Week 9 – Trigonometric waveforms, trigonometric identities, and

compound angle

Solution to questions in Tutorial 09

Q.1. Prove the following identities:

1 − cos 2 θ   3π  sin 2 x 1
 cos 2 θ =  tan θ cos  + φ=
 sin φ = tan 2 x
(a)   (b)  2  (c) 1 + cos 2x 2

1 − cos 2 θ   sin 2 θ  2 2
(a) L.H.S. =  cos 2 θ  =  cos 2 θ  since cos θ + sin θ =1
   

sin θ
= = tan θ = R.H.S.
cos θ

 3π  3π 3π
(b) L.H.S. = cos =
+ φ  cos cos φ − sin sin φ from compound angles
 2  2 2

= 0 – (- 1) sin φ = sin φ = R.H.S.

2
sin 2 x sin 2 x sin 2 x 1  sin x 
(c) L.H.S. = = = =  
1 + cos 2x 1 + ( 2 cos x − 1) 2 cos x 2  cos x 
2 2

1 1
( tan x ) = tan 2 x = R.H.S.
2
=
2 2

Q. 2 Solve the following equations in the range 0° to 360°

a. 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠−1(− 0.4161) = x
b. 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 −1 (2.4198) = θ

If 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠−1(− 0.4161) = x

Using calculator evaluate 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠−1 (− 0.4161)  α = -24.59° then from Figure (a) the negative (-)

solution for sin can be in 3rd or 4th quadrant.

Thus; x = 180 + 24.59 = 204.59° (3rd quadrant) and 360 – 24.59 = 335.41° (4th quadrant)

(a) (b)

1
(b) If 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 −1(2.4198) = θ, then 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−1 �2.4198� = 𝜃𝜃,

and from Figure (b),

α = 22.45° and θ = 22.45° and 202.45°

Q. 3 Sketch the following curves

and label relevant points. What
is the amplitude period and
phase shift in each case

a. y = 4 cos(θ + 45°)

The amplitude is 4
Period = 180o
And Phase Shift is 45o (leading)
The sketch is as shown. To make
this show calculate the functions
values for key points and
connect using smooth curve.
 b. y = 5 sin(2t - 60°)

Note: Try plotting first with hand

and then with a software as
shown in class

Amplitude = 5

Period = 180o

Phase Shift = 60o (lagging)

Q. 4 The current in an alternating current circuit at any time t seconds is given by:

𝑖𝑖 = 120 sin(100𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 + 0.274) amperes

Determine

a. the amplitude, periodic time, frequency and phase angle (with reference to 120 sin 100πt)
b. the value of current when t = 0,
c. the value of current when t = 6 ms,
d. the time when the current first reaches 80 A. Sketch one cycle of the oscillation

(a) Amplitude = 120 A

2𝜋𝜋 1
ω = 100π, hence, periodic time, T = = 𝑠𝑠 = 20 ms
100𝜋𝜋 50

As ω = 2πf = 100π

Frequency, f = 50 Hz

Phase angle = 0.274 rad = 15.70° leading

(b) When t = 0, i = 120 sin 0.274 = 32.47 A

(c) When t = 6 ms, i = 120 sin(100𝜋𝜋 × 6 × 10−3 + 0.274)= 120 sin 2.1589556 = 99.84 A

(d) When i = 80 A, 80 = 120 sin(100𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 + 0.274)

80 80
from which, = sin(100𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 + 0.274) and 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠−1 � � = 100𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 + 0.274
120 120

i.e. 0.72972766 = (100𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 + 0.274)

0.72972766−0.274
Hence, time, t = = 1.451 ms
100𝜋𝜋

One cycle of the current waveform is shown below.

Q.5. The stress transformation equations allow us to evaluate stresses at a particular plane within a
solid. The transformation of a normal and shear stresses in plane stress (2D) state is given by the
following two equations

𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝜃𝜃 = 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 cos 2 𝜃𝜃 + 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 sin2 𝜃𝜃 + 2𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 sin 𝜃𝜃 cos 𝜃𝜃

𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝜃𝜃 = −�𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 � sin 𝜃𝜃 cos 𝜃𝜃 + 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 (cos2 𝜃𝜃 − sin2 𝜃𝜃)

Using appropriate trigonometric relations show that:

𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝜃𝜃 = + cos 2𝜃𝜃 + 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 sin 2𝜃𝜃
2 2
�𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 �
𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝜃𝜃 = − sin 2𝜃𝜃 + 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 cos 2𝜃𝜃
2
Make sure to show all your working

The double angle identities of relevance are:

cos 2𝜃𝜃 = (cos 2 𝜃𝜃 − sin2 𝜃𝜃) …. (1)

and sin 2𝜃𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃𝜃 cos 𝜃𝜃

1
 sin 𝜃𝜃 cos 𝜃𝜃 = 2 sin 2𝜃𝜃 …. (2)

And the noting that cos2 𝜃𝜃 + sin2 𝜃𝜃 = 1 …. (3)

 sin2 𝜃𝜃 = 1 − cos 2 𝜃𝜃 …. (4)

Using equation (4) in (1)

cos 2𝜃𝜃 = (cos 2 𝜃𝜃 − (1 − cos2 𝜃𝜃))

cos 2𝜃𝜃 = (2cos 2 𝜃𝜃 − 1)

1
 cos2 𝜃𝜃 = (cos 2𝜃𝜃 + 1) …. (5)
2

Again from eq. (3)

cos2 𝜃𝜃 = 1 − sin2 𝜃𝜃 …. (6)

Using equation (6) in (1)

 cos 2𝜃𝜃 = (1 − sin2 𝜃𝜃 − sin2 𝜃𝜃))

cos 2𝜃𝜃 = (1 − 2sin2 𝜃𝜃)

1
 sin2 𝜃𝜃 = 2 (1 − cos 2𝜃𝜃) …. (7)

Using equations 2, 5 and 7 in the first transformation equation i.e.,

𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝜃𝜃 = 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 cos 2 𝜃𝜃 + 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 sin2 𝜃𝜃 + 2𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 sin 𝜃𝜃 cos 𝜃𝜃

1 1 1
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝜃𝜃 = 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 � (cos 2𝜃𝜃 + 1)� + 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 � (1 − cos 2𝜃𝜃)� + 2𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 � sin 2𝜃𝜃�
2 2 2
1
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝜃𝜃 = �𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 cos 2𝜃𝜃 + 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 − 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 cos 2𝜃𝜃� + 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 [sin 2𝜃𝜃]
2
Taking cos 2𝜃𝜃 common
1
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝜃𝜃 = ��𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 � cos 2𝜃𝜃 + �𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 �� + 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 [sin 2𝜃𝜃]
2
and rearranging gives the first of the two required equations:

i.e.,
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 +𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 −𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝜃𝜃 =
2
+ 2
cos 2𝜃𝜃 + 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 sin 2𝜃𝜃 …. (8)

Now for the shear stress transformation equation,

𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝜃𝜃 = −�𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 � sin 𝜃𝜃 cos 𝜃𝜃 + 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 (cos2 𝜃𝜃 − sin2 𝜃𝜃)

Use equations 2 and 1

1
𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝜃𝜃 = −�𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 � sin 2𝜃𝜃 + 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 (cos 2𝜃𝜃)
2
�𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 −𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 �
𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝜃𝜃 = − 2
sin 2𝜃𝜃 + 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 cos 2𝜃𝜃 …. (9)

Q.6 Plot the graph of the variation of the normal and shear stress components given by the following
equation
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝜃𝜃 = + cos 2𝜃𝜃 + 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 sin 2𝜃𝜃
2 2
�𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 �
𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝜃𝜃 = − sin 2𝜃𝜃 + 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 cos 2𝜃𝜃
2
for the following give state of stress

𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 = −15 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀

𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 = 70 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = −25 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀

From this graph determine the maximum value 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝜃𝜃 and the angles at which 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝜃𝜃 becomes maximum.
Similarly, determine maximum value of 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝜃𝜃 and the angle at which 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝜃𝜃 becomes maximum make
sure that all graphs are labelled appropriately.

Analyse these graphs and comment on phase difference between the maximum normal and shear
stress? From this graph determine what happens to shear stress when the normal stress becomes
maximum.

Solution on Following page

𝜽𝜽 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒° 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝜃𝜃

Max Normal stress

𝝈𝝈𝒙𝒙𝜽𝜽 = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟖𝟖 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴
𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝜽𝜽 ≅ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐°

Max Shear stress

𝝉𝝉𝒙𝒙𝒙𝒙𝜽𝜽 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟑𝟑 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴
𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝜽𝜽 ≅ 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟐𝟐°

Period = 167.2 – (-12.8) = 180

Note: For the angle at which Normal Stress becomes maximum the
shear stress drops to zero. However the converse is not true
Q.7 Find the solution to the equation

sin 𝑥𝑥 − √2 cos 𝑥𝑥 = 1
Using calculations as well as by plotting the graph

Solution

The other solution can be obtained by noting that arcsin function has two possible values

So now using the second value

1
𝑥𝑥 + 𝜃𝜃 = − sin−1 � � + 𝜋𝜋 ± 2𝜋𝜋ℎ
√3
𝑥𝑥 − 0.9553 = −0.6155 + 𝜋𝜋 ± 2𝜋𝜋ℎ
𝑥𝑥 = 2.5261 + 0.9553 ± 2𝜋𝜋ℎ
𝑥𝑥 = 3.4814 ± 2𝜋𝜋ℎ
This solution can also be obtained graphically as shown below. Here the blue line shows y = 1 and
the redline is plot of sin 𝑥𝑥 − √2 cos 𝑥𝑥 . The intersection points highlighted show the solution
 Q.8. Solve the following trigonometric equations in the range 0° ≤ x ≤ 360°:

(a) 4 cos x + 1 = 0 (b) 3.25 cosec x = 5.25

2 2
(c) 5sin x + 3sin x =
4 (d) 2sec θ + 5 tan θ = 3

1 −1
(a) Since 4 cos x + 1 = 0 then cos x = − and x = cos (- 0.25)
4

i.e. x = 104.48° (or 104°29′) and 255.52° (or 255°31′)

5.25 3.25
(b) Since 3.25 cosec x = 5.25 then cosec x = and sin x =
3.25 5.25

−1  3.25 
i.e. x = sin   = 38.25° (or 38°15′) and 141.75° (or 141°45′)
 5.25 

2
(c) Since 5sin x + 3sin x =
4 then 5sin 2 x + 3sin x − 4 =0

−3 ± 32 − 4(5)(−4) −3 ± 89
and sin x
= = = 0.6434 or - 1.2434
2(5) 10

−1
Ignoring the latter, sin x = 0.6434 and x = sin 0.6434 = 40.05° or 139.95°

2
(d) Since 2sec θ + 5 tan θ = 3 then 2 (1 + tan 2 θ ) + 5 tan θ =3

Hence, 2 tan 2 θ + 5 tan θ − 1 = 0 from which,

−5 ± 52 − 4(2)(−1) −5 ± 33
=tan θ = = 0.18614066 or - 2.68614066
2(2) 4

and θ = 10.54°, 190.54°, 110.42° and 290.42°

Q.9. Express 5.3 cos t – 7.2 sin t in the form R sin(t + α). Hence solve the equation:

5.3 cos t – 7.2 sin t = 4.5 in the range 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.

Let 5.3 cos t – 7.2 sin t = R sin(t + α) = R[sin t cos α + cos t sin α]

= (R cos α) sin t + (R sin α) cos t

 5.3
Hence 5.3 = R sin α i.e. sin α =
R

7.2
and - 7.2 = R cos α i.e. cos α = −
R

There is only one quadrant where sine is positive and cosine is negative, i.e. the

second, as shown above.

 5.3 
R= 5.32 + 7.22 = 8.94 and φ = tan −1   = 0.6346 rad
 7.2 

hence, α = π - 0.6346 = 2.507 rad.

Thus, 5.3 cos t – 7.2 sin t = 8.94 sin(t + 2.507)

If 5.3 cos t – 7.2 sin t = 4.5

then 8.94 sin(t + 2.507) = 4.5

4.5
and sin(t + 2.507) = = 0.50336
8.94

−1
t + 2.507 = sin (0.50336) = 0.5275 rad or 2.6141 rad

and t = 0.5275 – 2.507 = -1.9795 ≡ -1.9795 + 2π = 4.304 s

or t = 2.6141 – 2.507 = 0.107 s

Both roots are also shown on the accompanying graph

Q.10. Solve the equation: 5 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝜃𝜃 − 𝜋𝜋/6) = 8 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝜃𝜃 for values of 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π.

5 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝜃𝜃 − 𝜋𝜋/6) = 8 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝜃𝜃

i.e. 5[sin θ cos π/6 – cos θ sin π/6] = 8 cos θ

Thus, 4.33 sin θ - 2.5 cos θ = 8 cos θ

and 4.33 sin θ = 10.5 cos θ

sin θ 10.5
Hence, = = 2.42494226
cos θ 4.33

i.e. tan θ = 2.42494226

−1
and θ = tan (2.42494226) = 1.18 rad and 4.32 rad