BATAAN PENINSULA STATE UNIVERSITY-ABUCAY CAMPUS

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING PROGRAM

AGBE0923: COMPETENCY ENHANCEMENT COURSE I

REVIEW NOTES IN PLANE TRIGONOMETRY

Functions of a Right Triangle (SOH-CAH-TOA)

𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑐
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑐
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = =
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = =
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑐
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = =
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑐
𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 = =
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎

Pythagorean theorem: In any right triangle,the square of the longest side(hypotenuse) equals

the sum of the squares of the other two sides.

𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
Basic Identities
𝑎 𝑎/𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = = =
𝑏 𝑏/𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑏 𝑏/𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = = =
𝑎 𝑎/𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑐 𝑐/𝑐 1
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = = =
𝑏 𝑏/𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑐 𝑐/𝑐 1
𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 = = =
𝑎 𝑎/𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
From Pythagorean theorem:
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2
Dividing both sides by 𝑐 2
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 𝑎 2 𝑏 2
+ = 𝑜𝑟 ( ) + ( ) = 1
𝑐2 𝑐2 𝑐2 𝑐 𝑐

Then; 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃 = 1

Dividing 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 𝑐 2 by 𝑏2 we get,
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 + 1 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
Dividing 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 𝑐 2 by 𝑎2 we get,
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2𝜃

Sum and Difference of Two Angles

sin(x+y)= sinxcosy + cosxsiny

sin(x-y) =sinxcosy – cosxsiny

cos(x+y) = cosxcosy-sinxsiny

cos(x-y)=cosxcosy +sinxsiny
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 + 𝑦) =
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 − 𝑦) =
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦

Double angle formulas

Double angle formulas can be derived using the sum of angle formulas:

sin2x=sin (x+x) =sinxcosx +cosxsinx

thus; sin2x=2sinxcosx

We can apply similar procedure to the rest of the formulas:

cos2x=𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥

=1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥

=2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 1
2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑥 =
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥

Half-angles formulas

The half-angle formulas may be derived from the following relations from the double

angle formula:
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 = 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = √
2
𝜃
Let 2x=𝜃, then x=2

𝜃 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Then 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 = √ 2

Applying similar procedure, the following formulas can be derived:

𝜃 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
cos( ) = √
2 2
𝜃 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
tan( ) =
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
= 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
=√1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

Power of Functions
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 =
2
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 =
2
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 =
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
Product of functions

sinxcosy=1/2[sin(x+y) + sin(x-y)]

sinxsiny=1/2[cos(x-y) -cos(x+y)]

cosxcosy=1/2[cos(x+y) +cos(x-y)]

Sum and Difference of functions (Factoring Formulas)

𝑥+𝑦 𝑥−𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 = 2 sin ( ) cos( )
2 2
𝑥+𝑦 𝑥−𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 = 2 cos ( ) sin( )
2 2
𝑥+𝑦 𝑥−𝑦
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 = 2 cos ( ) cos( )
2 2
𝑥+𝑦 𝑥−𝑦
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 = −2 sin ( ) sin( )
2 2
 sin(𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
sin(𝑥 − 𝑦)
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
OBLIQUE TRIANGLES

An oblique triangle is any triangle that is not right triangle. It could be an acute triangle

(all three angles of the triangle are less than right angles) or it could be an obtuse triangle (one

of the three angles is greater than a right angle). Actually, for the purpose of trigonometry, the

class of oblique triangles might just as well include right triangles, too. Then the study of oblique

triangles is really the study of all triangles.

SINE LAW

In any triangles, the ratio of any one side to the sine of its opposite angle is

constant.(This constant ratio is the diameter of the circle circumscribing the triangle)

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
= =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶
Cosine Law

In any triangle, the square of any side equals the sum of the squares of the other two

sides, diminished by twice their product to the cosine of its included angle.
𝑎2 = 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑏𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
𝑏2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶
Law of Tangents
𝑎 − 𝑏 tan[(𝐴 − 𝐵)/2]
=
𝑎 + 𝑏 tan[(𝐴 + 𝐵)/2]
𝑏 − 𝑐 tan[(𝐵 − 𝐶)/2]
=
𝑏 + 𝑐 tan[(𝐵 + 𝐶)/2]
𝑐 − 𝑎 tan[(𝐶 − 𝐴)/2]
=
𝑐+𝑎 tan[𝐶 + 𝐴)/2]
Mollweide’s Equations

𝑎 − 𝑏 sin[(𝐴 − 𝐵)/2]
=
𝑐 cos(𝐶/2
𝑎 + 𝑏 cos[(𝐴 − 𝐵)/2]
=
𝑐 sin(𝐶/2

How to get the other trigonometric functions with one functions unknown

Ex: If sin𝜃 = 1/𝑘 , find the other functions:

From the right triangle shown:

√𝑘 2 −1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑘
1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
√𝑘 2 − 1
√𝑘 2 − 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
𝑘
𝑘
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 =
√𝑘 2 − 1
√𝑘 2 − 1
𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 =
𝑘

ANGLES

The concept of angles is one of the most important concepts in geometry. The concepts
of equality, sums and differences of angles are important and used throughout geometry, but
the subject of trigonometry is based on the measurement of angles.
Angle is the space between two rays that extend from a common point called vertex
  An acute angle is an angle <90°
 A right angle is an angle =90°
 An obtuse angle is an angle >90°
 A straight angle is an angle =180°
 A reflex angle is an angle >180°
 Complementary angle are angles
whose sum is 90°
 Supplementary angles are angles
whose sum is 180°
 Explementary angles are angles
whose sum is 360
Units of Angles

90°=π/2 radians =100 grades=1600 mils

1 radian is the angle subtended by an arc of a circle whose length is one radius.

Other elements and properties of a triangle

Area of triangle

Given base b and altitude h

1
Area =2 𝑏ℎ

Given two sides a and b and included angle θ

1
Area=2 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

Given three sides a, b, and c: (Hero’s formula)

Area =√𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)

𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
𝑠=
2
The area under this condition can also be solved by finding one angle using cosine law

and apply the formula for two sides and included angle.

Given three angles A, B, and C and one side a:

𝑎2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 =
2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
The Circular Function Hexagon

1. The reciprocal functions are the ends of any central diagonal

sinθcscθ =1 cosθsecθ=1 tanθcotθ=1

2. Any function may be expressed as a ratio of the function next to it and the one next

beyond. Thus,
𝑠𝑖𝑛θ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠θ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 1/𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Furthermore, 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 = = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
1/𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

3. The Pythagorean Identities are determined by the bold-sided equilateral triangles. The

square of the expression in the top vertex is equal to the sum of the squares of those in

the other two vetices.

sec2θ=1+ tan2θ or sec2θ- tan2θ=1

csc2θ=cot2θ + 1 or csc2θ-cot2θ=1

1=cos2θ +sin2θ or sin2θ +cos2θ =1

4. Any function is the product of the two functions between which it lies. To illustrate

tanθ=sinθsecθ secθ=tanθcscθ

5. The product of the function of any three alternative vertices of the hexagon is always 1.

To illustrate,

sinθcotθsecθ=1 tanθcscθcosθ=1