INSTITUT NATIONAL POLYTECHNIQUE DE TOULOUSE

MATHS Rappels
Formulaire

Jean-Pierre Bourgade
Pascal Floquet Année Probatoire A Distance Septembre 2012
Xuân Meyer
II.1 Fonctions trigonométriques 1

II.1 Fonctions trigonométriques

sinus cosinus tangente

sin(π/2) =√1 cos(π/2) = 0 tan(π/2) = √∞
sin(π/3) = √3/2 cos(π/3) =√1/2 tan(π/3) = 3
sin(π/4) = 2/2 cos(π/4) = √2/2 tan(π/4) =
√1
sin(π/6) = 1/2 cos(π/6) = 3/2 tan(π/6) = 3/3
sin(−a) = − sin(a) cos(−a) = cos(a) tan(−a) = − tan(a)
sin(π − a) = sin(a) cos(π − a) = − cos(a) tan(π − a) = − tan(a)
sin(π + a) = − sin(a) cos(π + a) = − cos(a) tan(π + a) = tan(a)
sin(π/2 − a) = cos(a) cos(π/2 − a) = sin(a) tan(π/2 − a) = 1/ tan(a)
sin(π/2 + a) = − cos(a) cos(π/2 + a) = − sin(a) tan(π/2 + a) = −1/ tan(a)

Formules d’addition Relations usuelles :

sin2 (x) + cos2 (x) = 1
sin(a + b) = sin(a) cos(b) + sin(b) cos(a)
1 − cos(2x) tan2 (x)
cos(a + b) = cos(a) cos(b) − sin(a) sin(b) sin2 (x) = =
2 1 + tan2 (x)
tan(a) + tan(b)
tan(a + b) = 1 + cos(2x) 1
1 − tan(a) tan(b) cos2 (x) = =
2 1 + tan2 (x)
sin(a − b) = sin(a) cos(b) − sin(b) cos(a)
cos(a − b) = (cos(a) cos(b) + sin(a) sin(b) transformation : t = tan( a2 )
tan(a) − tan(b) 2t
tan(a − b) = sin(a) =
1 + tan(a) tan(b) 1 + t2
sin(2a) = 2 sin(a) cos(a) 1 − t2
cos(2a) = cos2 (a) − sin2 (a) cos(a) =
1 + t2
2 tan(a) 2t
tan(2a) = tan(a) =
1 − tan2 (a) 1 − t2
transformation somme-produit : Transformation produit-somme :

cos(a − b) − cos(a + b)
a+b a−b sin(a) sin(b) =
sin(a) + sin(b) = 2 sin( ) cos( ) 2
2 2
cos(a − b) + cos(a + b)
a+b a−b cos(a) cos(b) =
cos(a) + cos(b) = 2 cos( ) cos( ) 2
2 2
sin(a + b) + sin(a − b)
sin((a + b) sin(a) cos(b) =
tan(a) + tan(b) = 2
cos(a) cos(b)
a+b a−b
sin(a) − sin(b) = 2 cos( ) sin( )
2 2
a+b a−b
cos(a) − cos(b) = −2 sin( ) sin( )
2 2
sin(a − b)
tan(a) − tan(b) =
cos(a) cos(b)

Maths Rappels
II.2 Fonctions hyperboliques 2

II.2 Fonctions hyperboliques

Définitions
ex + e−x
cosh(x) =
2
ex − e−x
sinh(x) =
2
sinh(x) ex − e−x e2x − 1
tanh(x) = = x = 2x
cosh(x) e +e −x e +1
cosh(x) + sinh(x) = ex
cosh(x) − sinh(x) = e−x

Formules d’addition transformation : t = tanh( a2 )

cosh(a + b) = cosh(a) cosh(b) + sinh(b) sinh(a) 2t
sinh(a + b) = sinh(a) cosh(b) + sinh(b) cosh(a) sinh(a) =
1 − t2
tanh(a) + tanh(b)
tanh(a + b) = 1 + t2
1 + tanh(a) tanh(b) cosh(a) =
1 − t2
cosh(a − b) = cosh(a) cosh(b) − sinh(a) sinh(b)
2t
sinh(a − b) = (sinh(a) cosh(b) − cosh(a) sinh(b) tanh(a) =
1 + t2
tanh(a) − tanh(b)
tanh(a − b) =
1 − tanh(a) tanh(b)
2 tanh a
sinh(2a) = 2 sinh(a) cosh(a) =
1 − tanh2 a
1 + tanh2 (a)
cosh(2a) = cosh2 (a) + sinh2 (a) = 2 cosh2 a − 1 = 2 sinh2 a + 1 =
1 − tanh2 (a)
2 tanh(a)
tanh(2a) =
1 + tanh2 (a)

Relations usuelles : transformation somme-produit :

cosh(−x) = cosh(x)
sinh(−x) = − sinh(x) a+b a−b
sinh(a) + sinh(b) = 2 sinh( ) cosh( )
tanh(−x) = − tanh(x) 2 2
coth(−x) = − coth(x) a+b a−b
cosh2 (x) − sinh2 (x) = 1 cosh(a) + cosh(b) = 2 cosh( ) cosh( )
2 2
tanh2 (x) sinh(a + b)
sinh2 (x) = tanh(a) + tanh(b) =
1 − tanh2 (x) cosh(a) cosh(b)
1 a+b a−b
cosh2 (x) = sinh(a) − sinh(b) = 2 cosh( ) sinh( )
1 − tanh2 (x) 2 2
x cosh(x) + 1 a+b a−b
cosh2 ( ) = cosh(a) − cosh(b) = 2 sinh( ) sinh( )
2 2 2 2
x cosh(x) − 1 sinh(a − b)
sinh2 ( ) = tanh(a) − tanh(b) =
2 2 cosh(a) cosh(b)
s
x sinh(x) cosh(x) − 1 cosh(x) − 1
tanh( ) = = =±
2 cosh(x) + 1 sinh(x) cosh(x) + 1

Maths Rappels
II.3 Développements limités 3

II.3 Développements limités

Table II.1: Développement limités de fonctions usuelles

f onction Développement limité d’ordre n au voisinage de 0

x x2 xn
ex ex = 1 + + + ··· + + xn ǫ(x)
1! 2! n!
x3 x5 x2p+1
sin(x) sin(x) = x − + + · · · + (−1)p + x2p+2 ǫ(x)
3! 5! (2p + 1)!
x2 x4 x2p
cos(x) cos(x) = 1 − + + · · · + (−1)p + x2p+1 ǫ(x)
2! 4! (2p)!
x3 x5 x7
tan(x) tan(x) = x + + 2 + 17 + x8 ǫ(x)
3 15 315
x3 x5 x2p+1
sh(x) sh(x) = x + + + ··· + + x2p+2 ǫ(x)
3! 5! (2p + 1)!
x2 x4 x2p
ch(x) ch(x) = 1 + + + ··· + + x2p+1 ǫ(x)
2! 4! (2p)!
x3 x5 x7
th(x) th(x) = x − + 2 − 17 + x8 ǫ(x)
3 15 315
1 1
= 1 − x + x2 + · · · + (−1)n xn + +xn ǫ(x)
1+x 1+x
1 1
= 1 + x + x2 + · · · + xn + +xn ǫ(x)
1−x 1−x
1 1
= 1 − 2x + 3x2 + · · · + (−1)n (n + 1)xn + xn ǫ(x)
(1 + x)2 (1 + x)2
√ √ x x2 1.3.5 · · · (2n − 3) n
1+x 1+x=1+ − + · · · + (−1)n+1 x + xn ǫ(x)
2 2.4 2.4 · · · (2n)
1 1 x 1.3 2 1.3.5 · · · (2n − 1) n
√ √ =1− + x + · · · + (−1)n+1 x + xn ǫ(x)
1+x 1+x 2 2.4 2.4 · · · (2n)
α α(α − 1) 2 α(α − 1) · · · (α − n + 1) n
(1 + x)α , α ∈ Q (1 + x)α = 1 + x+ x + ··· + x + xn ǫ(x)
1! 2! n!
x2 xn
ln(1 + x) ln(1 + x) = x − + · · · + (−1)n+1 + xn ǫ(x)
2 n
1 3 1.3.5 · · · (2p − 1)
arcsin(x) arcsin((x) = x + x + ··· + x2p+1 + x2p+2 ǫ(x)
2.3 2.4.6 · · · (2p)(2p + 1)
1 3 1.3.5 · · · (2p − 1)
Argsh(x) Argsh(x) = x − x + · · · + (−1)p x2p+1 + x2p+2 ǫ(x)
2.3 2.4.6 · · · (2p)(2p + 1)
x3 x5 x2p+1
arctan(x) Arctan(x) = x − + + · · · + (−1)p + x2p+2 ǫ(x)
3 5 2p + 1
x3 x5 x2p+1
Argth(x) Argth(x) = x + + + ··· + + x2p+2 ǫ(x)
3 5 2p + 1
x3 x5 x2p+1
 
1+x 1+x
ln( ) ln( )=2 x+ + + ··· + + x2p+2 ǫ(x)
1−x 1−x 3 5 2p + 1

Maths Rappels
II.4 Dérivation-intégration 4

II.4 Dérivation-intégration

Table II.2: Dérivées et primitives de fonctions usuelles

f onction Dérivée P rimitive Conditions

a 0 ax
xα+1
xα αxα−1 α 6= −1, x > 0
α+1
1 1
− ln(x) x 6= 0
x x2
1 2x 1 x
− Arctan a 6= 0
a2 + x2 (a2 + x 2 )2 a a
 
1 2x 1 a + x
ln   a 6= 0, x 6= ±a
a2 − x2 (a2 − x 2 )2 2a a − x
 
1 2x 1 x − a
− ln   a 6= 0, x 6= ±a
x 2 − a2 (x2 − a2 )2 2a  x + a 
√ x x√ 2 a2 √
x 2 + a2 √ x + a2 + ln(x + x2 + a2 ) a 6= 0
x + a2
2 2 2

√ x x√ 2 a2  √ 
x 2 − a2 √ x − a2 − ln x + x2 − a2  a 6= 0, |x| > |a|
x − a2
2 2 2

√ x x√ 2 a2 x
a2 − x 2 −√ a − x2 + arcsin( ) a > 0, |x| < a
a − x2
2 2 2 a
1 x √
√ −p ln(x + x2 + a2 ) a 6= 0
x 2 + a2 (x2 + a2 )3
1 x  √ 
√ −p ln x + x2 − a2  a 6= 0, |x| > |a|
x 2 − a2 (x2 − a2 )3
1 x x
√ p arcsin( ) a 6= 0, |x| < a
a2 − x 2 (a2 − x2 )3 a
ex ex ex
ax
ax ax ln(a) a > 0, a 6= 1
ln(a)
1
ln(x) x ln(x) − x x>0
x
1
loga (x) x(loga (x) − loga (e)) a > 0, a 6= 1, x > 0
x ln(a)
sin(x) cos(x) − cos(x)
cos(x) − sin(x) sin(x)
1 π
tan(x) 1 + tan2 (x) = − ln |cos(x)| x 6= + kπ, k ∈ Z
cos2 (x) 2
1
cotan(x) −(1 + cotan2 (x)) = − ln |sin(x)| x 6= kπ, k ∈ Z
sin2 (x)
1 cos(x)  
− ln tan( x2 ) x 6= kπ, k ∈ Z
sin(x) sin2 (x)
1 sin(x)  
ln tan( x2 + π4 ) x 6= π
2 + kπ, k ∈ Z
cos(x) cos2 (x)

Maths Rappels
II.5 Binôme de newton 5

f onction Dérivée P rimitive Conditions

1 π
−2 tan(x)(1 + tan2 (x)) tan(x) x 6= 2 + kπ, k ∈ Z
cos2 (x)
1 √
arcsin((x) √ x arcsin(x) + 1 − x2 |x| < 1
1 − x2
−1 √
arccos(x) √ x arccos(x) − 1 − x2 |x| < 1
1 − x2
1 √
arctan(x) x arctan(x) − ln( 1 + x2 )
1 + x2
−1 √
arccotan(x) xarccotan(x) + ln( 1 + x2 )
1 + x2
sh(x) ch(x) ch(x)
ch(x) sh(x) sh(x)
1
th(x) 1 − th2 (x) = ln(ch(x))
ch2 (x)
1
coth(x) 1 − coth2 (x) = − ln |sh(x)| x 6= 0
sh2 (x)
1 th(x)
−2 th(x)
ch2 (x) ch2 (x)
1 √
Argsh(x) √ xArgsh(x) − 1 + x2 1
1 + x2
1 √
Argch(x) √ xArgch(x) − x2 − 1 x>1
x2 − 1
1 √
Argth(x) xArgth(x) + ln( 1 − x2 ) |x| < 1
1 − x2
1 √
Argcoth(x) xArgcoth(x) + ln( x2 − 1) |x| > 1
1 − x2

II.5 Binôme de newton

Le binôme de Newton est une formule mathématique donnée par Isaac Newton pour le développement
d’une puissance entière quelconque d’un binôme.
n
X
(x + y)n = Cnk xn−k y k
k=0

où les nombres :
n!
Cnk =
k!(n − k)!
sont appelés coefficients binomiaux.
k+1
Cn+1 = Cnk + Cnk+1

Cnk = Cn−k
k

n k−1
Cnk = C
k n−1

Maths Rappels