➢ Reciprocal Identities

1 1
1. sin(𝑥) = , cos(𝑥) =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥) sec(𝑥)
1 1
2. tan(𝑥) = , cot(𝑥) =
cot(𝑥) tan(𝑥)
1 1
3. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥) = , sec(𝑥) =
sin(𝑥) cos(𝑥)
➢ Pythagorean Identities
1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑥) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥) = 1
2. 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥)
3. 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥)
➢ Co-Function Identities
𝜋 𝜋
1. sin ( − 𝑥) = cos(𝑥) , cos ( − 𝑥) = sin(𝑥)
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
2. tan ( − 𝑥) = cot(𝑥) , cot ( − 𝑥) = tan(𝑥)
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
3. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 ( − 𝑥) = sec(𝑥) , sec ( − 𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥)
2 2
➢ Quotient Identities
sin(𝑥) cos(𝑥)
1. tan(𝑥) = , cot(𝑥) =
cos(𝑥) sin(𝑥)
➢ Sum & Difference Formulae
1. sin(𝑥 ± 𝑣) = sin(𝑥) cos(𝑣) ± cos(𝑥) sin(𝑣)
2. cos(𝑥 ± 𝑣) = cos(𝑥) cos(𝑣) ∓ sin(𝑥) sin(𝑣)
tan(𝑥)±tan(𝑣)
3. tan(𝑥 ± 𝑣) =
1∓tan(𝑥) tan(𝑣)
➢ Double Angle Formulae
sin(2𝑥) = 2 sin(𝑥) cos(𝑥)
cos(2𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑥)
= 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥) − 1
= 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑥)
2 tan(𝑥)
tan(2𝑥) =
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (𝑥)
➢ Power-Reducing/ Half Angle Formulae
1−cos(2𝑥)
1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑥) =
2
2 (𝑥) 1−cos(2𝑥)
2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 =
2
1−cos⁡(2𝑥
3. 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (𝑥) =
1+cos(2𝑥)
➢ Sum-to-Product Formulae
𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
1. sin(𝐴) + sin(𝐵) = 2 sin ( ) cos ( )
2 2
𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
2. sin(𝐴) − sin(𝐵) = 2 cos ( ) sin ( )
2 2
𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
3. cos(𝐴) + cos(𝐵) = 2 cos ( ) cos ( )
2 2
𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵
4. cos(𝐴) − cos(𝐵) = −2 sin ( ) sin ( )
2 2
➢ Product-to-Sum Formulae
1
1. sin(𝐴) sin(𝐵) = [cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) − cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)]
2
1
2. cos(𝐴) cos(𝐵) = [cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) + cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)]
2
1
3. sin(𝐴) cos(𝐵) = [sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)]
2
1
4. cos(𝐴) sin(𝐵) = [sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) − sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)]
2
➢ Parity Identities (Even & Odd)
1. sin(−𝑥) = − sin(𝑥) , cos(−𝑥) = cos(𝑥)
2. tan(−𝑥) = − tan(𝑥) , cot(−𝑥) = − cot(𝑥)
3. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(−𝑥) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥), sec(−𝑥) = sec(𝑥)