ) = cosh x cosh y sinh x sinh y
sinh (x y ) = sinh x cosh y cosh x sinh y
cosh ( x iy ) = cosh x cos y i sinh x sin y
sinh (x iy ) = sinh x cos y i cosh x sin y

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 Appendix A Mathematical formulae (2/5)

A.3 Standard indefinite integral

Integrand Integral Integrand Integral

sin x -cos x sinh x cosh x
cos x sin x cosh x sinh x
tan x -ln (cos x ) tanh x ln (cosh x )
cosec x ln(tan x / 2) cosech x ln (tanh x / 2)
sec x ln (tan x + sec x ) sech x 2 tan-1(ex)
cot x ln (sin x ) coth x ln (sinh x )
sec2 x tan x sech2 x tanh x
tan x sec x sec x tanh x sech x -sech x
cot x cosec x -cosec x coth x cosech x -cosech x
1 x x
sin 1 or cos 1
a x2 2
a a
1 x
sinh 1 or
a
(
ln x + x 2 + a 2 )
x +a2 2

1 x
cosh 1 or
a
(
ln x + x 2 a 2 )
x a2 2

1 1 x
tan 1
x + a2
2
a a

A.4 Standard substitutions for integration

If the integrand is a function of : Substitute:

(a 2
x2 ) or a2 x2 x = a sin or x = a cos
(a 2
+ x2 ) or a2 + x2 x = a tan or x = a sinh
(x 2
a2 ) or x2 a2 x = a sec or x = a cosh

or of the form:

{(a x + b) px+q }
1
p x + q = u2

{(a x + b) p x2 + q x + r }
1
ax+b=
1
u

or a rational function of:

x
sin x and / or cos x t = tan
2
2t 1 t2 2 dt
whence sin x = cos x = dx =
1 + t2 1 + t2 1 + t2

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 Appendix A Mathematical formulae (3/5)

A.5 Geometric properties of plane sections

Position of
section Area Moments of inertia Section Moduli
centroid
I xx = bh 3 / 36 Z xx
Triangle

bh h I yy = hb / 483
base = bh 2 / 12
A= ex =
2 3 I aa = bh 3 / 4 apex = bh 2 / 24

I bb = bh 3 / 12 Z yy = bh 2 / 24

I xx = bd 3 / 12
Rectangle

h Z xx = bd 2 / 6
A = bd ex = I yy = db 3 / 12
2 Z yy = db 2 / 6
I bb = bd / 3 3
Rectangle

bd b3 d 3 b2d 2
A = bd ex = I xx = Z xx =
b2 + d 2 (
6 b2 + d 2 ) 6 b2 + d 2

I xx = Z xx =
Rectangle

ex =
A = bd b sin + d cos
(
bd b 2 sin 2 + d 2 cos 2 ) b 2 sin 2 +
bd
d 2 cos 2
2
12
6(b sin + d cos )

s I xx = I yy = s 4 / 12 s3
ex = Z xx = Z yy =
Square

2 6
A = s2 I bb = s 4 / 3
ev =
s s3
I vv = s 4 / 12 Z vv =
2 6 2

I xx =
(
d 3 a 2 + 4ab + b 2 ) Z xx =
I xx
Trapezium

d (a + b ) d (2a + b )
36(a + b) d ex
A= ex1 = I yy =
3(a + b )
2 (two values)
(
d a + a b + ab + b
3 2 2 3
) Z yy =
2 I yy
48 b

bd 3 bd 2
I xx = Z xx =
Diamond

bd d 48 24
A= ex =
2 2 db3 db 2
I yy = Z yy =
48 24

ex = 0.866s Z xx = 0.1203d 3
Hexagon

I xx = I yy = I vv
A = 0.866d 2
Z yy = Z vv
d
= = 0.0601d 4
2 = 0.1042d 3

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 Appendix A Mathematical formulae (4/5)

Geometric properties of plane sections (cont.)

Position of
Section Area Moments of inertia Section Moduli
centroid

Z xx = Z yy
A = 0.8284d 2
Octagon

d I xx = I yy = I vv
ex =
s = 0.4142d 2 = 0.1095d 3
ev = 0.541d = 0.0547d 4
Z vv = 0.1011d 3

n s 2 cot
A= e = r or R I1 = I 2
4
( )
Polygon

A 6R2 s2
A = n r 2 tan depending on = I
24 Z=
n R sin 2
( )
2
the axis and e
A= A 12r 2 + s 2
2 value of n =
48

A = r2 d4 d3
I = Z=
Circle

d
A = 0.7854d 2 e =r= 64 32
2
I = 0.7854r 2 Z = 0.7854r 3

Z xx =
Semi-Circle

I xx = 0.1098r 4
base = 0.2587r 3
A = 1.5708r 2 ex = 0.424r
I yy = 0.3927r 4 crown = 0.1907 r 3
Z yy = 0.3927 r 3

r4 Z xx
I xx = sin 2
3 16 90 base = I xx / eI
A= c
e0 =
Segment

20r 4 (1 cos )3
r2 12 A I xx
sin 180 sin crown =
2 180 b eI
ex = e0 r cos
r4

2 I yy = 30 2 I yy

48 Z vv =
8 sin + sin 2 c
360 2 4r 4 Z xx
I xx = I o sin I xx
2 c 2 9 centre =
ex = r ex
Sector

A= r2 3 a r4
=

sin
360 I yy
8 180 crown =
I xx
r 2c r ex
ex =
3A r4
I0 = + sin Z yy =
2 I yy
8 180 c
MinimumValues
I xx = I yy = 0.0549r 4
ex = 0.424r Z xx = Z yy = 0.0953r 3
Quadrant

r2 I bb = 0.1963r 4
A= ev = 0.6r Z uu = 0.1009r 3
4 I uu = 0.0714r 4
eu = 0.707 r Z vv = 0.064r 3
I vv = 0.0384r 4

ex = 0.777r
Complement

MinimumValues
ev = 1.098r I xx = I yy = 0.0076r 4
Z xx = Z yy = 0.0097r 3
A = 0.2146r 2 eu = 0.707 r I uu = 0.012r 4
Z uu = 0.017 r 3
e = 0.316r
I vv = 0.0031r 4
Z vv = 0.0079r 3
eb = 0.391r

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 Mass Stress
1 kg = 2.205 lb 1 lb = 0.4536 kg 1 N/mm2 = 145.0 lbf/in2 1 lbf/in2 = 0.006895 N/mm2
1 tonne = 0.9842 ton 1 ton = 1.016 tonne 1 N/m2 = 0.102 kgf/m2 1 kgf/m2 = 9.807 N/m2
1 kgf/m2 = 0.2048 lbf/ft2 1 lbf/ft2 = 4.882 kgf/m2
Length

Ver 3.2 / May 2000

1 N/m2 = 0.02089 lbf/ft2 1 lbf/ft2 = 47.88 N/m2
1 mm = 0.03937 in 1 in = 25.40 mm 1 kN/m2 = 0.009324 tonf/ft2 1 tonf/ft2 = 107.3 kN/m2
1m = 3.281 ft 1 ft = 0.3048 m 1 N/mm2 = 0.06475 tonf/in2 1 tonf/in2 = 15.44 N/mm2
1m = 1.094 yd 1 yd = 0.9144 m
A.6 Conversion Factors

Area Strip Loading

2 2 2
1 mm2 = 0.00155 in 1 in = 645.2 mm 1 N/m = 0.102 kgf/m 1 kgf/m = 9.807 N/m
1 m2 = 10.76 ft2 1 ft2 = 0.09290 m2 1 kgf/m = 0.6720 lbf/ft 1 lbf/ft = 1.488 kgf/m
1 m2 = 1.196 yd2 1 yd2 = 0.8361 m2 1 kN/m = 68.53 lbf/ft 1 lbf/ft = 0.0146 kN/m
Volume 1 kN/m = 0.03059 tonf/ft 1 tonf/ft = 32.69 kN/m
Imperial : Metric conversion factors

1 mm3 = 0.000061 in3 1 in3 = 16390 mm3 Moment

1 m3 = 35.32 ft3 1 ft3 = 0.02832 m3

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1 Nm = 0.102 kgf.m 1 kgf.m = 9.807 Nm
1 m3 = 1.308 yd3 1 yd3 = 0.7646 m3
1 kgf.m = 86.80 lbf.in 1 lbf.in = 0.01152 kgf.m
Density 1 Nm = 8.851 lbf.in 1 lbf.in = 0.1130 Nm
1 Nm = 0.7376 lbf.ft 1 lbf.in = 1.356 Nm

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1 kNm = 3.951 tonf.in 1 tonf.in = 0.2531 kNm
1 kg/m3 = 0.06242 lb/ft3 1 lb/ft3 = 16.02 kg/m3
1 tonne/m3 = 0.7524 ton/yd3 1 ton/yd3 = 1.329 tonne/m3 Modulus of Elasticity

Force 1 N/mm2 = 145.00 lbf/in2 1 lbf/in2 = 6.895 x 10-3 N/mm2

1N = 0.102 kgf 1 kgf = 9.807 N Section Modulus

1N = 0.2248 lbf 1 lbf = 4.448 N
1 mm3 = 61.01 x 10-6 in3 1 in3 = 16390 mm3
1 kN = 0.1004 tonf 1 tonf = 9.964 kN
Second Moment of Area
Appendix A Mathematical formulae (5/5)

1 mm4 = 2.403 x 10-6 in4 1 in4 = 416200 mm4