Preface________________________________________________________________________

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iii. A fairly large number of examples have been worked out properly.

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Contents
1. Compound Angles and Multiple Angles

2. Multiple and Sub-multiple Angles

3. Trigonometric identities.

4. Trigonometric Equations.

5. Inverse Circular Functions.

1. Compound Angles and Multiple Angles

 If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are any two positive acute angles such that their sum is also acute angles, Then

(i) sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵

(ii) cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
tan 𝐴+tan 𝐵
(iii) tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 1−tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵

 If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are any two positive acute angles such that 𝐴 − 𝐵 is also positive, Then

(i) sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵

(ii) cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
tan 𝐴−tan 𝐵
(iii) tan(𝐴 − 𝐵) =
1−tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵

 RELATION BETWEEN THE SUM AND THE PRODUCT OF TRIGONOMETRIC

RATIOS SINE AND COSINE.

A. Transformation of product into sum and difference:

We know,

sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 …….... (a)

And sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 ……… (b)

Adding (a) and (a), we have

sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵

 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) …… (1)

Subtracting (b) from (a), we have

sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) − sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 2 cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵

 2 cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) − sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) ……… (2)

Again, We know
 cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 ……… (c)

And cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 ………. (d)

Adding (c) and (d), we have

cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) + cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 2 cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵

 2 cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) + cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) ……….. (3)

Subtracting (d) from (c), we have

cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) − cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) = −2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵

−{cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) − cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)} = −2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵

cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) − cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵

 2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) − cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) ……….. (4)

B. Transformation of sum into product:

We shall now derive the formulae for transformation of the sum or difference of
sines and cosines into products:

We have seen that in relations (1), (2) , (3) and (4) that

sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 ………. (i)

sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) − sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 2 cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 ……… (ii)

cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) + cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 2 cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 …….. (iii)

cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) − cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 ……... (iv)

Let, 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝐶 and 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝐷

𝐶+𝐷
 2𝐴 = 𝐶 + 𝐷 => 𝐴 = 2

𝐶−𝐷
And 2𝐵 = 𝐶 − 𝐷 => 𝐵 = 2

𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
Substituting 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝐶, 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝐷 , 𝐴 = and 𝐵 = in (i) , (ii) , (iii) and (iv) we get
2 2
 sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵

𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
sin 𝐶 + sin 𝐷 = 2 sin ( ) cos ( ) …………. (5)
2 2
sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) − sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 2 cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵

𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
sin 𝐶 − sin 𝐷 = 2 cos ( ) sin ( ) ………. (6)
2 2

cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) + cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 2 cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵

𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
cos 𝐶 + cos 𝐷 = 2 cos ( ) cos ( ) ………. (7)
2 2
And

cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) − cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵

𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
cos 𝐷 − cos 𝐶 = 2 sin ( ) sin ( )
2 2

𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
−(cos 𝐶 − cos 𝐷) = 2 sin ( 2
) sin (
2
)

𝐶+𝐷 (𝐷−𝐶)
−(cos 𝐶 − cos 𝐷) = 2 sin ( 2
) sin (−
2
)

𝐶+𝐷 𝐷−𝐶
−(cos 𝐶 − cos 𝐷) = −2 sin ( 2
) sin (
2
) Since, sin(−𝜃) = − sin 𝜃

𝐶+𝐷 𝐷−𝐶
cos 𝐶 − cos 𝐷 = 2 sin ( ) sin ( ) ……… (8)
2 2

Note: For transformation of sums like sin 𝐶 + cos 𝐷. We may proceed as follows:

sin 𝐶 + cos 𝐷 = sin 𝐶 + sin(900 − 𝐷) etc.

2. Multiple and Sub-Multiple Angles

 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF MULTIPLES AND SUB-MULTIPLE ANGLES

If 𝐴 be an angle, then the angles 2𝐴 , 3𝐴, … … are called multiple angles of 𝐴 and
𝐴 𝐴
the angles 2 , 3 , …. are called sub-multiple angles of 𝐴. In this chapter, we shall discuss
about the trigonometric ratios of multiple angles and sub-multiple angles.
 Trigonometric Ratios of Angle 𝟐𝑨
We know,

sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 ……… (i)

cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 ………. (ii)

tan 𝐴+tan 𝐵
tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) = ………... (iii)
1−tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵

Substituting 𝐵 = 𝐴 in (i),(ii) and (iii) above , we get

From (i),
sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵

sin(𝐴 + 𝐴) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐴

 sin2A = 2sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 ….. (a)

From, (ii)

cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵

cos(𝐴 + 𝐴) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐴 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐴

cos 2𝐴 = cos2 𝐴 − sin2 𝐴 …….. (b)

cos 2𝐴 = cos2 𝐴 − (1 − cos2 𝐴)

cos 2𝐴 = cos2 𝐴 − 1 + cos2 𝐴

cos 2𝐴 = 2 cos2 𝐴 − 1 …….. (c)

cos 2𝐴 = 2(1 − sin2 𝐴) − 1

cos 2𝐴 = 2 − 2sin2 𝐴 − 1

cos 2𝐴 = 1 − 2sin2 𝐴 ………… (d)

From (iii),

tan 𝐴+tan 𝐵
tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) =
1−tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵
 tan 𝐴+tan 𝐴
tan(𝐴 + 𝐴) =
1−tan 𝐴 tan 𝐴
2 tan 𝐴
tan 2𝐴 = ……….. (e)
1−tan2 𝐴

 To express sin 2𝐴 and cos 2𝐴 in terms of tan 𝐴

(i) sin 2𝐴 = 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴

2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴
sin 2𝐴 = 1

2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴
sin 2𝐴 = ( sin2 𝐴 + cos2 𝐴 = 1 )
sin2 𝐴+cos2 𝐴

2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴
cos2 𝐴
sin 2𝐴 = sin2 𝐴+cos2 𝐴
On Dividing both numerator and denominator by cos2 𝐴
cos2 𝐴

2 sin 𝐴
cos 𝐴
sin 2𝐴 = sin2 𝐴 cos2 𝐴
+
cos2 𝐴 cos2 𝐴

2 tan 𝐴
sin 2𝐴 = tan2 𝐴+1

2 tan 𝐴
sin 2𝐴 = 1+tan2 𝐴 ……….. (f)

(ii) cos 2𝐴 = cos2 𝐴 − sin2 𝐴

cos2 𝐴−sin2 𝐴
cos 2𝐴 =
1

cos2 𝐴−sin2 𝐴
cos 2𝐴 = ( sin2 𝐴 + cos2 𝐴 = 1 )
sin2 𝐴+cos2 𝐴

cos2 𝐴−sin2 𝐴
cos2 𝐴
cos 2𝐴 = sin2 𝐴+cos2 𝐴
On Dividing both numerator and denominator by cos2 𝐴
cos2 𝐴

cos2 𝐴 sin2 𝐴
−
cos2 𝐴 cos2 𝐴
cos 2𝐴 = sin 𝐴 cos2 𝐴
2
+
cos2 𝐴 cos2 𝐴

1−tan2 𝐴
cos 2𝐴 = tan2 𝐴+ 1

1−tan2 𝐴
cos 2𝐴 = ……… (g)
1+tan2 𝐴
 𝜃
 Trigonometric Ratios of sub-multiple Angle 2

We have derived 7 relations above, for multiple angle 2𝐴. If we put 2𝐴 = 𝜃 in these
relations, we shall get a new sets of relations expressing 𝜃 in terms of sub-multiple angle
𝜃
2
.

From (a),
sin 2𝐴 = 2sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴

𝜃 𝜃
sin 𝜃 = sin 2 cos 2

From (b),
cos 2𝐴 = cos2 𝐴 − sin2 𝐴

𝜃 𝜃
cos 𝜃 = cos2 2 − sin2 2

From (c),
cos 2𝐴 = 2 cos2 𝐴 − 1

𝜃
cos 𝜃 = 2 cos2 2 − 1

From (d),
cos 2𝐴 = 1 − 2sin2 𝐴

𝜃
cos 𝜃 = 1 − 2sin2 2

From (e),
2 tan 𝐴
tan 2𝐴 =
1−tan2 𝐴

𝜃
2 tan
2
tan 𝜃 = 𝜃
1−tan2
2

From (f),
2 tan 𝐴
sin 2𝐴 = 1+tan2 𝐴

𝜃
2 tan
2
sin 𝜃 = 𝜃
1+tan2
2
From (g),
 1−tan2 𝐴
cos 2𝐴 = 1+tan2 𝐴
𝜃
1−tan2
2
cos 𝜃 = 𝜃
1+tan2
2

 TRIGONMETRIC RATIOS OF THE ANGLE 3𝐴

(i) To prove that sin 3𝐴 = 3 sin 𝐴 − 4 sin3 𝐴

Proof:
sin 3𝐴 = sin(2𝐴 + 𝐴)

sin 3𝐴 = sin 2𝐴 cos 𝐴 + cos 2𝐴 sin 𝐴

sin 3𝐴 = 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴  cos 𝐴 + (cos2 𝐴 − sin2 𝐴) sin 𝐴

sin 3𝐴 = 2 sin 𝐴 cos2 𝐴 + (1 − sin2 𝐴 − sin2 𝐴) sin 𝐴

sin 3𝐴 = 2 sin 𝐴 (1 − sin2 𝐴) +(1 − 2sin2 𝐴) sin 𝐴

sin 3𝐴 = 2 sin 𝐴 − 2 sin3 𝐴 + sin 𝐴 − 2 sin3 𝐴

sin 3𝐴 = 3 sin 𝐴 − 4sin3 𝐴

(ii) To prove that cos 3𝐴 = 4 cos3 𝐴 − 3 cos 𝐴

Proof:-

cos 3𝐴 = cos(2𝐴 + 𝐴)

cos 3𝐴 = cos 2𝐴 cos 𝐴 − sin 2𝐴 sin 𝐴

cos 3𝐴 = (cos2 𝐴 − sin2 𝐴) cos 𝐴 − 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴  sin 𝐴

cos 3𝐴 = {cos2 𝐴 − (1 − cos2 𝐴)} cos 𝐴 − 2 sin2 𝐴 cos 𝐴

cos 3𝐴 = {cos2 𝐴 − 1 + cos2 𝐴} cos 𝐴 − 2 (1 − cos2 𝐴) cos 𝐴

cos 3𝐴 = (2 cos2 𝐴 − 1) cos 𝐴 − 2 (1 − cos2 𝐴) cos 𝐴

cos 3𝐴 = 2 cos3 𝐴 − cos 𝐴 − 2 cos A + 2cos3 𝐴

cos 3𝐴 = 4 cos3 𝐴 − 3 cos 𝐴

 3 tan 𝐴− tan3 𝐴
(iii) To prove that tan 3𝐴 = 1−3 tan2 𝐴

Proof:-

tan 3𝐴 = tan(2𝐴 + 𝐴)
tan 2𝐴+tan 𝐴
tan 3𝐴 =
1−tan 2𝐴 ∙tan 𝐴

2 tan 𝐴
+tan 𝐴
1− tan2 𝐴
tan 3𝐴 = 2 tan 𝐴
1− ( ) tan 𝐴
1− tan2 𝐴

2 tan 𝐴+ tan 𝐴− tan3 𝐴

1− tan2 𝐴
tan 3𝐴 = 2 tan2 𝐴
1−
1− tan2 𝐴

3 tan 𝐴− tan3 𝐴
1− tan2 𝐴
tan 3𝐴 = 1− tan2 𝐴−2 tan2 𝐴
1− tan2 𝐴

3 tan 𝐴− tan3 𝐴
1− tan2 𝐴
tan 3𝐴 = 1−3 tan2 𝐴
1− tan2 𝐴

3 tan 𝐴− tan3 𝐴 1− tan2 𝐴

tan 3𝐴 =
1− tan2 𝐴
 1−3 tan2 𝐴

3 tan 𝐴− tan3 𝐴
tan 3𝐴 =
1−3 tan2 𝐴

3. Inverse Circular Functions

 RELATION BETWEEN INVERSE CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS

𝟏 𝒙
𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬−𝟏 √𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 −𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
√𝟏−𝒙𝟐 √𝟏−𝒙𝟐
√𝟏−𝒙𝟐 
𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 ( ) 𝟏
𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 −𝟏 ( )
𝒙
 1
(i) sin−1 𝑥 = cos−1 √1 − 𝑥 2 = sec −1 √1−𝑥 2

𝑥 √1−𝑥 2
= tan−1 √1−𝑥 2 = cot −1 𝑥

1
= cosec −1 𝑥

Proof: Let sin−1 𝑥 = 𝜃

𝑥 = sin 𝜃 …… (a)

𝑥 2 = sin2 𝜃

𝑥 2 = 1 − cos2 𝜃

cos2 𝜃 = 1 − 𝑥 2

 cos 𝜃 = √1 − 𝑥 2 ……… (b)

𝜃 = cos −1 √1 − 𝑥 2

 sin−1 𝑥 = cos−1 √1 − 𝑥 2 …….. (c) Since, sin−1 𝑥 = 𝜃

From (a), we have

cos 𝜃 = √1 − 𝑥 2
1 1
cos 𝜃
= √1−𝑥 2

1
sec 𝜃 =
√1−𝑥 2

1
𝜃 = sec −1 √1−𝑥 2

1
 sin−1 𝑥 = sec −1 √1−𝑥 2 ……. (d) Since, sin−1 𝑥 = 𝜃

Again,

We know,
sin 𝜃
tan 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃
 𝑥
tan 𝜃 = Using (a) and (b)
√1−𝑥 2

𝑥
𝜃 = tan−1 (√1−𝑥 2)

𝑥
 sin−1 𝑥 = tan−1 (√1−𝑥 2) …… (e) Since, sin−1 𝑥 = 𝜃

And
cos 𝜃
cot 𝜃 =
sin 𝜃

√1−𝑥 2
cot 𝜃 = 𝑥
Using (a) and (b)

√1−𝑥 2
𝜃 = cot −1 ( 𝑥
)

√1−𝑥 2
 sin−1 𝑥 = cot −1 (
𝑥
) ……. (f) Since, sin−1 𝑥 = 𝜃

Also,
1
cosec 𝜃 = sin 𝜃

1
cosec 𝜃 = Using (a)
𝑥

1
𝜃 = cosec −1 ( )
𝑥

1
 sin−1 𝑥 = cosec −1 ( ) …… (g)
𝑥

 Deductions
A.
𝜋
(i) sin−1 𝑥 + cos −1 𝑥 = 2
𝜋
(ii) tan−1 𝑥 + cot −1 𝑥 =
2
−1 −1 𝜋
(iii) sec 𝑥 + csc 𝑥= 2

Proof:-
(i) Let sin−1 𝑥 = 𝜃 …….. (a)
𝑥 = sin 𝜃
𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 = cos ( 2 − 𝜃) Since, cos ( 2 − 𝜃) = sin 𝜃
𝜋
cos −1 𝑥 = 2 − 𝜃 ……. (b)
 Adding (a) and (b), we have
𝜋
sin−1 𝑥 + cos−1 𝑥 = 𝜃 + 2 − 𝜃

𝜋
 sin−1 𝑥 + cos−1 𝑥 = 2

(ii) Let tan−1 𝑥 = 𝜃 ……. (c)

𝑥 = tan 𝜃
𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 = cot ( 2 − 𝜃) Since, cot ( 2 − 𝜃) = tan 𝜃
𝜋
cot −1 𝑥 = 2 − 𝜃 …… (d)
Adding (c) and (d), we have

𝜋
tan−1 𝑥 + cot −1 𝑥 = 𝜃 + 2 − 𝜃
𝜋
 tan−1 𝑥 + cot −1 𝑥 = 2

(iii) Let sec −1 𝑥 = 𝜃 ……. (e)

𝑥 = sec 𝜃
𝜋
𝑥 = cosec ( − 𝜃)
2
𝜋
cosec −1 𝑥 = − 𝜃 ……. (f)
2
Adding (e) and (f), we have
𝜋
sec −1 𝑥 + cosec −1 𝑥 = 𝜃 + 2 − 𝜃
𝜋
 sec −1 𝑥 + cosec −1 𝑥 = 2

B.
𝑥+𝑦
(i) tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦 = tan−1 1−𝑥𝑦
𝑥−𝑦
(ii) tan−1 𝑥 − tan−1 𝑦 = tan−1 1+𝑥𝑦
𝑥+𝑦+𝑥−𝑥𝑦𝑧
(iii) tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦 + tan−1 𝑧 = tan−1 1−𝑥𝑦−𝑦𝑧−𝑧𝑥

Proof:
Let tan−1 𝑥 = 𝐴 and tan−1 𝑦 = 𝐵 ……. (1)
 𝑥 = tan 𝐴 and 𝑦 = tan 𝐵 …….. (2)

(i) Now,
tan 𝐴+tan 𝐵
tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 1−tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵

𝑥+𝑦
tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 1−𝑥𝑦 Using (2)
 𝑥+𝑦
𝐴 + 𝐵 = tan−1 1−𝑥𝑦
𝑥+𝑦
 tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦 = tan−1 1−𝑥𝑦 Using (1)

(ii)
tan 𝐴−tan 𝐵
tan(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 1+ tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵

𝑥−𝑦
tan(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 1+ 𝑥𝑦 Using (2)

𝑥−𝑦
𝐴 − 𝐵 = tan−1 1+ 𝑥𝑦

𝑥−𝑦
 tan−1 𝑥 − tan−1 𝑦 = tan−1 1+ 𝑥𝑦 Using (1)

(iii) tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦 + tan−1 𝑧 = (tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦) + tan−1 𝑧

𝑥+𝑦
tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦 + tan−1 𝑧 = (tan−1 ) + tan−1 𝑧
1−𝑥𝑦

𝑥+𝑦
tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦 + tan−1 𝑧 = tan−1 + tan−1 𝑧
1−𝑥𝑦

𝑥+𝑦
+𝑧
−1 −1 −1 −1 1−𝑥𝑦
tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 + tan 𝑧 = tan 𝑥+𝑦
1−( )𝑧
1−𝑥𝑦

𝑥+𝑦+𝑧−𝑥𝑦𝑧
−1 −1 −1 −1 1−𝑥𝑦
tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 + tan 𝑧 = tan 𝑥𝑧+𝑦𝑧
1−( )
1−𝑥𝑦

𝑥+𝑦+𝑧−𝑥𝑦𝑧
−1 −1 −1 −1 1−𝑥𝑦
tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 + tan 𝑧 = tan 1−𝑥𝑦−𝑥𝑧−𝑦𝑧
1−𝑥𝑦

𝑥+𝑦+𝑧−𝑥𝑦𝑧
tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦 + tan−1 𝑧 = tan−1 1−𝑥𝑦−𝑥𝑧−𝑦𝑧

𝑥+𝑦+𝑧−𝑥𝑦𝑧
 tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦 + tan−1 𝑧 = tan−1 1−𝑥𝑦−𝑦𝑧−𝑧𝑥

2𝑥
Corollary1: 2 tan−1 𝑥 = tan−1 1−𝑥 2

Putting 𝑦 = 𝑥 in B (i) above, we have

 𝑥+𝑦
tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦 = tan−1 1−𝑥𝑦

𝑥+𝑥
tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑥 = tan−1
1−𝑥∙𝑥

2𝑥
 2 tan−1 𝑥 = tan−1 1−𝑥 2

3𝑥−𝑥 3
Corollary2: 3 tan−1 𝑥 = tan−1 1−3𝑥 2

Putting 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑧 in B (iii) above, we have

𝑥+𝑦+𝑧−𝑥𝑦𝑧
tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦 + tan−1 𝑧 = tan−1 1−𝑥𝑦−𝑦𝑧−𝑧𝑥

𝑥+𝑥+𝑥−𝑥∙𝑥∙𝑥
tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑥 = tan−1 1−𝑥∙𝑥−𝑥∙𝑥−𝑥∙𝑥

3𝑥−𝑥 3
tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑥 = tan−1 1−𝑥 2−𝑥 2−𝑥 2

3𝑥−𝑥 3
 tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑥 = tan−1 1−3𝑥 2
C.
𝑥𝑦−𝑥 2
(i) cot −1 𝑥 + cot −1 𝑦 = cot −1
𝑥+𝑦

𝑥𝑦+1
(ii) cot −1 𝑥 − cot −1 𝑦 = cot −1 𝑦−𝑥

Proof:
Let cot −1 𝑥 = 𝐴 and cot −1 𝑦 = 𝐵 ……… (3)

 𝑥 = cot 𝐴 and 𝑦 = cot 𝐵 ……… (4)

(i)
Now,
cot 𝐴 cot 𝐵−1
cot(𝐴 + 𝐵) =
cot 𝐴+cot 𝐵

𝑥𝑦−1
cot(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑥+𝑦
Using (4)

𝑥𝑦−1
𝐴 + 𝐵 = cot −1 𝑥+𝑦

𝑥𝑦−1
 cot −1 𝑥 + cot −1 𝑦 = cot −1 Using (3)
𝑥+𝑦

cot 𝐴 cot 𝐵+1

(ii) cot(𝐴 − 𝐵) = cot 𝐵−cot 𝐴
 𝑥𝑦+1
cot(𝐴 − 𝐵) = Using (4)
𝑦−𝑥

𝑥𝑦+1
𝐴 − 𝐵 = cot −1
𝑦−𝑥

𝑥𝑦+1
 cot −1 𝑥 − cot −1 𝑦 = cot −1 𝑦−𝑥
Using (3)

D.
(i) sin−1 𝑥 ± sin−1 𝑦 = sin−1{𝑥√1 − 𝑦 2 ± 𝑦√1 − 𝑥 2 }

(ii) cos −1 𝑥 ± cos −1 𝑦 = cos −1 {𝑥𝑦 ± √(1 − 𝑥 2 )(1 − 𝑦 2 )}

Proof:
(i) Let sin−1 𝑥 = 𝐴 and sin−1 𝑦 = 𝐵 …….. (5)

 𝑥 = sin 𝐴 and 𝑦 = sin 𝐵 ……… (6)

Also,
cos 𝐴 = √1 − sin2 𝐴 = √1 − 𝑥 2 and cos 𝐵 = √1 − sin2 𝐵 = √1 − 𝑦 2 ……… (7)

Now,
sin(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 ± cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵

sin(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = 𝑥√1 − 𝑦 2 ± 𝑦 √1 − 𝑥 2 Using (6) and (7)

𝐴 ± 𝐵 = sin−1 {𝑥√1 − 𝑦 2 ± 𝑦 √1 − 𝑥 2 }

 sin−1 𝑥 ± sin−1 𝑦 = sin−1{𝑥√1 − 𝑦 2 ± 𝑦 √1 − 𝑥 2 } Using (5)

(ii) Let cos −1 𝑥 = 𝐴 and cos −1 𝑦 = 𝐵 ………. (8)

 𝑥 = cos 𝐴 and 𝑦 = cos 𝐵 ……. (9)

Also,
sin 𝐴 = √1 − cos2 𝐴 and sin 𝐵 = √1 − cos2 𝐵

 sin 𝐴 = √1 − 𝑥 2 and sin 𝐵 = √1 − 𝑦 2 ……… (10)

Now,
 cos(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 ∓ sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵

cos(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = 𝑥𝑦 ∓ (√1 − 𝑥 2 )(√1 − 𝑦 2 ) Using (9) and (10)

cos(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = 𝑥𝑦 ∓ √(1 − 𝑥 2 )(1 − 𝑦 2 )

𝐴 ± 𝐵 = cos −1 {𝑥𝑦 ∓ √(1 − 𝑥 2 )(1 − 𝑦 2 )}

 cos−1 𝑥 ± cos −1 𝑦 = cos−1 {𝑥𝑦 ∓ √(1 − 𝑥 2 )(1 − 𝑦 2 )} Using (8)

Corollary3: 2 sin−1 𝑥 = sin−1 {2𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 }

Putting 𝑥 = 𝑦 in D (i), we have

sin−1 𝑥 + sin−1 𝑦 = sin−1{𝑥√1 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 √1 − 𝑥 2 }

sin−1 𝑥 + sin−1 𝑥 = sin−1 {𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 }

 2 sin−1 𝑥 = sin−1{2𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 }

Corollary4: 2 cos −1 𝑥 = cos −1 {2𝑥 2 − 1}

Putting 𝑦 = 𝑥 in D (ii) , we have

cos −1 𝑥 + cos −1 𝑦 = cos −1 {𝑥𝑦 − √(1 − 𝑥 2 )(1 − 𝑦 2 )}

cos −1 𝑥 + cos −1 𝑥 = cos −1 {𝑥 ∙ 𝑥 − √(1 − 𝑥 2 )(1 − 𝑥 2 )}

2 cos −1 𝑥 = cos −1 {𝑥 2 − √(1 − 𝑥 2 )2 }

2 cos −1 𝑥 = cos −1 {𝑥 2 − (1 − 𝑥 2 )}

2 cos −1 𝑥 = cos −1 {𝑥 2 − 1 + 𝑥 2 }

 2 cos−1 𝑥 = cos −1 {2𝑥 2 − 1}

2𝑥 1−𝑥 2 2𝑥 1−𝑥 2
E. 2 tan−1 𝑥 = sin−1 = cos−1 = tan−1 = cot −1
1+𝑥 2 1+𝑥 2 1−𝑥 2 2𝑥
Proof: Let tan−1 𝑥 = 𝜃 , so that 𝑥 = tan 𝜃

Now,
2 tan−1 𝑥 = 2𝜃

2 tan−1 𝑥 = sin−1 sin 2𝜃 Since, sin−1 sin 2𝜃 = 2𝜃

2 tan 𝜃 2 tan 𝜃
2 tan−1 𝑥 = sin−1 (1+ tan2 𝜃) Since, sin 2𝜃 = 1+ tan2 𝜃

2𝑥
2 tan−1 𝑥 = sin−1 ( )
1+ 𝑥 2

2𝑥
 2 tan−1 𝑥 = sin−1 1+ 𝑥 2

Again,

2 tan−1 𝑥 = 2𝜃

2 tan−1 𝑥 = cos −1 cos 2𝜃

1−tan2 𝜃 1−tan2 𝜃
2 tan−1 𝑥 = cos −1 (1+ tan2 𝜃) Since,cos 2𝜃 = 1+ tan2 𝜃

1−𝑥 2
2 tan−1 𝑥 = cos −1 (1+ 𝑥 2 )

1−𝑥 2
 2 tan−1 𝑥 = cos−1 1+ 𝑥 2

Also,

2 tan−1 𝑥 = 2𝜃

2 tan−1 𝑥 = tan−1 tan 2𝜃

2 tan 𝜃 2 tan 𝜃
2 tan−1 𝑥 = tan−1 (1−tan2 𝜃 ) Since, tan 2𝜃 = 1−tan2 𝜃

2𝑥
2 tan−1 𝑥 = tan−1 ( )
1−𝑥 2

2𝑥
 2 tan−1 𝑥 = tan−1
1−𝑥 2

And
2 tan−1 𝑥 = 2𝜃
 2 tan−1 𝑥 = cot −1 cot 2𝜃

1−tan2 𝜃 1−tan2 𝜃
2 tan−1 𝑥 = cot −1 ( 2 tan 𝜃
) Since, cot 2𝜃 = 2 tan 𝜃

1−𝑥 2
2 tan−1 𝑥 = cot −1 ( 2𝑥
)

1−𝑥 2
 2 tan−1 𝑥 = cot −1
2𝑥
F.
(i) 3 sin−1 𝑥 = sin−1(3𝑥 − 4𝑥 3 )

(ii) 3 cos −1 𝑥 = cos −1 (4𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 )

Proof:
(i) Let sin−1 𝑥 = 𝜃 so that 𝑥 = sin 𝜃

Now,
3 sin−1 𝑥 = 3𝜃

3 sin−1 𝑥 = sin−1 sin 3𝜃

3 sin−1 𝑥 = sin−1(3 sin 𝜃 − 4 sin3 𝜃) Since, sin 3𝜃 = 3 sin 𝜃 − 4 sin3 𝜃

 3 sin−1 𝑥 = sin−1 (3𝑥 − 4𝑥 3 )

(ii) Let cos−1 𝑥 = 𝜃 so that 𝑥 = cos 𝜃

3 cos −1 𝑥 = 3𝜃

3 cos −1 𝑥 = cos −1 cos 3𝜃

3 cos −1 𝑥 = cos −1 (4 cos3 𝜃 − 3 cos 𝜃) Since,cos 3𝜃 = 4 cos3 𝜃 − 3 cos 𝜃

 3 cos −1 𝑥 = cos−1 (4𝑥 3 − 3𝑥)